1.  Title: Interventions for pain with intrauterine device insertion. Author: Allen RH; Bartz D; Grimes DA; Hubacher D; O'Brien P Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(3):CD007373. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fear of pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a barrier to use of this contraceptive method. Interventions for pain during IUD insertion include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local cervical anesthetics, and cervical ripening agents such as misoprostol. OBJECTIVES: To review all randomized controlled trials that have evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the computerized databases MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE for relevant trials. We also examined reference lists of pertinent articles and wrote to known investigators for information about other published or unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. The intervention could be compared to a placebo or another active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently abstracted data from relevant trials and data were entered into RevMan 5.0 for analysis. For dichotomous variables, the Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was calculated. For continuous variables, the mean differences with 95% confidence interval was computed. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials met the inclusion criteria; the total number of participants was 2204. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of varying types and doses were not effective for reducing pain during IUD insertion. Misoprostol for cervical ripening did not reduce pain with IUD insertion in nulliparous women. Two trials evaluated pain that occurs after IUD insertion using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In one trial, naproxen taken prior to IUD insertion was effective in reducing pain compared with placebo in the first two hours after IUD insertion in mostly nulliparous women. However, this trial utilized the Dalkon Shield, an IUD with a wider diameter than modern IUDs. In another trial, ibuprofen 600 mg taken before IUD insertion did not show evidence of an effect on pain four to six hours after IUD insertion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No interventions that have been properly evaluated reduce pain during or after IUD insertion. One poorly controlled trial suggested that topical lidocaine gel may reduce insertion-related pain and warrants further investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | DENMARK | SWEDEN | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | IUD | INSERTION | PAIN | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MISOPROSTOL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Europe, Northern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342475 |
| 2. Title: Sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and HTLV-1/2 in immigrant and non-immigrant female sex workers in Argentina. Author: Bautista CT; Pando MA; Reynaga E; Marone R; Sateren WB; Montano SM; Sanchez JL; Avila MM Source: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2009 Apr;11(2):99-104. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study socio-demographics, sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalences of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in immigrant (foreigner) and non-immigrant (local/native) female sex workers (FSW). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in immigrant and non-immigrant FSW living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 625 FSW were enrolled, of whom 169 (27%) were immigrant FSW from Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis C was significantly higher among Argentinean FSW than among immigrant FSW. However, hepatitis B prevalence was higher among immigrant FSW. Adjusted risk factor analysis comparing immigrant FSW with Argentinean FSW indicated that marital status (single), occupation (none), fee per sex act ( Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IMMIGRANTS | HEPATITIS | SYPHILIS | PREVALENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 331118 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: [Antiretroviral drug supply in Argentina: National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs] Suministro de antirretrovirales en Argentina: Programa Nacional de Lucha contra Author: Colautti M; Luppi I; Salamano M; Traverso ML; Botta C; Palchik V Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;25(1):62-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the supply cycle of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, overseen by the National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs, through its order fulfillment indicators, and to obtain input from supply chain stakeholders. METHODS: A study was carried out from April-September 2005 in the pharmacies of two hospitals in Rosario, Argentina, involving both a quantitative analysis of indicators and secondary sources and a qualitative evaluation using semistructured interviews. RESULTS: The indicators reveal the impact that interruptions in ARV supply stream from the Program (central level) have and the overstocking that takes place at the pharmacies (local level) to manage the shortages. Changes in ARV treatment account for over 50% of the prescriptions. Fulfillments fall short of the reference value. The interviewees shared possible strategies for overcoming the communication gaps between levels, for building-up stock, for guaranteeing availability, and for shortening waiting times; reached informal agreements to deal with the lack of policies and the shortage of staff; acknowledged the challenges facing the jurisdictions (central, intermediate, and local/community); and recognized local efforts to improve management. CONCLUSIONS: These challenges could be the starting point for building teams to work on effectively decentralizing the entire supply chain and allowing the Program to fulfill its much-needed oversight role. Language: Spanish Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | LOGISTICS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | PRESCRIPTIONS | MANAGEMENT | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 341540 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria transmission in two localities in north-western Argentina. Author: Dantur Juri MJ; Zaidenberg M; Claps GL; Santana M; Almiron WR Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:18. