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1.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

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Title: Philani program: a case study of an integrative approach of empowerment and social and economic development.
Author: Austin SA; Mbewu N
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):148-60.
Abstract: This article reports a case study of a South African nongovernmental organization's role in implementing maternal and child health care services for families in Khayelitsha, an informal township in the Western Cape. The township is an extremely poor community with high unemployment and many other social indicators of high need. The case study explores how services were enhanced to respond to the service needs of children and families. The role of economic development as a means of empowering the mothers is examined within the context of nongovernmental organization services. The implications of developing services that integrate social and economic development are discussed as a model for social work practice in the United States.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy
Document Number: 341952

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gendered empowerment and HIV prevention: policy and programmatic pathways to success in the MENA region.
Author: Dworkin SL; Kambou SD; Sutherland C; Moalla K; Kapoor A
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S111-8.
Abstract: Although HIV in the Middle East and North Africa is currently characterized as a low seroprevalence epidemic, there are numerous factors that are present in the region that could prevent-or exacerbate-the epidemic. The time to invest substantially in prevention-and gender-specific prevention in particular-is now. Given that most policy makers do not make gender-specific plans as epidemics progress, our research team-which draws upon expertise from both within and outside the region-worked together to make programmatic and policy suggestions in the Middle East and North Africa region in 5 key areas: (1) gender-specific and gender transformative HIV prevention interventions; (2) access to quality education and improvements in life skills and sex education; (3) economic empowerment; (4) property rights; and (5) antiviolence. In short, this work builds upon many ongoing efforts in the region and elucidates some of the links between gendered empowerment and health outcomes around the world, particularly HIV and AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Africa | Developing Countries | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342681

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender, empowerment, and health: what is it? How does it work?
Author: Ehrhardt AA; Sawires S; McGovern T; Peacock D; Weston M
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S96-S105.
Abstract: As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has progressed, the role of gender inequality in its transmission has become increasingly apparent. Nearly half of those living with the virus worldwide are women, and women's subordination to men increases their risk of infection and makes it harder for them to access treatment once infected. Men, too, suffer from harmful gender norms-the expectation that they will behave in ways that heighten their risk of HIV infection and that they will be cavalier about seeking health care increases their vulnerability to the disease. In the Middle East and North Africa, HIV infection rates are low, but changing gender norms have the potential to accelerate the spread of the disease if gender inequality is not addressed. Improving women's education, workforce participation, and social and political opportunities is crucial to strengthening health in the region. Work with men to shift gender imbalances is a further important task for the region's policy-makers and civil society groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status
Document Number: 342677

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of micro-enterprise services on HIV risk behaviour among female sex workers in Kenya's urban slums.
Author: Odek WO; Busza J; Morris CN; Cleland J; Ngugi EN; Ferguson AG
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):449-61.
Abstract: This study assessed individual-level effects of adding micro-enterprise services to a peer-mediated HIV/AIDS intervention among 227 female sex workers (FSWs) in Kenya. Survey data were collected in May-July 2003 and July-August 2005. Two-thirds of participants had operational businesses by end-line survey. Nearly half reported to have stopped sex work. Self-reported weekly mean number of all sexual partners changed from 3.26 (SD 2.45) at baseline to 1.84 (SD 2.15) at end-line survey (P < 0.001). Weekly mean number of casual partners did not change significantly. Weekly mean number of regular partners changed from 1.96 (SD 1.86) to 0.73 (SD 0.98) over the follow-up period (P < 0.001). Consistent condom use with regular partners increased by 18.5% and remained above 90% with casual partners. Micro-enterprise services may empower FSWs by giving them an alternative livelihood when they wish to exit or reduce reliance on sex work. Determinants of successful business operation by FSWs deserve further research.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SLUMS | RESEARCH REPORT | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | AGE FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342112

