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Title: Traveling child-sex offenders in South East Asia: a regional review.
Author: Child Wise
Source: South Melbourne, Australia, Child Wise, 2009 Mar. 39 p.
Abstract: This is the third edition of this compendium of information about the sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. The report provides a regional overview of child sex tourism in South East Asia along with national reports from all 10 countries in the region. It also provides an update on the successful ASEAN Regional Education Campaign and a brief summary of the key findings from a situational analysis of hotline reporting numbers in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | TRAVELERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | CRIME | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 342036

Title: Human resources for health: Tools and publications.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Mar. [2] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, fosters an enabling policy environment for improved health, especially HIV, family planning / reproductive health, and maternal health programs. Having adequate human resources is essential for scaling up and sustaining effective, accessible, high-quality health programs. To help ensure human resources, the project assists program planners to estimate human resource and training needs; identifies policy reforms to enable task-shifting and better workforce recruitment, training, and distribution; and mobilizes a multisectoral response by strengthening HIV-related human resources in workplaces, NGOs, and networks of people living with HIV (PLHIV). The project has also designed a Stigma Index that measures stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and behaviors among healthcare providers, highlighting an area that must be addressed by provider training initiatives. This flyer lists the project's computer models and publications on strengthening HIV-related human resource capacity.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | WORKERS | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | POLICY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information Processing | Information | Social Problems
Document Number: 331545

Title: Integrating multiple gender strategies to improve HIV and AIDS interventions: a compendium of programs in Africa.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. AIDS Support and Technical Resources [AIDSTAR-One]
Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2009 May. [220] p. (USAID Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00059-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) AIDSTAR-One project created this compendium of selected HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa that integrate multiple gender strategies. Featured programs address at least two of the following gender strategies: 1) reducing violence and sexual coercion; 2) addressing male norms and behaviors; 3) increasing women's legal protection; and 4) increasing women's access to income and productive resources. The compendium describes each of the 31 selected programs, and synthesizes trends and findings to provide initial insights on using multiple gender strategies in HIV programming, including how strategies are employed together, where gaps exist, and what lessons and experiences are common across programs. Though not meant to be exhaustive, the compendium represents the depth and breadth of current HIV programming that includes multiple gender strategies. Overall, we found that many innovative programs exist in sub-Saharan Africa and that implementers are successfully integrating multiple gender approaches into HIV programs. Program implementers report numerous benefits of combining gender strategies, including ensuring project salience and relevance, extending project reach, and reflecting the multiple, interrelated needs of beneficiaries. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 331479

Title: The long wait: reproductive health care in Haiti.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. Research and Training Institute, Inc.
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, Research and Training Institute, Inc., 2009. 22 p.
Abstract: The reproductive health status of Haiti's communities contributes to a life expectancy of 62.8 years for women in comparison to 75.5 years in neighboring Dominican Republic or 80.8 years for women in the U.S. According to Haiti's 2005-2006 Demography Health Survey, 37.5% of women have unmet family planning needs. Additionally, youth and rural area residents report greater unmet needs for family planning than the national average. Unmet family planning contributes to a high total fertility rate of 4.79 (5 in rural versus 2.8 in urban areas), a high infant morality (57 deaths per 1000 live births) and the highest maternal mortality rate in the western world-630 deaths per 100,000 live births. These alarming RH indicators prompted a team from JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI) to visit Haiti in January 2009. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify gaps in the availability and accessibility of comprehensive RH services including: Safer motherhood and emergency obstetric care (EmOC), Family planning, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention, care and support, Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, care and support, and Adolescent-focused RH programming for each of the above RH components. 2) to identify community-level responses and opportunities for strengthening the quality and availability of comprehensive RH services. This report presents the findings of this assessment.
Language: English
Keywords:
HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341307

Title: Helping mothers keep their babies safe from HIV.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: The Population Council's evaluation of m2m provided solid evidence that the program was helping women use services to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An innovative program, mothers2mothers (m2m), was created in South Africa to support HIV-positive pregnant women. The program trains and employs HIV-positive mothers who have used services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These "mentor mothers" organize health talks and conduct regular support groups for their peers. They also reach out to the community to help women follow feeding practices that are best for their baby. They promote safer sex and family planning, and encourage mothers to return for HIV treatment and to bring their baby to the clinic for HIV testing. Women who participated in m2m were more likely to talk about their HIV status with friends and family members, to receive drugs to reduce the chance that their baby would be infected with HIV, and to follow recommended infant feeding practices. Following the evaluation, the program has expanded to hundreds of other locations in South Africa and beyond to Lesotho, Zambia, Kenya, Rwanda, Malawi, and Swaziland -- providing hope and care to HIV-positive mothers across Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT NUTRITION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | TREATMENT | NEEDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331490

10.