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases that affects people globally. The influence of environmental conditions in the patterns of temporal distribution of malaria vectors and the disease has been studied in different countries. In the present study, ecological aspects of the malaria vector Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis and their relationship with climatic variables, as well as the seasonality of malaria cases, were studied in two localities, El Oculto and Aguas Blancas, in north-western Argentina. METHODS: The fluctuation of An. pseudopunctipennis and the malaria cases distribution was analysed with Random Effect Poisson Regression. This analysis takes into account the effect of each climatic variable on the abundance of both vector and malaria cases, giving as results predicted values named Incidence Rate Radio. RESULTS: The number of specimens collected in El Oculto and Aguas Blancas was 4224 (88.07%) and 572 (11.93%), respectively. In El Oculto no marked seasonality was found, different from Aguas Blancas, where high abundance was detected at the end of spring and the beginning of summer. The maximum mean temperature affected the An. pseudopunctipennis fluctuation in El Oculto and Aguas Blancas. When considering the relationship between the number of malaria cases and the climatic variables in El Oculto, maximum mean temperature and accumulated rainfall were significant, in contrast with Aguas Blancas, where mean temperature and humidity showed a closer relationship to the fluctuation in the disease. CONCLUSION: The temporal distribution patterns of An. pseudopunctipennis vary in both localities, but spring appears as the season with better conditions for mosquito development. Maximum mean temperature was the most important variable in both localities. Malaria cases were influenced by the maximum mean temperature in El Oculto, while the mean temperature and humidity were significant in Aguas Blancas. In Aguas Blancas peaks of mosquito abundance and three months later, peaks of malaria cases were observed. The study reported here will help to increase knowledge about not only vectors and malaria seasonality but also their relationships with the climatic variables that influence their appearances and abundances. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | MALARIA | SEASONAL VARIATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330545 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Tackling health inequities in Chile: maternal, newborn, infant, and child mortality between 1990 and 2004. Author: Gonzalez R; Requejo JH; Nien JK; Merialdi M; Bustreo F; Betran AP Author: Chile Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Writing Group Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul;99(7):1220-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We analyzed trends in maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2004, after the introduction of national interventions and reforms, and examined associations between trends and interventions. METHODS: Data were provided by the Chilean Ministry of Health on all pregnancies between 1990 and 2004 (approximately 4,000,000). We calculated yearly maternal mortality ratios, stillbirth rates, and mortality rates for neonates, infants (aged > 28 days and < 1 year), and children aged 1 to 4 years. We also calculated these statistics by 5-year intervals for Chile's poorest to richest district quintiles. RESULTS: During the study period, the maternal mortality ratio decreased from 42.1 to 18.5 per 100,000 live births. The mortality rate for neonates decreased from 9.0 to 5.7 per 1000 births, for infants from 7.8 to 3.1 per 1000 births, and for young children from 3.1 to 1.7 per 1000 live births. The stillbirth rate declined from 6.0 to 5.0 per 1000 births. Disparities in these mortality statistics between the poorest and richest district quintiles also decreased, with the largest mortality reductions in the poorest quintile. CONCLUSIONS: During a period of socioeconomic development and health sector reforms, Chile experienced significant mortality and inequity reductions. Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | INFANT | CHILDREN | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | INEQUALITIES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 342239 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: [Sexuality, bodily experiences, and gender: an ethnographic study of persons living with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina] Sexualidad, experiencias corporales y género: un estudio etnográfi co entre personas viviendo con VIH en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author: Grimberg M Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):133-141. Abstract: Based on the results of an ethnographic study on daily experience with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina, the article discusses behavioral approaches that reduce the sexuality of persons living with HIV to an issue of safety and protection. By articulating a social construction perspective and the notion of hegemony, the author proposes that sexuality can be understood as a process of individual and social construction shaped by power relations and social regulations. The analysis of the experiences of living with HIV in marginalized populations shows how chronic social inequality, violence, discrimination, and stigmatization generate particular characteristics of sexual issues. These social processes become driving forces that shape sexual experience as a field of danger, repression, and restriction rather than pleasure and exploration. Finally, daily confrontation with social metaphors places strain on gender relations, practices, and identities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFETY | INEQUALITIES | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341871 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: [Sexuality, bodily experiences, and gender: an ethnographic study of persons living with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina] Sexualidad, experiencias corporales y genero: un estudio etnografico entre Author: Grimberg M Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):133-41. Abstract: Based on the results of an ethnographic study on daily experience with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina, the article discusses behavioral approaches that reduce the sexuality of persons living with HIV to an issue of safety and protection. By articulating a social construction perspective and the notion of hegemony, the author proposes that sexuality can be understood as a process of individual and social construction shaped by power relations and social regulations. The analysis of the experiences of living with HIV in marginalized populations shows how chronic social inequality, violence, discrimination, and stigmatization generate particular characteristics of sexual issues. These social processes become driving forces that shape sexual experience as a field of danger, repression, and restriction rather than pleasure and exploration. Finally, daily confrontation with social metaphors places strain on gender relations, practices, and identities. Language: Spanish Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEXUALITY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SAFETY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | INEQUALITIES | VIOLENCE | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342671 |
