1.  Title: Oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and the professional voice: An electrolaryngographic analysis. Author: La FM; Howard DM; Ledger W; Davidson JW; Jones G Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2009 Apr;34(2):11-19. Abstract: Few studies have been concerned with the effects of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on those who use their voices as a tool of trade. A cohort study involving 20 female professional voice users was carried out assessing irregularity of vocal fold vibration, based on: 1) period-to-period frequency peaks (CFx), and 2) period-to-period amplitude peaks (CAx) in the cycle-to-cycle excitation of the vocal tract. These vocal measures and blood samples were collected at three points of the menstrual cycle, for both natural and OCP cycles. No significant differences were found in vocal parameters assessed between the natural and OCP cycles. The intake of this OCP was not found to have a systematic effect on the vocal parameters studied. Based on these results the modern OCP preparations can be considered safe medications which do not have a negative effect on voice quality in professional voice users. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ARTISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ANABOLIC STEROIDS | SONGS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Music | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329663 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women and limits to the normalisation of condom use: a qualitative study. Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H Source: AIDS Care. 2009 May;21(5):561-6. Abstract: Encouraging condom use among young women is a major focus of HIV/STI prevention efforts but the degree to which they see themselves as being at risk limits their use of the method. In this paper, we examine the extent to which condom use has become normalised among young women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 year old women from eastern Scotland (N=20). Purposive sampling was used to select a heterogeneous group with different levels of sexual experience and from different social backgrounds. All of the interviewees had used (male) condoms but only three reported consistent use. The rest had changed to other methods, most often the pill, though they typically went back to using condoms occasionally. Condoms were talked about as the most readily available contraceptive method, and were most often the first contraceptive method used. The young women had ingrained expectations of use, but for most, these norms centred only on their new or casual partners, with whom not using condoms was thought to be irresponsible. Many reported negative experiences with condoms, and condom dislike and failure were common, lessening trust in the method. Although the sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention provided by condoms was important, this was seen as additional, and secondary, to pregnancy prevention. As the perceived risks of STIs lessened in relationships with boyfriends, so did condom use. The promotion of condoms for STI prevention alone fails to consider the wider influences of partners and young women's negative experiences of the method. Focusing on the development of condom negotiation skills alone will not address these issues. Interventions to counter dislike, method failure, and the limits of the normalisation of condom use should be included in STI prevention efforts. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PERCEPTION | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Evaluation | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 341100 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women's perceptions of pregnancy risk and use of emergency contraception: findings from a qualitative study. Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):310-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Advance provision of emergency contraception (EC) has increased use but not impacted on pregnancy or abortion rates. Here we describe young women's EC use and experiences of unprotected sex to explore why this difference occurs. METHODS: In-depth interviews with twenty 20-year-old women from eastern Scotland. RESULTS: The majority (16) had used EC; 10 reported some experience of unprotected sex. EC use followed contraceptive failure and unexpected or unplanned, but not frequent, unprotected sex. Acknowledging the need for EC requires recognition of pregnancy risk. Those reporting frequent unprotected sex misperceived their pregnancy risk and did not use EC. This group was from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, and all became pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: EC remains an important "backup" contraceptive and should continue to be widely available. With high levels of unprotected sex, nonuse of EC and unintended pregnancies, further efforts are required to improve the sexual and reproductive health outcomes of disadvantaged young women. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | PERCEPTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330556 |