Peer Reviewed

Title: Men, HIV/AIDS, and human rights.
Author: Peacock D; Stemple L; Sawires S; Coates TJ
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S119-25.
Abstract: Though still limited in scale, work with men to achieve gender equality is occurring on every continent and in many countries. A rapidly expanding evidence base demonstrates that rigorously implemented initiatives targeting men can change social practices that affect the health of both sexes, particularly in the context of HIV and AIDS. Too often however, messages only address the harm that regressive masculinity norms cause women, while neglecting the damage done to men by these norms. This article calls for a more inclusive approach which recognizes that men, far from being a monolithic group, have unequal access to health and rights depending on other intersecting forms of discrimination based on race, class, sexuality, disability, nationality, and the like. Messages that target men only as holders of privilege miss men who are disempowered or who themselves challenge rigid gender roles. The article makes recommendations which move beyond treating men simply as "the problem", and instead lays a foundation for engaging men both as agents of change and holders of rights to the ultimate benefit of women and men. Human rights and other policy interventions must avoid regressive stereotyping, and successful local initiatives should be taken to scale nationally and internationally.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342680

Peer Reviewed

Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia.
Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452.
Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status
Document Number: 341090

10.

Title: Working with young women: empowerment, rights and health.
Author: Ricardo C; Fonseca V; de Leon GS; Rosas EM; Dorantes OA
Source: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, PROMUNDO, 2009. [144] p.
Abstract: Although there has been a significant amount of work done to promote women's empowerment, most of it has been geared towards the experiences of adult women. This manual, part of an initiative called Program M, includes a series of group educational activities to promote young women's [ages 15-24] awareness about gender inequities, rights and health. It also seeks to develop their skills to feel more capable of acting in empowered ways in different spheres of their lives. Modules in this manual include: identity and relationships - this section focuses on how gender influences young women's identities and aspirations and the ways in which women and men express themselves and relate to each other; violence - this chapter explores the many forms of violence that exist, particularly in the context of young women's lives and relationships, and the links between gender, power and violence; drugs - addresses the different types of drugs that affect young women's lives and relationships and explores the concept of harm-reduction; young women and work - focuses on the traditional gender divisions which exist in different types of work and the rights of women in the workplace; and community participation - these activities can be developed in a variety of environments including schools, clubs, and community organisations, and are most effective when done with smaller groups of 10 to 20 participants. All of the activities draw on an experiential learning model in which young women are encouraged to question and analyse their own experiences and lives, in order to understand how gender can perpetuate unequal power in relationships, and make both young women and men vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health problems, including HIV/AIDS. The activities engage young women to share ideas and opinions and think about how they can make positive changes in their lives and communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | CHILD CARE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 329171

11.

Title: Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey 2006.
Author: Azerbaijan. State Statistical Committee; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Baku, Azerbaijan, State Statistical Committee, 2008 May. [400] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 8,444 women age 15-49 and 2,558 men age 15-59. Following discussions with USAID and UNICEF regarding support for a new survey to obtain precise data on infant and child mortality, the 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) was carried out from July to November 2006. The survey was implemented by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and UNICEF, with Macro International Inc. providing technical assistance, and participation by the Ministry of Health. The 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey provides recent estimates of infant and child mortality, and these estimates are about half those of the 2000 MICS and the 2001 RHSA. In addition to mortality data, the objectives of the 2006 AzDHS were to collect national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these topics from women of reproductive age and, for certain topics, from men as well. Data are presented by region when sample size permits. The survey findings provide estimates for a variety of demographic indicators. The 2006 AzDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of and health services for the people of Azerbaijan. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AZERBAIJAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WATER SUPPLY | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health | Mortality | Nutrition | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 331495 Notification

12.