| 8. Title: Evidence-based maternal and perinatal healthcare practices in public hospitals in Argentina. Author: Karolinski A; Micone P; Mercer R; Gibbons L; Althabe F; Belizan JM; Messina A; Lapidus A; Correa A; Taddeo C; Lambruschini R; Bertin M; Dibiase L; Montes Varela D; Laterra C Author: AMBA Perinatal Network Research Group Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May;105(2):118-22. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of beneficial maternal and perinatal healthcare practices in a network of public maternity hospitals in Argentina. METHOD: A multicenter, prospective, descriptive study of 6661 deliveries in 9 hospitals. The use of 5 obstetric care practices that reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality was evaluated. RESULTS: Median use rates for the selected practices were: continuous support for women during childbirth (17.9%); corticosteroids for preterm birth (35.3%); avoidance of episiotomy in primiparous women (41.2%); iron and folate supplementation (52.5%); active management of third stage of labor (93.5%). CONCLUSION: There is limited use of the selected evidence-based maternal and perinatal practices in public hospitals in Argentina and a large variation in their use among and within hospitals. Efforts should be made to increase the use of these evidence-based practices. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | INFANT | FETUS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HOSPITALS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities Document Number: 341373 |
| 9. Title: Comparative performance of a combined injectable contraceptive (50 mg norethisterone enanthate plus 5mg estradiol valerate) and a combined oral contraceptive (0.15 mg levonorgestrel plus 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol) in adolescents. Author: Molina RC; Sandoval JZ; Montero AV; Oyarzun PG; Molina TG; Gonzalez EA Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Feb;22(1):25-31. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare in a regular non-clinical trial experience the efficacy, acceptability, and continuation rates of an injectable contraceptive containing 50 mg norethisterone enanthate plus 5mg estradiol valerate (IC) and an oral contraceptive containing 0.15 mg levonorgestrel plus 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol (OC), among adolescent users. DESIGN: A total of 251 adolescents ages 14-19 were followed during 12 months. The IC group (124 subjects) was studied for 1044 cycles and the OC group (127 subjects) was studied for 1368 cycles. The users were not assigned in a random selection. Information was collected from clinical records. Groups were compared using Pearson chi-square, odds ratio (95% confidence interval), t-test, and proportion difference test. RESULTS: The IC group had significant differences in baseline social risk, confidence, psychiatric problems, consumption of alcohol, and number of sexual partners. At 12 months, the IC group showed significant decrease in weight and increase in hypermenorrhea. In the OC group, dysmenorrhea decreased, and hypomenorrhea and regular cycles were significantly more frequent. One pregnancy occurred in the OC group (Pearl Index: 0.88). Final continuation rates at 12 months were 41.9% and 37.8% for IC and OC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The monthly injectable is a recommended contraceptive option for adolescents, especially for those facing psychosocial risk factors. Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | INJECTABLES | NORETHINDRONE ENANTHATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Norethindrone | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 330349 |
| 10. Title: High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Cordoba, Argentina: a pilot study. Author: Palena C; Bahamondes MV; Schenk V; Bahamondes L; Fernandez-Funes J Source: Reproductive Health. 2009 Jul 20;6(1):11. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although Argentina has a new law of Reproductive Health, many barriers continue existing to the provision of contraceptive methods at public healthcare facilities. Methods: This exploratory, descriptive pilot study evaluated 212 pregnant women selected at random at the Maternity and Neonatal Hospital, Cordoba, Argentina, who completed a structured questionnaire. The objectives were to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies, reasons for not using contraception, past history of contraceptive use, and intended future use. Results: Two hundred women responded the questionnaire. Forty percent of the participants stated that they had never used contraception and pregnancy was declared unintended by 65% of the interviewed women. In the unintended pregnancy group, almost 50% of women said that they had not been using a contraceptive method because they were "unaware about contraception", and 25% stated that their contraceptive method had failed. Almost 85% of the women stated that they intended to use a contraceptive method after delivery. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of all pregnancies in this sample were unintended. Although the data is limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that government needs to invest in counseling and in improving the availability and access to contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LEGISLATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342283 |