| 4. Title: Investigating urban -- rural disparities in tuberculosis treatment outcome in England and Wales. Author: Abubakar I; Crofts JP; Gelb D; Story A; Andrews N; Watson JM Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2008 Jan;136(1):122-127. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and the outcome of treatment between TB patients living in urban and rural areas. Cases of TB reported from 2001 to 2003 in England and Wales were assigned to a rural or urban area classification. The outcome of interest, non-completion of treatment, was investigated to determine the odds ratio for urban vs. rural residence. The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, place of birth, time since arrival in the United Kingdom, disease site, isoniazid resistance and previous diagnosis were adjusted for by multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios showed a significantly higher level of treatment non-completion in rural areas. These results became non-significant (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83-1.26, P=0.82) after adjusting for the confounding effects of ethnic group and age. In England and Wales residence in a rural location is not an independent determinant of TB treatment outcome failure. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | TREATMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DRUG RESISTANCE | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 325766 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Why are rates of sterilization in decline? A pilot study designed to explore reasons for declining female sterilization in Scotland. Author: Chen ZE; Glasier A; Warner P Source: Contraception. 2008 Oct;78(4):309-314. Abstract: In the last decade, female sterilization had been in decline throughout the UK. It is not clear whether fewer women are requesting sterilization or whether the universal enthusiasm for long-acting reversible methods is leading health professionals to discourage women from being sterilized. Since correct and consistent use of alternative, reversible contraceptive methods depends somewhat on their acceptability, it is important to determine whether women are being refused sterilization or whether they are freely choosing other methods. This study aims to explore whether female sterilization is being widely considered as a contraceptive method, the reasons for choosing or rejecting it, and whether women are being discouraged by health professionals from being sterilized. A self-completed questionnaire survey among 205 women aged 30 to 50 years who felt that their family was complete attending a family planning clinic in Scotland. Of the 203 women included in the study, 151 (74.4%) had heard of femalesterilization, 90 had discussed it with someone (60%) and 87 (58%) had considered it as a contraceptive option. Of the 56 women who consulted their family doctor about sterilization, almost half (27; 48%) were not referred to a hospital and fewer than one (17, 30.4%) in three of them was eventually sterilized or had arrangements in place to get it done. Free-text comments from the women revealed a variety of reasons for not choosing female sterilization and suggested that some women are being deterred from sterilization. The study suggests that some women are being actively encouraged by health professionals to use long-acting reversible contraceptive methods and discouraged from choosing sterilization. However, other women recognize for themselves the wisdom of keeping their fertility options open. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 328081 |
| 6. Title: Risk for postpartum depression, breastfeeding practices, and mammary gland permeability. Author: Flores-Quijano ME; Cordova A; Contreras-Ramirez V; Farias-Hernandez L; Tolentino MC Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008;24(1):50-57. Abstract: In a cross-sectional study, 163 breastfeeding women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a questionnaire on demographics and infant feeding and hand-expressed breast milk for Na and K quantification, between 2 and 12 weeks postpartum. Forty women (24.5%) had an EPDS score compatible with the risk of a depressive episode, and 63 (41%) did not feel confident about breastfeeding. These 2 variables were significantly correlated to each other and individually correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness. Weeks postpartum was correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness and Na:K in milk (all P less than .001). A logistic regression model showed that supplementation increased the risk of high Na:K in milk by 209%, whereas a longer time postpartum lowered the risk for mammary gland permeability. This study suggests that postpartum depression and low breastfeeding confidence, which may be present concomitantly, are associated with increased mammary gland permeability, only to the extent in which depression dissuades the mother from exclusive breastfeeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | DEPRESSION | HUMAN MILK | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | LACTATION | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 324668 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: A randomized crossover trial of the impact of additional spermicide on condom failure rates. Author: Gabbay MB; Thomas J; Gibbs A; Hold P Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Oct;35(10):862-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Opinions remain divided concerning the potential for additional water-based lubricant to reduce condom breaks and slips. We sought to explore impact of externally applied additional lubrication on condom failure rates among regular users in stable heterosexual relationships. GOAL: To compare condom failure rates with and without additional spermicide. STUDY DESIGN: Couples randomized to use up to 70 condoms alone (control) or with additional spermicide (intervention), with midpoint crossover. Couple demographic and failure risk data collected at baseline. Follow ups at three and six months recorded condom failure events, spermicide acceptability, side-effects and adverse events. Condom failure rates were compared using an intention to treat analysis. RESULTS: Altogether 12,530 condoms were used by 145 