Title: Sakhi Saheli -- promoting gender equity and empowering young women: a training manual.
Author: CORO for Literacy; Population Council. Horizons
Source: New Delhi, India, Population Council, 2008. [130] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-000-97-00012-00)
Abstract: The Sakhi Saheli program was adapted from Instituto Promundo's Program M by CORO and Horizons/ Population Council as part of a larger research study aimed at reducing HIV risk among young men and women by addressing gender norms. In earlier phases of the study, the Yaari Dosti program with young men was piloted and evaluated leading to the work with young women in the last phase by piloting the Sakhi Saheli program. At the start of the Sakhi Saheli program, CORO and Horizons undertook qualitative research to explore young women's construction and expression of femininity and masculinity in two urban slum communities in Mumbai. A team of peer leaders from CORO was intensively trained in data collection methods to undertake social mapping, in-depth interviews and group discussions with girls and women aged 16-24 years and key informants such as parents, community elders and teachers. The peer leaders were engaged in interpreting and analysing research findings, under the guidance of the researchers. This training manual was prepared through a two-year-long participatory process undertaken in Mumbai, India. Young women were engaged as leaders in the design and implementation of program activities, which were subsequently validated through community-based research in selected urban slum communities in India. This manual aims to promote critical reflection on the social construction of gender that promotes inequality and women's vulnerabilities, and to create support for challenging these norms so as to enhance women's adoption of risk reduction practices. The manual is aimed at peer educators, community and health educators, teachers and/or other professionals working, with young women aged 16 to 24 years. Each section includes a series of educational activities based on participatory methods including role plays, games and interactive activities aimed at engaging young women in discussion, debate and critical thinking. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MOTHERS | INEQUALITIES | USAID | PERSONHOOD | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Human Rights | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Education | Crime
Document Number: 326011

13.

14.

Title: Change lives, save lives. Reducing poverty with sexual and reproductive health.
Author: Family Planning International
Source: [Wellington, New Zealand], Family Planning International, [2008]. [15] p.
Abstract: This set of speech cards and briefing sheets are tools to use in your work to promote the sexual and reproductive health of your people. You can use these to inform yourself and others, and to stimulate discussion about the situation in your country. The key message contained in the speech cards and briefing sheets is that by investing in sexual and reproductive health you will be able to prevent and eradicate poverty in your communities and country. (Excerpt) .
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331851

15.

Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls.
Author: Plan
Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p.
Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 326794

16.

Title: UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls.
Author: United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. Division of International Protection Services
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, Division of International Protection Services, 2008 Jan. [410] p.
Abstract: The primary purpose of the Handbook is to help UNHCR staff fulfill their responsibilities to protect these women and girls more effectively. It is therefore intended for representatives, other managers, protection staff in the field and at headquarters, registration officers, eligibility officers, community services staff, field officers, and others. Protection partners will find it a useful source of information and guidance. The Handbook is intended to be used in situations of asylum, internal displacement, return, integration, and statelessness. It is equally applicable in urban and rural contexts. The objectives of the Handbook are to: improve understanding among UNHCR staff and partners of the challenges and barriers women and girls of concern confront in accessing and enjoying their rights during displacement, return, and (re)integration; ensure all UNHCR staff are familiar with the international legal standards forming the normative framework for our work to protect women and girls; ensure all UNHCR staff understand their responsibilities for the protection of women and girls; improve knowledge of how discrimination against women and girls can lead to statelessness and what initiatives can be taken to prevent and reduce cases of statelessness; provide guidance on ways of working and types of activities that can be carried out to fulfill our responsibilities; and refer staff to additional resources, guidelines, and tools that may be used to enhance the protection of women and girls. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | REFUGEES | UNHCR | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | TREATIES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Health
Document Number: 325467

17.

18.

Title: A thematic fund for maternal health. Accelerating progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5: No woman should die giving life.
Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: [New York, New York], UNFPA, [2008]. 15 p.
Abstract: The thematic fund (2008-2015) will focus ultimately on supporting 75 countries with the greatest need.[1] In addition to its focus on meeting countries' needs, it will demonstrate good practices for scaling up efforts. It will be launched in a phased manner. This paper provides an overview of the Thematic Fund for Maternal Health and indicative budget for the first period (2008-2011) of US$ 465 million, exclusive of indirect costs. It will be followed by a comprehensive proposal for the first period with an operational plan, which will include a brief preparatory stage followed by phased implementation at scale in at least 25 of the 75 priority countries. Introduction in the remaining countries will continue over the second period (2012-2015), as resources permit and based on a proposal and budget reflecting the experiences of the first period. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | GOALS | UNFPA | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 324537

19.