| 11. Title: Sex risk practices among HIV-positive individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author: Valverde EE; Cassetti I; Metsch LR; Bugarin G; Bofill L; Laurido M; McCoy C Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jul;23(7):551-6. Abstract: We have limited information regarding the sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive individuals in Argentina. It is important to understand these behaviors in order to develop strategies oriented at decreasing unsafe sex practices. A random sample of 140 HIV-positive individuals was recruited from an HIV primary care clinic in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between August and September 2005. Participants responded survey questions regarding their sexual behaviors in the previous three months. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with inconsistent condom use during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Of the 140 participants surveyed, 69% were male, the mean age was 38 years old, 29% reported having less than a high school education, and 84% reported having engaged in vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex in the past 3 months. Of 53 participants who reported engaging in anal sex, 60% were men who have sex with men, and 40% were heterosexuals. Inconsistent condom use was reported by 31% of participants engaging in anal sex, 39% of participants engaging in vaginal sex, and 71% of participants engaging in oral sex. When adjusting for other factors, participants reporting symptoms of depression were 5.2 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during vaginal sex, and 4.3 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during anal sex compared to participants reporting no depression symptoms. Providers should assess sexual risk practices of HIV-positive individuals reporting symptoms of depression, and provide counseling regarding the importance of consistent condom use to those patients who are engaging in unsafe sex practices. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | DEPRESSION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Mental Disorders | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342946 |
| 12. Title: Prenatal care demand and its effects on birth outcomes by birth defect status in Argentina. Author: Wehby GL; Murray JC; Castilla EE; Lopez-Camelo JS; Ohsfeldt RL Source: Economics and Human Biology. 2009 Mar;7(1):84-95. Abstract: Our objective was to identify determinants of prenatal care demand and evaluate the effects of this demand on low birth weight and preterm birth. Delay in initiating prenatal care was modeled as a function of pregnancy risk indicators, enabling factors, and regional characteristics. Conditional maximum likelihood (CML) estimation was used to model self-selection into prenatal care use when estimating its effectiveness. Birth registry data was collected post delivery on infants with and without common birth defects born in 1995-2002 in Argentina using a standard procedure. Several maternal health and fertility indicators had significant effects on prenatal care use. In the group without birth defects, prenatal care delay increased significantly LBW and preterm birth when accounting for self-selection using the CML model but not in the standard probit model. Prenatal care was found to be ineffective on average in the birth defect group. The self-selection of higher risk women into earlier initiation of prenatal care resulted in underestimation of prenatal care effectiveness when using a standard probit model with several covariates. Large improvements in birth outcomes are suggested with earlier initiation of prenatal care for pregnancies uncomplicated with birth defects in Argentina, implying large opportunity costs from the long waiting time observed in this sample (about 17 weeks on average). The suggested ineffectiveness for pregnancies complicated with common birth defects deserves further research. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | ANTENATAL CARE | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | PREMATURE BIRTH | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342513 |
| 13. Title: Immunogenicity, safety, and interchangeability of two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines in Chilean children. Author: Abarca K; Ibanez I; Perret C; Vial P; Zinsou JA Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 May;12(3):270-277. Abstract: The objectives were to compare the immunogenicity, safety, and interchangeability of two pediatric hepatitis A vaccines, Avaxim 80U-Pediatric and Havrix 720, in Chilean children. In this randomized trial, 332 hepatitis A virus (HAV) seronegative children from 1 to 15 years of age received two doses of Avaxim, two doses of Havrix, or Havrix followed by Avaxim, 6 months apart. Anti-HAV antibody titers were measured before and 14 days after the first dose of vaccine, and before and 28 days after the second dose of vaccine. Immediate reactions were monitored; reactogenicity was evaluated from parental reports. Seroconversion rates after the first vaccination were 99.4% and 100% for Avaxim and Havrix, respectively. Anti-HAV geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were 138 mIU/ml for Havrix (95% confidence interval (CI): 120; 159) and 311 mIU/ml for Avaxim (95% CI: 274; 353). GMCs increased to 4008 mIU/ml after two doses of Havrix, 8537 mIU/ml following two doses of Avaxim, and 7144 mIU/ml in children who received Havrix with Avaxim as the second dose. Following the first injection, 36% of subjects given Avaxim and 44% given Havrix reported local reactions; 38% of subjects in the Avaxim group and 40% in the Havrix group reported systemic reactions related to vaccination. Solicited reactions were less frequent after the second dose of Avaxim or Havrix, occurring in 27% to 37% of subjects. No significant difference in seroconversion rates was seen 14 days after a single dose of vaccine. A two-dose schedule with either vaccine or with Havrix/Avaxim provided a strong booster response. Both vaccines were well tolerated and can be recommended for routine vaccination of Chilean children. Avaxim 80 may be used to complete a vaccine schedule begun with Havrix 720. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CHILD | HEPATITIS | VACCINES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE | SAFETY | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Public Health Document Number: 326211 |