couples completing the trial, There were 45/6,463:0.70% (95% CI 0.51%-0.93%) clinical and nonclinical failures in the additional spermicide arm, compared to 111/6,067:1.83% (95% CI 1.51%-2.20%) during the control arm. The clinical condom failure rate was 0.53% (95% CI 0.41%-0.66%), with 19 (0.31%: 95% CI 0.18%-0.43%) during the additional spermicide arm, compared to 46 (0.77%: 95% CI 0.56%-0.99%) during the control arm. Couples experienced significantly lower total (P = 0.017) and clinical (P = 0.042) condom failure rates during the additional spermicide arm. Furthermore additional spermicide significantly reduced clinical failures among the 101 couples who'd experienced a previous condom failure (P = 0.002). There were 22 urinary tract infections, equally divided between the control and additional spermicide arms, however 10 of the 12 genital irritation episodes occurred with additional spermicide (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Additional water-based external lubricant significantly reduced condom failures despite low failure rates among this stable, experienced group of condom users. Our results suggest that this may be a useful supplement to condom use, particularly among couples who experienced condom failures previously. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HETEROSEXUALS | COUPLES | CONDOM FAILURE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | LUBRICANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Ingredients and Chemicals | Measurement | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 328938 |
8.  Title: Association between number of siblings and cause-specific mortality in the Glasgow alumni cohort study. Author: Galobardes B; McCarron P; Jeffreys M; Smith GD Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Feb;23(2):89-93. Abstract: In the Glasgow University Alumni cohort, students with no siblings experienced higher respiratory disease mortality. This risk diminished after accounting for potential confounders. We did not find strong evidence of an association with all cause, coronary heart disease, stroke or stomach cancer mortality. Number of siblings is a proxy for other exposures and exploring its association with specific disease outcomes can help disentangle some of the pathways relating early life exposures to adult mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SIBLINGS | RISK FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Family Research Document Number: 324658 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes of women in Scotland to contraception: a qualitative study to explore the acceptability of long-acting methods. Author: Glasier A; Scorer J; Bigrigg A Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Oct;34(4):213-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) (i.e. injections, implants and intrauterine methods) has the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies but in the UK these methods are under-used. To inform a campaign planned to increase awareness of LARC, eight focus discussion groups were held with 55 women in two cities in Scotland, UK. Trained interviewers sought spontaneous views of unintended pregnancy and contraception in general, and condoms and pills in particular, and attitudes towards health professionals giving contraceptive advice. Attitudes towards LARC were discussed both before and after women were given detailed information about the methods. RESULTS: Women recognised the importance of using contraception but admitted to taking risks. Pills and condoms were familiar and acceptable despite undesirable side effects. Women were poorly informed about LARC, had firm but incorrect beliefs about their safety and side effects, disliked any method which involved an invasive procedure and/or vaginal examination, and had rather a low opinion of advice given by health professionals. Accurate information was not wholly successful in dispelling negative views of LARC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Many factors influence contraceptive choice. Attitudes towards methods are complex and may be difficult to change. Some barriers to LARC, including the need to see a health professional, cannot be overcome but giving more information about ease of use, reversibility, effects on weight and the positive experiences of other women, as well as describing these methods as lasting rather than long-acting, may help improve acceptability. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | ATTITUDES | SATISFACTION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | CAMPAIGNS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 329394 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Complications after second trimester surgical and medical abortion. Author: Grossman D; Blanchard K; Blumenthal P Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31 Suppl):173-82. Abstract: Second trimester abortion is associated with higher rates of complications compared to first trimester abortion. Dilatation and evacuation (D&E) and medical induction using misoprostol alone or a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol are the methods most commonly used for later abortion in developed countries, yet little research has directly compared them. We reviewed the literature on PubMed and identified only one small randomised controlled trial and one retrospective cohort study with comparative data for these methods, although the cohort study did not include cases using the mifepristone regimen. We expanded our search to include case series and cohort studies for a single method. In the randomised trial, women undergoing medical induction reported significantly more pain and experienced more adverse events. In the cohort study, incomplete abortion was significantly more common among women undergoing medical induction. In the single method studies, serious complications such as uterine perforation, uterine rupture and haemorrhage were rare, although the latter may be more common with medical induction. Mild infection may also be more prevalent after medical induction. Current evidence suggests that, given trained providers and where otherwise feasible, D&E is preferable to medical induction. A larger randomised controlled trial is needed that directly compares outcomes between the two methods, examines acceptability to women and explores clinicians' perspectives on providing them. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SCOTLAND | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAFETY | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | ABORTION | CERVICAL DILATATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | North America, Northern | Public Health | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330092 Notification |
| 12. Title: Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception. Author: Hairon N Source: Nursing Times. 2008 Oct 21-27;104(42):23-4. Abstract: New research exploring women's attitudes to contraception suggests some ways to boost the uptake of long-acting reversible methods. Many women are worried about the effects of contraceptives on future fertility (Glasier et al, 2008). This research, which aimed to inform a campaign to increase the use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), suggested that practitioners should stop describing these methods as 'long-acting' and stress their lasting protection instead. The study, published in the Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, found concerns about side-effects such as weight gain deterred women, outweighing even the fear of unwanted pregnancy. In spite of NICE (2005) guidance on the use of LARC, its uptake in the UK is low. The study authors conclude that, while some barriers to its use cannot be overcome, giving more information on ease of use, reversibility, effects on weight and other women's positive experiences may help improve acceptability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | IUD | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 329824 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: The timing and partnership context of becoming a parent: Cohort and gender commonalities and differences in childhood antecedents. Author: Hobcraft J Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 22;19(34):1281-1322. Abstract: This paper uses two British birth cohorts, born in 1958 and 1970. There are substantial inter-cohort shifts in timing and context of becoming a parent and gender differences in timing. We use common childhood measures for the two cohorts, pool the two data sets and fit common models. We then ask whether explicit terms for gender or for cohort are required. These can be an unexplained gender or cohort differential or specific differential pathways through measured childhood antecedents. There is considerable support for elements of a common model, but some interpretable gender and cohort terms are also necessary. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | COHORT ANALYSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 327755 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Extensive vulval oedema secondary to severe pelvic infection. Author: O'Mahony C; Mullin N; Sissons G Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Aug;19(8):565-7. Abstract: A 17-year-old female developed a complex pelvic abscess a few weeks post-surgical abortion. Despite surgical drainage, a debilitating infection induced a low albumen. The resulting pelvic oedema caused gross vulval oedema that was difficult to manage. She had previously been treated for chlamydia. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | POSTABORTION | PELVIC INFECTIONS | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | EDEMA | CHLAMYDIA | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Puerperium | Reproduction | Infections | Diseases | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections Document Number: 328967 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723 Notification |
| 17. Title: Fertility and fertility control in pre-revolutionary China. Author: Wolf AP; Engelen T Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2008 Winter;38(3):345-375. Abstract: The argument of Malthus' First Essay on Population is largely developed on the basis of a comparison between three countries-Britain, the United States, and China. England is presented as an example of an "old state" in which population growth has been considerable in the past but is slow at present. The reason is that "a foresight of the difficulties attending the rearing of a family acts as a preventative check, and the actual distress of some of the lower classes, by which they are disabled from giving the proper food and attention to their children, acts as a positive check." This observation holds for all old states because they lack the resources necessary to support further growth. Malthus offers the United States as an example of a new state in a "healthy country . . . with plenty of food and room" and institutions that made good land affordable and agriculture a good investment. The result was that, as in new colonies generally, the population grew "with astonishing rapidity." Malthus underlines the point by asking why an equal number of people did not "produce an equal increase in the same time in Great Britain." His answer is, "The great and obvious cause . . . is the want of food and room, or in other words, misery." China was known to Malthus as "one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous countries in the world," but Smith characterized it as a country in which "the poverty of the lowest ranks of people . . . far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe." Quesnay summed up the prevailing view: "In spite of . . . the abundance that reigns, there are few countries that have so much poverty among the humbler classes. However great the empire may be, it is too crowded for the multitude that inhabit it." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION THEORY | POVERTY | FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 325519 |
