| 1. Title: Fertility, biology, and behavior: an analysis of the proximate determinants Author: Bongaarts J; Potter RG Source: New York, N.Y./London, England, Academic Press, 1983. xi, 230 p. (In series: Studies in Population) Abstract: The proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which social, economic, and environmental variables affect fertility. Proximate determinants have direct influence on fertility. In studying natural fertility, it is seen that the duration of postpartum amenorrhea varies widely among regions, from a few months to 2 years with the waiting time to conception varying within a narrower range. Spontaneous intrauterine mortality and the prevalence of natural permanent sterility are relatively constant and not directly influenced by behavior. A comparison of the changes in natural fertility induced by the different proximate determinants yields a ranking of their importance in causing variations in natural fertility. A study of 8 populations with varying levels of fertility shows a general trend toward lower fertility, later marriage, and higher contraceptive prevalence, a close correlation between fertility levels and contraceptive prevalence, a negative effect of urban residence and higher education on the level of contraceptive use, and many exceptions to the general pattern of lower marital fertility among higher socioeconomic status groups. Marriage, contraception, induced abortion, and postpartum infecundability are considered the principal determinants of fertility while natural fecundability, spontaneous intrauterine mortality, and permanent sterility are less important. The conditions necessary for specified degrees of fertility control are considered: 1) family size control, 2) birth spacing, and 3) sex preselection. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIAL SCIENCES | BIOLOGY | NATURAL FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | THEORETICAL MODELS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FECUNDABILITY | SEX PRESELECTION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | ABORTION | FERTILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | SEX FACTORS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Marriage | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fecundity | Reproduction | Reproductive Technologies | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Population Characteristics | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 017625 Notification |
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