| 14. Title: Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum in Valdivia, Chile. Author: Barria RM; Santander G; Victoriano T Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008 Nov;24(4):439-45. Abstract: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 315 mother-newborn dyads from Valdivia, Chile. A questionnaire was administered to mothers before 48 hours postpartum, and sociodemographic, obstetric, and neonatal data were collected. At 3 months postpartum, a follow-up by telephone interview or home visit was made, determining the proportion of mothers providing exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify variables significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Follow-up data showed 98.1% were breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding reached 69.5%. Withdrawal of exclusive breastfeeding was positively associated with single marital status (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.20) and smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.60), while maternal education greater than 8 years was associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.84). Breastfeeding education strategies addressed to high-risk pregnant women (single with a low education level) must be emphasized in addition to prevention of nonhealthy habits, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption during gestation. Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | MARITAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education Document Number: 329186 |
15.  Title: Defending the sexual and reproductive health rights of women affected by HIV in Argentina. Author: Bianco M; Re MI Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):10-11. Abstract: Feminization and pauperization together with an increased concentration of AIDS cases in urban environments are the main characteristics of the HIV and AIDS epidemics in Argentina. Increased infection of HIV among poor young child-bearing women generates an increase in the demand for public health care and services. Although the country has had a legal framework guaranteeing reproductive health care for all women since 2002, a lack of collaboration between reproductive health services and HIV/AIDS programmes has denied women living with HIV (WLWH) access to adequate health care, particularly for their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. Additionally, WLWH's access to information on reproductive health, family planning services, control of cervical cancer, STIs and other gynecological problems is limited. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 325923 |
| 16. Title: [Government tutelage of mothers and children in Argentina: administrative structures, law, and technical staff (1936-1955)] La tutela estatal de la madre y el nino en la Argentina: estructuras Author: Biernat C; Ramacciotti K Source: Historia, Ciencias, Saude. 2008 Apr-Jun;15(2):331-51. Abstract: The article describes and analyzes one of the political projects that gained strength in Argentina during the between-war years and remained in place throughout Peronism: government tutelage of mothers and children. It examines how the Direccion de Maternidad e Infancia viewed the mother-child dyad, how this office proposed to address the issue of infant mortality, what type of technical staff was in place, and what limitations were encountered in trying to enforce these ideas. It also looks at what changed and what stayed the same at the office under Peronism. Language: Spanish Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INFANT MORTALITY | EVALUATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341149 |
| 17. Title: Doctors on record: Uruguay's infant mortality stagnation and its remedies, 1895-1945. Author: Birn AE Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2008 Summer;82(2):311-54. Abstract: Circa 1900 Uruguayan medical authorities prided themselves on their country's health achievement: the lowest recorded infant mortality rate in Latin America and one of the lowest rates in the world. Over the next three decades, however, these doctors' pride suffered blow after blow as Uruguay's infant mortality stagnated at roughly the same 1900 rate, while other countries experienced sustained mortality declines. Even more frustrating was the apparent inadequacy of the measures that physicians themselves had advocated and implemented. This paper explores Uruguay's infant mortality dynamics during the first half of the twentieth century through the observations, acerbic debates, analyses, policy-making, and administrative perspectives of the country's pediatricians and public health experts. Only after infant health began to be addressed as an integral part of Uruguay's burgeoning welfare state in the 1930s did infant mortality rates start to decline once again. Language: English Keywords: URUGUAY | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | INFANT MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Child Health | Political Factors | Policy Document Number: 328441 |
| 18. Title: [Infant mortality and socioeconomic inequality in Argentina: temporal trends] Mortalidad infantil y desigualdad socioeconomica en la Argentina: tendencia temporal. Author: Buchbinder M Source: Archivos Argentinos De Pediatria. 2008 Jun;106(3):212-8. Abstract: This study analyzes temporal trends in infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates in Argentine in two periods (1995 to 1997, and 2003 to 2005) and the association with a poverty index. POPULATION, MATERIAL AND METHODS: A poverty index was associated with infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates of each department of the country. Birth and infant mortality data by department, published by Ministerio de Salud de la Nacion, were used. As socioeconomic level of each area was used an index of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (NBI), according to 2001 National Census. Five clusters (quintiles) were organized according to socioeconomic level. We estimated the Relative Risk for infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality. RESULTS: Even if infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates decreased between both periods of study (1995-1997, and 2003-2005), risk of infant death remained higher for clusters with higher NBI incidence. Neonatal mortality risk between both periods keeps in high level for clusters with greater incidence of poverty. Post neonatal mortality risk between both periods and for the same clusters had decreased, but his level was high. It must take into consideration that inside these variations the risk is high and evidences the persistence between both periods of inequality and higher risk for the clusters with higher incidence of poverty. CONCLUSIONS: In the framework of infant mortality (and its components) decrease in Argentine, socioeconomic inequality in infant death persists between both study periods. Language: Spanish Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL CHANGE | POVERTY | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328999 |