Title: UNFPA strategy and framework for action to addressing gender-based violence, 2008-2011.
Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]. Technical Division. Gender, Human Rights and Culture Branch
Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, Technical Division, Gender, Human Rights and Culture Branch, 2008. 32 p.
Abstract: This publication identifies priority areas for intensified action on gender-based violence: policy frameworks, data collection and analysis, focus on sexual and reproductive health, humanitarian responses, adolescents and youth, men and boys, faith-based networks, and vulnerable and marginalized populations. It is intended to provide a common platform and technical guidance for UNFPA at country, regional and global levels and effectively guide capacity-development initiatives, resources and partnerships.The strategy also outlines UNFPA's comparative advantages, experience and leadership potential within the context of United Nations reform, and suggests opportunities for improving the efficacy of its programme implementation and technical support.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | UNFPA | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 331355

20.

Title: ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Saleem S
Source: Reproductive Health. 2008;5:4.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: The ICPD agenda of reproductive health was declared as the most comprehensive one, which had actually broadened the spectrum of reproductive health and drove the states to embark upon initiatives to improve reproductive health status of their populations. However, like all other countries, Pakistan also seems to have shifted focus of its policies and programs towards achieving MDGs. As a result, concepts highlighted in the ICPD got dropped eventually. In spite of specific goals on maternal and child mortalities in MDGs and all the investment and policy shift, Pakistan has still one of the highest maternal mortality ratios among developing countries. Lack of synchronized efforts, sector wide approaches, inter-sectoral collaboration, and moreover, the unmet need for family planning, unsafe abortions, low literacy rate and dearth of women empowerment are the main reasons. Being a signatory of both of the international agendas (ICPD and MDGs), Pakistan needed to articulate its policies to keep the balance between the two agendas. There are, however, certainly some common grounds which have been experimented by various countries and we can learn lessons from those best practices. An inter-sectoral cooperation and sector wide approaches would be required to achieve such ambitious goals set out in ICPD-Program of Action while working towards MDGs. There is a need of increasing resource allocation, strengthening primary health care services and emergency obstetric care and motivating the human resource employed in health sector by good governance. These endeavors should lead to formulate evidence based national policies, reproductive health services which are affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable and finally a responsive health system.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | UN | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328036

21.
Title: Microcredit, men, and masculinity.
Author: Ahmed FE
Source: NWSA Journal. 2008 Summer;20(2):122-155.
Abstract: The impact of masculinity on poverty alleviation is strikingly absent in the vast literature on microcredit, the cornerstone of gender empowerment programs worldwide. A binary framework, which excludes male relatives of microcredit loanees, prevails in the Grameen Bank paradigm; it exacerbates domestic violence and prevents joint decision-making on the loan. As part of a larger feminist theoretical project that deconstructs "universal man," this article illustrates how a nuanced picture of low-income men and masculinities is useful to practitioners. The author lived with sharecropper families in rural Bangladesh in 2001 to conduct the research on a subset of 73 men and women, drawn from a larger sample of 200 villagers. She contrasts four vignettes of "high-minded," "abusive," "mixed," and habla (lacking in common sense) husbands of Grameen Bank loanees along four categories: notions of an ideal wife, domestic violence, loan decisions, and fatherhood. She argues that as the first step of a poverty alleviation strategy that uses men to change men, high-minded men and masculinity also need to be rewarded even as abusive men and masculinity need to be transformed. The article concludes with recommendations for the Grameen Bank, which analyze ways in which high-minded men can be identified, supported, and rewarded so that they can act as social change agents to prevent domestic violence, within the household and in the community.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development
Document Number: 329239

22.