| 18. Title: Peer and neighbourhood influences on teenage pregnancy and fertility: qualitative findings from research in English communities. Author: Arai L Source: Health and Place. 2007 Mar;13(1):87-98. Abstract: Geographic variation in teenage pregnancy is attributable to social and cultural, as well as demographic, factors. In some communities and social networks early childbearing may be acceptable, or even normative. It is these places that are the focus of policy initiatives. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study of neighbourhood and peer influences on the transition from pregnancy to fertility among 15 young mothers in three English locations. Data were also collected from nine local health workers. The findings show that, from the mothers' perspective, there was no evidence that peers influenced behaviour. However, the data did suggest that early childbearing might be normative in some communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | NEIGHBORHOOD | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PEER PRESSURE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Population | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychosocial Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 309959 |
| 19. Title: A statistical study to estimate the prevalence of female genital mutilation in England and Wales. Summary report. Author: Dorkenoo E; Morison L; Macfarlane A Source: London, United Kingdom, Foundation for Women’s Health, Research and Development [FORWARD], 2007. 31 p. Abstract: The United Nations has recognised female genital mutilation (FGM) as a human rights violation. In the UK the practice is included in the UK Children Act and other legislation. There is recognition that it is practised in some minority communities in the UK. It has also been the focus of two and half decades of educational campaigns by voluntary groups in the communities concerned. Despite this, there are no reliable data on the extent of FGM in the United Kingdom. Lack of data on FGM marginalises the issue. An urgent need for these data has been expressed at all levels, from grassroots organisations to parliament. Data are needed for the planning and implementation of a comprehensive national strategy for the prevention and the elimination of FGM in the United Kingdom, to act as a baseline against which to measure the success of programmes to combat FGM and for targeted advocacy. Reliable data on FGM are also needed to inform maternity and gynaecological care as well as other support services thatare needed for girls and women with complications of FGM. These are the first systematic estimates for England and Wales. Although the methods used so far to derive estimates of the number of women and girls affected by FGM in the UK have led to the best estimates available to date, there are obvious limitations with the reliability of these figures. In this report, we present estimates which overcome the first of these limitations by deriving numbers of women born in practising countries from the 2001 Census of Population. We have extended the number of countries of origin practising FGM from six to twenty nine. The improved estimates are still subject to limitations 2 and 3 so a survey will be needed to produce estimates which include second generation women and to allow for possible differences between the prevalence of FGM in women living in the UK and in their countries of origin. The process of producing the estimates presented here will provide the groundwork for designing such a survey as well as furthering future community based research. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVALENCE | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MIGRATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327627 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Net cohort migration in England and Wales: How past birth trends may influence net migration. Author: Dorling D; Rigby JE Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):51-62. Abstract: An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Northern | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324756 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex workers' accounts of condom use: Implications for condom production, promotion and health policy. Author: Free C; Roberts I; McGuire M Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Apr;33(2):107-111. Abstract: Objectives: To explore sex workers' accounts of condom use and their recommendations about how condoms might be improved. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 female sex workers in sex work premises in London, UK and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Results: The consistent and effective use of condoms was dependent upon client selection, sex worker control of the condom, communication skills and on condom and sex-related skills. The design of facilities, the way the encounter was structured and alarm call systems were key to generating an environment in which sex worker control of the interaction was feasible. A wide range of practices used for 'safer sex', including the use of simulated vaginal sex, skills in fitting the condom in a sexually arousing way, checking the condom placement during intercourse and holding onto the condom during withdrawal, were described but awareness of such practices was piecemeal. Several sex workers said that particular care is needed when using condomsin men with a small penis and pointed out to the authors that a smaller condom would be useful. Conclusions: The sex workers told us about the importance of environmental factors and a range of sex and condom-related skills in 'safer sex'. Environmental 'safety' features could be addressed through a licensing system for sex work premises. Communication, condom and sex-related skills should be more broadly disseminated through health promotion initiatives with sex workers. The issue of condom fit deserves further attention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | SAFER SEX | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 313290 |
| 22. Title: Vasectomy reversal: Is the microscope really essential? Author: Gopi SS; Townell NH Source: Scottish Medical Journal. 2007;52(2):18-20. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the outcomes of bilateral vasectomy reversal procedure in relation to the macroscopic technique, surgical time and duration of obstructive interval. We performed a retrospective study over a twelve-year period using a macroscopic technique. All cases of vasectomy reversal were consecutive and performed by the same surgeon. The procedure was performed using a single layer, spatulate end to end anastomosis technique using 6 × 6-0 prolene. No loupe magnification was used. The median age of the men was 42 years (range 30-56). The median obstructive interval in years was 8.5 years (range 2-23). The procedure was a day case and the median surgical time under general anaesthetic was 75 minutes (range 45-90). None of the patients required hospital admission following discharge. 63 of the 70 patients had positive patency test postoperatively (90%). The sperm count was more than twenty million /ml. The pregnancy rate was 54 % and the miscarriage rate was 7.1%. The outcomes of macroscopic vasectomy reversal performed by an experienced surgeon can have a high success rate using the macroscopic single layer spatulate end to end anastomosis technique. This technique is easy to learn compared to the learning curve involved in microsurgery and is an effective means of "re-establishing" fertility in vasectomised men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STERILIZATION SEEKERS | PHYSICIANS | VASECTOMY | VAS REANASTOMOSIS | MICROSURGERY | UROGENITAL SURGERY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Male Sterilization | Sterilization Reversal | Reversible Sterilization | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 321087 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: How, not just if, condoms are used: the timing of condom application and removal during vaginal sex among young people in England. Author: Hatherall B; Ingham R; Stone N; McEachran J Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007 Feb;83(1):68-70. Abstract: The objective was to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with, vaginal penetration before condom application and following condom removal among young people in education in England. A large cross sectional survey (n = 1373) was conducted in educational establishments in England and sexual event diaries were completed by a subsample of young people over a 6 month period. Of the 375 survey respondents who reported having used a condom on the most recent occasion of vaginal sex, 6% had applied the condom after penetration and 6% had continued penetration after condom removal. Of the 74 diary respondents, 31% applied a condom late and 9% removed a condom early at least once over a 6 month period. The odds of ''imperfect'' condom use were found to decrease with overall consistency of condom use, confidence in correct condom use, positive reported relationship with mother, non-use of other contraception, and desire to use a condom. Given that late application and early removal of condoms fail to maximise their effectiveness as a method of STI prevention, it is important to address ''imperfect'' condom use and the factors associated with such use in public health policies and programmes. It is essential that young people understand the importance of using condoms consistently and correctly, and are also equipped with the skills and knowledge to do so. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | TIME FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Child Rearing | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 312137 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial. Author: Henderson M; Wight D; Raab GM; Abraham C; Parkes A Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Jan 20;334(7585):133. Abstract: The objective was to assess the impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers compared with conventional education in terms of conceptions and terminations registered by the NHS. Design: Follow-up of cluster randomised trial 4.5 years after intervention. Setting: NHS records of women who had attended 25 secondary schools in east Scotland. Participants: 4196 women (99.5% of those eligible). Intervention: SHARE programme (intervention group) v existing sex education (control group). Main outcome measure: NHS recorded conceptions and terminations for the achieved sample linked at age 20. In an "intention to treat" analysis there were no significant differences between the groups in registered conceptions per 1000 pupils (300 SHARE v 274 control; difference 26, 95% confidence interval - 33 to 86) and terminations per 1000 pupils (127 v 112; difference 15, - 13 to 42) between ages 16 and 20. This specially designed sex education programme did not reduce conceptions or terminations by age 20 compared with conventional provision. The lack of effect was not due to quality of delivery. Enhancing teacher led school sex education beyond conventional provision in eastern Scotland is unlikely to reduce terminations in teenagers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | TEACHERS | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMPACT | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 312019 |