| 19. Title: HIV issues and Mapuches in Chile. Author: Cianelli R; Ferrer L; Cabieses B; Araya A; Matsumoto C Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 May-Jun;19(3):235-241. Abstract: Chile is a country with an incipient HIV epidemic. Just as in other countries, disadvantaged groups in Chile are contributing to the increased incidence of the disease. The Mapuche indigenous population is one such group that has been affected by the spread of HIV. However, no prevention programs are tailored to the culturally specific needs of this community. In recognition of this discrepancy, an academic-community partnership was formed to develop an HIV educational module for a Mapuche community. The module was developed for use as part of an already established health-related program. The aims of the module were to identify perceptions about HIV among Mapuches and present information specific to HIV and its prevention. Focus was placed on cultural sensitivity. A total of 16 Mapuches participated voluntarily and showed some knowledge regarding HIV, but they lacked an overall understanding as to how it is transmitted and why prevention strategies are effective. Continued collaboration between academia and affected communities as well as incorporating HIV information into established programs are effective strategies for delivering prevention information to disadvantaged populations and for further understanding their perceptions and health care needs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | PERCEPTION | CULTURE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 326650 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV prevention and low-income Chilean women: Machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions. Author: Cianelli R; Ferrer L; McElmurry BJ Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Apr;10(3):297-306. Abstract: Socio-cultural factors and HIV-related misinformation contribute to the increasing number of Chilean women living with HIV. In spite of this, and to date, few culturally specific prevention activities have been developed for this population. The goal of the present study was to elicit the perspectives of low-income Chilean women regarding HIV and relevant socio-cultural factors, as a forerunner to the development of a culturally appropriate intervention. As part of a mixed-methods study, fifty low-income Chilean women participated in a survey and twenty were selected to participate in prevention, in-depth interviews. Results show evidence of widespread misinformation and misconceptions related to HIV/AIDS. Machismo and marianismo offer major barriers to prevention programme development. Future HIV prevention should stress partner communication, empowerment and improving the education of women vulnerable to HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIV | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 326382 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Safety and efficacy of a single-rod etonogestrel implant (Implanon): Results from 11 international clinical trials. Author: Darney P; Patel A; Rosen K; Shapiro LS; Kaunitz AM Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008;:[9] p. Abstract: The objective was to present efficacy, safety, and bleeding profile results from the clinical trials that supported the U.S. Food and Drug Administration filing for the approval of a single-rod etonogestrel (ENG) contraceptive implant (Implanon). The design used was an integrated analysis of 11 international clinical trials. The setting was contraceptive clinics in U.S., Chile, Asia, and Europe. A total of 942 healthy women, aged 18 to 40 years were examined. Insertion of an ENG implant. Most women were enrolled in studies lasting either 2 or 3 years. Efficacy was measured by the cumulative Pearl Index in women %35 years old. Safety was primarily assessed by incidence of adverse events. Bleeding profiles were analyzed via reference period analyses. No pregnancies were reported while the ENG implants were in place. Six pregnancies occurred during the first 14 days after ENG implant removal. Including these six pregnancies, the cumulative Pearl Index was 0.38 (year 1 and 2 Pearl Indexes were 0.27 and 0.30, respectively). Common drug-related adverse events were headache, weight gain, acne, breast tenderness, emotional lability, and abdominal pain. Bleeding pattern changes were observed, but no one pattern predominated. The ENG implant is an efficacious and safe method of contraception which does not require patients' consistent action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | EUROPE | ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | BLEEDING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases Document Number: 326597 |
| 22. Title: Maternal, perinatal and infant outcome of spontaneous pregnancy in the sixth decade of life. Author: Donoso E; Carvajal JA Source: Maturitas. 2008 Apr 20;59(4):381-386. Abstract: Pregnancy in the older woman is a well-known risk factor for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality in women 50 or more years old. Methods: A retrospective population based study (1990-2004) evaluating spontaneously pregnant Chilean women more than 50 years old (217 live or stillbirths) compared to women 20-34 years old (2,817,742 neonates, control group). The comparison was performed using Chi Square with Yates's correction or exact Fisher test as appropriate. The risk analysis was performed by odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%). Results: Women over 50 had a significantly greater risk of fetal (OR: 3.7; CI 95%: 1.2-10.5), neonatal (OR: 10.4; CI 95%: 5.7-18.7), post-neonatal (OR: 9.5; CI 95%: 4.6-19.1) and infant death (OR: 10.5; CI 95%: 6.6-16.7). There were no differences between groups in the incidences of low and very low birth weight. Conclusion: Pregnancy over 50 years of age entails a very high risk of fetal, neonatal and early childhood death. Unprotected sexual life for these women should be considered only after evaluation of their potential fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | MATERNAL AGE, 35 AND OVER | RISK ASSESSMENT | FETAL DEATH | PREVALENCE | INFANT MORTALITY | NEONATAL MORTALITY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Maternal Age | Parental Age | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Measurement Document Number: 327386 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Baseline assessment of the prevalence and geographical distribution of HPV types in Chile using self-collected vaginal samples. Author: Ferreccio C; Corvalan A; Margozzini P; Viviani P; Gonzalez C Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Feb 28;8(78):[34] p. Abstract: Chile has broad variations in weather, economics and population from the far desert north (Region 1) to the cold, icy south (Region 12). A home-based self-collected vaginal sampling was nested in the 2003 Chilean population-based health survey