Title: Mandatory HIV testing in pregnancy: Is there ever a time?
Author: Armstrong R
Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2008;8(1):1-10.
Abstract: Despite recent advances in ways to prevent transmission of HIV from a mother to her child during pregnancy, infants continue to be born and become infected with HIV, particularly in southern Africa where HIV prevalence is the highest in the world. In this region, emphasis has shifted from voluntary HIV counselling and testing to routine testing of women during pregnancy. There have also been proposals for mandatory testing. Could mandatory testing ever be an option, even in high-prevalence settings? Many previous examinations of mandatory testing have dealt with it in the context of low HIV prevalence and a well-resourced health care system. In this discussion, different assumptions are made. Within this context, where mandatory testing may be a strategy of last resort, the objections to it are reviewed. Special attention is paid in the discussion to the entrenched vulnerability of women in much of southern Africa and how this contributes to both HIV prevalence and ongoing challenges for preventing HIV transmission during pregnancy. While mandatory testing is ethically plausible, particularly when coupled with guaranteed access to treatment and care, the discussion argues that the moment to employ this strategy has not yet come. Many barriers remain for pregnant women in terms of access to testing, treatment and care, most acutely in the southern African setting, despite the presence of national and international human rights instruments aimed at empowering women and removing such barriers. While this situation persists, mandatory HIV testing during pregnancy cannot be justified. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HEALTH POLICY | ETHICS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | TREATIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 321499

23.

Title: Madrasas and NGOs: complements or substitutes? Non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh.
Author: Asadullah MN; Chaudhury N
Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, South Asia Region, Human Development Unit, 2008 Feb. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4511)
Abstract: There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there's little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on female enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee primary schools on growth in female enrollment in madrasas. The analysis deals with potential endoegeneity by using data on number of the number of school branches and female members in the sub-district. The findings show that madrasas that are located in regions with a greater number of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee schools have higher growth in female enrollment. This relationship is further strengthened by the finding that there is, however, no effect of these schools on female enrollment growth in secular schools. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Schools
Document Number: 325677

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Micro-credit, women's groups, control of own money: HIV-related negotiation among partnered Dominican women.
Author: Ashburn K; Kerrigan D; Sweat M
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):396-403.
Abstract: A sample of 356 members of women's groups, aged 18-49, in the Dominican Republic were interviewed by trained female interviewers. Data among 273 partnered women were analyzed. The dependent variable, a measure of HIV-related negotiation, was examined for associations with control of own money, level of women's group participation, and ever having received a loan through a micro-credit program. Findings suggest control of own money to be significantly associated with HIV-related negotiation. Ever having received a loan and level of women's group participation, however, were not significantly associated with HIV-related negotiation. Empowerment measured as control of own money may influence HIV protective behavior among partnered women in this setting. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | FEMALE ROLE | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Behavior
Document Number: 325821

25.

Title: Participatory change in a campaign led by sex workers: Connecting resistance to action-oriented agency.
Author: Basu A; Dutta MJ
Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2008 Jan;18(1):106-119.
Abstract: Studies predict that the number of HIV infections among commercial sex workers (CSWers) in India may rise to 3.93 million. Efforts have been made to stem the tide. But most campaigns have been designed to ensure condom compliance among CSWers by spreading awareness and increasing availability. Absent from the discursive space of such campaigns are the agency of CSWers and their ability to resist dominant social structures. The authors respond to this lacuna in health communication by foregrounding voices of CSWers participating in two HIV/AIDS interventions in India. Based on the culture-centered approach to health communication and subaltern studies theory, it examines data from two sites to analyze how communicative narratives of agency and resistance are enacted in the marginalized lives of sex workers. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | INTERVIEWS | GROUP INTERVIEWS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | INTERVENTIONS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | ADVOCACY | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Education | Social Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 323454

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender equality and the right to health.
Author: Belhadj H; Toure A
Source: Lancet. 2008 Dec 13;372(9655):2008-9.
Abstract: Expanding access to health is fundamental to human security and human rights. People who are poor daily face health-related insecurity, from food shortages to limited access to drinkable water, physical violence, or ignorance about disease prevention. In our globalised world, the transnational flows of ideas, people, and new lifestyles, but also diseases, have created new challenges for those who are already left behind in the journey of human development. The vast majority of them are women. The world must commit to an international health framework that shapes universal access to health care. This framework should include provisions for health education and knowledge sharing, as well as north-south technology transfer and negotiations to waiver drug patents. The framework should also emphasise the importance of sexual and reproductive health as an essential step towards the MDGs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | HUMAN RIGHTS | MATERNAL HEALTH | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330125

27.