| 25. Title: 'No worries!': Young people's experiences of nurse-led drop-in sexual health services in South West England. Author: Ingram J; Salmon D Source: Journal of Research in Nursing. 2007;12(4):305-316. Abstract: 'No Worries!' is a nurse-led drop-in sexual health service for young people in one Primary Care Trust in South West England. The service aims to provide sexual health promotion, contraception, STI testing and a range of health promotion advice. The service was evaluated from the young people's perspectives using quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Attendance data, questionnaires and interviews explored patterns of use, effectiveness and acceptability of three clinics, two in areas of social deprivation and a third with increasing teenage conception rates. Questionnaire data were collected from 153 young people (232 clinic attendances) and 18 were interviewed (aged 14-18 years). The pattern of service use varied across the clinics, with those from the lowest socio-economic community using fewer condoms, having more pregnancy tests and STI swabs. Average age of first intercourse was 15 years, and most visited the clinic after having sex rather than before. Young people found the service accessible and they highlighted close proximity to home and school, the drop-in nature, and confidentiality, professionalism and friendliness of staff. After using the service, respondents reported that they would be more likely to practise safer sex and change their behaviour. The clinics appeared to match up to young people's expectations of the service, but did not manage to attract many boys. Young people said the service made them feel more confident, more informed about sex, aware of sexually transmitted diseases and take fewer risks. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | NURSES AND NURSING | YOUTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CLINICS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | SAFER SEX | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Health Facilities | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 322704 |
| 26. Title: The training needs of doctors working in England and in Poland with breastfeeding women. Author: Kosmala-Anderson J; Wallace LM; Dunn O; Law S Source: Archives of Medical Science. 2007;3(3):259-266. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the training needs of Polish and English medical practitioners in breastfeeding support skills. Self-assessed competence in 22 skill areas, perceived need for update of breastfeeding support skills and perception of organizational barriers for breastfeeding were compared. Surveys in both countries were conducted using largely similar questionnaires and procedures. The English sample (n=177) consisted of paediatricians and GPs; the Polish sample (n=54) included neonatologists, obstetricians, paediatricians and GPs. There were no differences in clinical practice competence level of the two samples; Polish doctors assessed themselves as more competent in regard to educative skills. Both English and Polish practitioners would welcome update of breastfeeding skills, but this need was expressed more frequently by Polish doctors. In both Poland and England greater intensity of breastfeeding experience was associated with identifying more areas for future update. However, unlike the English sample, within the Polish sample, doctors who were less competent expressed greater need for update. In both samples, greater breastfeeding knowledge was associated with higher self-assessed competence level. English doctors experienced more organizational barriers. Both Polish and English practitioners indicated early hospital discharge as one of the biggest barriers for breastfeeding support. We conclude that core training is recommended to all practitioners in both countries, and that reliance on self assessed competence and need for update are not useful indicators for the deployment of scarce training resources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | BREASTFEEDING | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | OBSTACLES | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Central | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321206 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Incidence and reinfection rates of genital chlamydial infection among women aged 16 -- 24 years attending general practice, family planning and genitourinary medicine clinics in England: A prospective cohort study by the Chlamydia Recall Study Advisory Group. Author: LaMontagne DS; Baster K; Emmett L; Nichols T; Randall S Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007 Aug;83(4):292-303. Abstract: In England, screening for genital chlamydial infection has begun; however, screening frequency for women is not yet determined. The aim was to measure chlamydia incidence and reinfection rates among young women to suggest screening intervals. An 18-month prospective cohort study of women aged 16-24 years recruited from general practices, family planning clinics and genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics: baseline-negative women followed for incidence and baseline-positive women for reinfection; urine tested every 6 months via nucleic acid amplification; and behavioural data collected. Extra test and questionnaire completed 3 months after initial positive test. Factors associated with infection and reinfection investigated using Cox regression stratified by healthcare setting of recruitment. Chlamydia incidence was mean (95% CI) 4.9 (2.7 to 8.8) per 100 person-years (py) among women recruited from general practices, 6.4 (4.2 to 9.8) from family planning clinics and 10.6 (7.4 to 15.2) from GUM clinics. Incidence was associated with young age, history of chlamydial infection and acquisition of new sexual partners. If recently acquiring new partners, condom use at last sexual intercourse was independently associated with lower incidence. Chlamydia reinfection was mean (95% CI) 29.9 (19.7 to 45.4) per 100/person-year from general practices, 22.3 (15.6 to 31.8) from family planning clinics and 21.1 (14.3 to 30.9) from GUM clinics. Factors independently associated with higher reinfection rates were acquisition of new partners and failure to treat all partners. Sexual behaviours determined incidence and reinfection, regardless of healthcare setting. Our results suggest annual screening of women aged 16-24 years who are chlamydia negative, or sooner if partner change occurs. Rescreening chlamydia-positive women within 6 months of baseline infection may be sensible, especially if partner change occurs or all partners are not treated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | YOUTH | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | SCREENING | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 319062 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: "Low" fertility and population replacement in Scotland. Author: MacInnes J; Diaz JP Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):3-21. Abstract: It has been argued that Scotland faces population ageing and decline that will have potentially serious economic and social consequences, and that the origin of these processes lie in its low and declining fertility rates. After considering alternatives to the total period rate measure of fertility, empirical evidence and theoretical argument about low fertility and its consequences is briefly reviewed. The paper argues that low fertility in general may not be the problem it is often purported to be, that Scotland has relatively high fertility, and that pro-natalist policies are neither desirable nor necessary. It suggests that low fertility and population ageing may be viewed as positive developments, and that within Europe, Scotland is distinguished more by its excess of early deaths than by any shortage of births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POPULATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | EXCESS MORTALITY | POPULATION FORECAST | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Migration | Mortality | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology Document Number: 311616 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone density in a Scottishindustrial city. Author: McGough P; Bigrigg A Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Sep;12(3):253-259. Abstract: The objective was to determine if long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception (DMPA) were more likely than their peers to have low bone density. The design used was a cross-sectional observational study. The setting for the study was the Domiciliary Family Planning Service, Glasgow, Scotland. The subjects for the study were clients of the Domiciliary Service who had used DMPA for contraception for longer than 5 years (mean 12 years) were invited to participate and select their own control, a friend or relative who had never used this method of contraception. Bone density was measured at the hip and lumbar spine by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DMPA users had a significantly lower bone density than controls, 12-13% less at both hip and lumbar spine. This difference remained even when controlling for parity, smoking, family history of kyphosis or hip fracture, and body mass index. DMPA significantly decreases bone density in a group of long-term users with significant social deprivation. The long-term significance of this remains uncertain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | INJECTABLES | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | SKELETAL EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 319632 |
| 30. Title: Body work: Childhood, gender and school health education in England, 1870 -- 1977. Author: Pilcher J Source: Childhood. 2007;14(2):215-233. Abstract: This article focuses on a neglected topic in the historical sociology of childhood, namely health education, and explores a neglected theme, namely the gendered character of (re)constructions of childhood. Drawing on primary sources, the article argues that while health education for children played an important role in a broader set of British national, political strategies to ensure the health and fitness of 'the Nation' during the 20th century, it was girls who were the primary targets and recipients. Gender was thus central to the 'body work' in childhood that the official publications on health education sought to promote. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CHILDREN | HEALTH EDUCATION | CURRICULUM | GENDER ISSUES | HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS | HYGIENE | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALITY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 322239 |
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