in order to explore the possibility of a type-specific geographical variation for human papillomavirus The population was a national probability sample of people 17 years of age and over. Consenting women provided self-collected cervicovaginal swabs in universal collection media (UCM). DNA was extracted and typed to 37 HPV genotypes using PGMY consensus PCR and line blot assay. Weighted prevalence rates and adjusted OR were calculated. Of the 1,883 women participating in the health survey, 1,219 (64.7%) provided a cervicovaginal sample and in 1,110 (56.2% of participants and 66.5% of those eligible) the samples were adequate for analysis. Refusal rate was 16.9%. HPV prevalence was 29.2% (15.1% high-risk HPV and 14.1% low-risk HPV). Predominant high-risk types were HPV 16, 52, 51, 56 and 58. Predominant low-risk HPVs were HPV 84, CP6108, 62, 53 and 61. High-risk and low-risk HPV rates were inversely correlated between the regions. High-risk HPV prevalence was highest among the youngest women, whereas low-risk HPV increased slightly with age. Self-obtained vaginal sampling is adequate for monitoring HPV in the community, for identifying high-risk areas, and for surveying the long term impact of interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | WOMEN | HPV | TESTING | PREVALENCE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Biology Document Number: 324387 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: An international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study of valacyclovir for the suppression of herpes simplex virus type 2 genital herpes in newly diagnosed patients. Author: Fife KH; Warren TJ; Justus SE; Heitman CK Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Jul;35(7):668-73. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Antiviral suppressive therapy of genital herpes is often initiated based on the established pattern of recurrences in an individual. Because most persons with first episode herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection experience recurrences and because viral shedding occurs frequently in the first year after infection, we examined the strategy of initiating suppressive therapy shortly after diagnosis of genital HSV-2 infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From June 16, 2004 to July 26, 2006, 384 subjects from 74 sites in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile who were newly diagnosed with a first recognized episode of genital herpes at the time of the screening visit or within 3 months before the screening visit were randomized (2:1) to receive valacyclovir 1 g once daily or placebo for 24 weeks. Subjects were instructed to return to clinic during suspected genital herpes outbreaks for clinician confirmation of recurrences. RESULTS: Valacyclovir significantly prolonged the time to first recurrence of HSV-2 genital herpes in newly diagnosed subjects compared with placebo, with approximately 43% of subjects on placebo and 71% of subjects on valacyclovir recurrence-free at 24 weeks (P <0.001). Valacyclovir significantly reduced the mean number of genital HSV-2 recurrences per month occurring during the 24-week study period (0.11 for valacyclovir, 0.48 for placebo, P <0.001). Adverse events were comparable in the valacyclovir and placebo arms. CONCLUSION: Valacyclovir 1 g once daily administered for 24 weeks was well-tolerated and effective in suppressing genital herpes recurrences in immunocompetent newly diagnosed persons without an established recurrence pattern. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | ARGENTINA | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HERPES GENITALIS | TREATMENT | SCREENING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | South America, Southern | North America, Northern | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 328375 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent pregnancy in Argentina: Evidence-based recommendations for public policies. Author: Gogna M; Binstock G; Fernandez S; Ibarlucia I; Zamberlin N Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):192-201. Abstract: In Argentina adolescent pregnancy is still regarded as a public health problem or a "social epidemic". However, it is necessary to ask from which perspective and for whom it is a problem, and what type of problem. This article presents the findings of a large quantitative and qualitative study conducted in five Northern provinces and two metropolitan areas of Argentina in 2003-2004. Based on the results of a survey of adolescent mothers (n=1,645) and ten focus group discussions with adolescent girls and boys, it addresses the connections between school dropout, pregnancy and poverty, and makes recommendations on how to tailor health care and sexuality education to address local realities. The findings indicate a need to develop educational activities to promote safer sex and address gender power relations in programmes working with deprived communities. Sexuality education with a gender and rights perspective, and increasing accessibility to contraceptive methods for adolescent girls and boys is also crucial. Antenatal and post-partum care, as well as post-abortion care, should be improved for young women and viewed as opportunities for contraceptive counselling and provision. Male participation in pregnancy prevention and care also needs to be promoted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | POVERTY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Collection | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326989 |
| 26. Title: Living on the edge: Risk, protection, behavior, and outcomes of Argentine youth. Author: Justesen M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Social Development Family, 2008 Jan. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4485) Abstract: Risk and protective factors influence behaviors and outcomes for youth. While risk factors expose youth to risk-taking behavior that compromises well-being and hinders personal development, protective factors mediate risk and act as protective mechanisms that insulate youth from negative outcomes. This paper groups youth by risk levels using a cluster analysis methodology, and identifies the risk and protective factors that characterize these groups. Using data from a new household survey covering youth in four urban areas of Argentina in 2005, youth are clustered by characteristics in relation to family and health, education and income, substance abuse, and crime and violence as indicators of risk and protective factors, and behaviors and consequences. Almost half of Argentine youth are at an elevated risk level, and one in four is at serious risk of experiencing negative outcomes or already suffering the consequences. The findings show, for example, that higher income protects against risk factors, such as an insecure neighborhood, and facilitates youth attending school. Furthermore, parents' lack of education is negatively related to the behaviors and outcomes of their children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | SAFETY | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326419 |