Title: Millennium Development Goals at midpoint: Where do we stand and where do we need to go?
Author: Bourguignon F; Benassy-Quere A; Dercon S; Estache A; Gunning JW
Source: [Unpublished] 2008 Sep. Background paper for the forthcoming European Report on Development. 39 p.
Abstract: To elaborate this diagnostic, we focus on some very basic questions. How much has been achieved? What worked? What did not work well enough and why? What should be done to accelerate progress where needed? What could Europe do to contribute to the acceleration of the agenda? The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 is devoted to a quick review of the evidence available on progress towards the MDGs at global, regional and national levels. Section 3 introduces our conceptual framework, a 'tripod' that leads us to focus on the global economy, on domestic policy in developing countries and on aid. Section 4 focuses on the international environment, as well as on policies in developed countries that may affect developing countries through international markets. Section 5 deals with the financing of development and the MDGs through ODA. Section 6 considers the role of domestic policies. Section 7 examines the road ahead, drawing the lessons learned so far on MDGs, as an instrument to promote, plan and implement development. The last section sets out our recommendations in more detail. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | DISEASE PREVENTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Planning | Organization and Administration | Social Development | Economic Factors | Schools | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 331452

29.

Title: Gender balance and the meanings of women in governance in post-genocide Rwanda.
Author: Burnet JE
Source: African Affairs. 2008;107(428):361-386.
Abstract: Across Africa, many countries have taken initiatives to increase the participation and representation of women in governance. Yet it is unclear what meaning these initiatives have in authoritarian, single-party states like Rwanda. Since seizing power in 1994, the Rwandan Patriotic Front has taken many steps to increase the participation of women in politics such as creating a Ministry of Gender, organizing women's councils at all levels of government, and instituting an electoral system with reserved seats for women in the national parliament. This article explores the dramatic increase in women's participation in public life and representation in governance and the increasing authoritarianism of the Rwandan state under the guise of 'democratization'. The increased political participation of women in Rwanda represents a paradox in the short term: as their participation has increased, women's ability to influence policy making has decreased. In the long term, however, increased female representation in government could prepare the path for their meaningful participation in a genuine democracy because of a transformation in political subjectivity. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PARTICIPATION | WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327344

30.
Title: Walking the walk. Closing the programmatic and financing gap on gender equality, violence against women, and access to sexual and reproductive health services in the responses to HIV and AIDS.
Author: Carr R
Source: In: Making aid more effective: Promoting better monitoring and tracking of gender equality in HIV and AIDS responses, edited by Robert Carr. New York, New York, United Nations Development Fund for Women [UNIFEM], 2008. :6-22.
Abstract: A review commissioned by UNIFEM of M&E indicators on gender and HIV, sexual and reproductive health and rights, and violence against women provides a revealing overview of the ways in which governments, United Nations agencies and private institutions have tried to measure progress on these issues. The analysis undertaken for this paper has made it clear, however, that on the whole HIV programming has failed on two main fronts: addressing the vulnerability of women and girls to HIV and AIDS, and addressing the intersections between that vulnerability, violence and meaningful access to sexual and reproductive health and rights. Indicators have a powerful effect in directing programming focus and in establishing accountability across the system: for governments, civil society groups, donors and United Nations organizations. The challenge is to establish a manageable set of indicators that can guide programme outcome and impact to ensure that the needs and priorities of women and girls are effectively met in the responses to HIV and AIDS. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | UNIFEM | FOREIGN AID | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Women's Status | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 331401


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