| 27. Title: The sexual and reproductive health of young people in Latin America: Evidence from WHO case studies. Author: Kostrzewa K Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2008 Jan-Feb;50(1):10-16. Abstract: This original article addresses the sexual and reproductive health needs of young people aged 15 to 24 in Latin America. It introduces five articles from original research projects in three countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. These projects were funded by the World Health Organization. This article explains the importance of studies that address the sexual and reproductive health of young people in developing countries. It provides an overview of sexual and reproductive health issues in Latin America and a discussion these issues in the three study countries. The five articles deal with difficult and challenging issues, including: knowledge of STIs and HIV/ AIDS; pregnancy related practices; quality of care; the role of young men in couple formation, pregnancy and adoption of contraceptive practice; and, the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in public policy debate about family planning and abortion. The four articles in this special section help to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to risky sexual behavior and negative reproductive health outcomes among youth in Latin America. The findings are useful to help inform and improve health care interventions in various contexts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | BRAZIL | PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | WHO | YOUTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America, Western | Studies | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology Document Number: 325863 |
| 29. Title: Screening for developmental problems at primary care level: A field programme in San Isidro, Argentina. Author: Lejarraga H; Menendez AM; Menzano E; Guerra L; Biancato S Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;22(2):180-187. Abstract: Information on prevalence and type of problems of psychomotor development (PPD) is necessary for implementation of specific care programmes at field level. With the purpose of obtaining this information, a screening test, the Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa (PRUNAPE) for PPD was implemented in three health centres in San Isidro, a city near Buenos Aires, attended by different socio-economic groups: centres A and B were located in the inner city, and C in a middle-class area. The test was administered by three previously trained paediatricians to 839 apparently healthy children aged 0-5 years. The failure rates were 24%, 19% and 16% in centres A, B and C respectively (20% in total). Out of the 170 children failing the test and referred to hospital for diagnosis and treatment, only 96 complied and went through a series of studies carried out by a previously prepared multidisciplinary team. With the exception of children who failed the Battelle test [classified as Global Developmental Delay (GDD)], finaldiagnoses were classified according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition: GDD (60 children), pervasive developmental disorders (11), communication disorders (10), motor disorders (6, of whom 2 were with cerebral palsy), attention deficit disorders (5), attachment disorders (2), normal children (3). Co-morbidity was present in 22 affected children. Forty-three per cent of children failing the test did not attend hospital or did not complete studies because of major social and family problems, the family not living in the area, or the parents preferring to consult their own paediatrician. Health centres and children not selected in a randomised way, and a significant proportion of them not complying with the indication of hospital referral were major sources of bias, so that PPD prevalences, positive and negative predictive values should be interpreted with great caution. Further studies accounting for these sources of bias are needed to confirm the observed prevalence of PPD. Training of health personnel, at hospital and health centre level, priority settings, and operational research to evaluate effectiveness of treatments and care delivery systems at field level are necessary in Argentina for optimal use of limited healthcare resources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | SCREENING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | COMPLICATIONS | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Biology | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Communication | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324778 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimation of individual neonatal survival using birthweight and gestational age: A way to improve neonatal care. Author: Mardones F; Marshall G; Viviani P; Villarroel L; Burkhalter BR Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Mar;26(1):54-63. Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the combined effect of birthweight and gestational age at birth on neonatal mortality using individually-identified livebirths. Logistic regression was used for studying the interactive effect of birthweight and gestational age on the individual probability of neonatal death. All livebirths from Chile in 2000 were included in a linked file. Odds ratio models for birthweight and gestational age were developed for each sex. The probability of neonatal death by sex was presented using contour plots. The models were statistically significant, and odds ratios were different and non-linear for the effects of birthweight and gestational age. Contour plots of constant neonatal mortality according to birthweight and gestational age were presented; they were similar for each sex. A single graph for both sexes that estimates the survival potential of infants born too early or too small would improve neonatal care in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | INFANT | BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | NEONATAL MORTALITY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | PROBABILITY | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Management | |