Title: Handbook on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.
Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre
Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [74] p.
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the main international instrument for protecting children's rights, is supplemented by two optional protocols. One addresses the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and the other the involvement of children in armed conflict. This handbook addresses the former issue. The publication describes the genesis, scope, and content of the protocol and provides examples of measures taken by governments to fulfill their obligations under this protocol.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TREATIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | VIOLENCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 331375

11.

12.

Title: Sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages: evidence review and recommendations.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]; International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; University of California, San Francisco. Global Health Sciences
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009 Apr. [8] p.
Abstract: The importance of linking sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV is widely recognized. The international community agrees that the Millennium Development Goals will not be achieved without ensuring universal access to SRH and HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the effectiveness, optimal circumstances, and best practices for strengthening SRH and HIV linkages, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The findings corroborate the many benefits gained from linking SRH and HIV policies, systems and services. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | HIV PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CHILD HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | BEHAVIOR | FEES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | INTERVENTIONS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Problems | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331466

13.

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Peer Reviewed

Title: 'And they kill me, only because I am a girl'...a review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Rizvi N
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):10-6.
Abstract: The low social status of women and the preference for sons determine a high rate of sex-selective abortion or, more specifically, female feticide, in South Asian countries. Although each of them, irrespective of its abortion policy, strictly condemns sex-selective abortion, data suggest high rates of such procedures in India, Nepal, China and Bangladesh. This paper reviews the current situation of sex-selective abortion, the laws related to it and the factors contributing to its occurrence within these countries. Based on this review, it is concluded that sex selective abortion is a public health issue as it contributes to high maternal mortality. Abortion policies of South Asian countries vary greatly and this influences the frequency of reporting of cases. Several socio-economic factors are responsible for sex-selective abortion including gender discriminating cultural practices, irrational national population policies and unethical use of technology. Wide social change promoting women's status in society should be instituted whereby women are offered more opportunities for better health, education and economic participation through gender sensitive policies and programmes. A self-regulation of the practices in the medical profession and among communities must be achieved through behavioural change campaigns.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX PRESELECTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341236

14.

Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after stigma related events in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria.
Author: Adewuya AO; Afolabi MO; Ola BA; Ogundele OA; Ajibare AO; Oladipo BF; Fakande I
Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;44(9):761-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the most distressing concerns of many people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is the stigma. Intense stigma may be traumatic. This study aimed to investigate the probability and correlates of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following intense stigmatizing events and situations in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria. METHODS: Adult sero-positive attendees of an HIV care centre (N = 190) completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic and clinical details; the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The clients were then interviewed for the presence of stigma related PTSD with a modified version of the mini international neuropsychiatry interview (MINI). RESULTS: About 2/3 of the participants had experienced at least an intense HIV-related stigmatizing event or situation. The rate of HIV-stigma related PTSD was 27.4%. Independent predictors of HIV stigma-related PTSD included past history of traumatic events (Single event, OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.08-4.73; Multiple events, OR 9.47, 95% CI 2.97-32.20), low self esteem (OR 6.52, 95% CI 2.59-16.55), poor level of social support (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.24-9.79) and presence of general psychopathology (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.07-4.44). CONCLUSION: PTSD may not be specific to traumatic events alone. There is a possibility of PTSD after an intense stigmatizing event or situation. While the validity for the validity of HIV-stigma related PTSD warrants further investigation, stigma needs to be considered when planning rehabilitation strategies for HIV infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. A closer attention to self esteem, level of social support and presence of psychopathology is needed in these individuals.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STRESS | STIGMA | ANXIETY DISORDERS | HIV INFECTIONS | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342917

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Home-based care for people living with HIV/AIDS in Plateau State, Nigeria: findings from qualitative study.
Author: Agbonyitor M
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(3):303-12.
Abstract: As health-care services in Nigeria and other African countries are becoming overstrained with patients, home-based care has increasingly been touted as a possible solution. The faith-based organisation, Gospel Health and Development Services, provides a home-based care programme for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) residing in Plateau State, Nigeria. This paper assesses the challenges that PLWHA in the programme faced while maintaining their health and livelihoods. The frustrations that volunteers endured in performing their work are also described, as well as the benefits and weaknesses of the programme from the perspective of PLWHA and their volunteer caregivers. Focus groups and interviews were done with 30 PLWHA and 22 volunteers to learn about their experiences with the home-based care programme and possible areas for its improvement. From these discussions three major challenges facing PLWHA emerged: discrimination towards PLWHA; the lack of money, food, and transport to health-care centres; and the desire for closer antiretroviral drug access.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | HOME CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TRANSPORTATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Social Problems | HIV | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341391

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal violence and potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss in an African setting: cross-sectional study.
Author: Alio A; Nana PN; Salihu HM
Source: Lancet. 2009;373:318-324.
Abstract: Background Spousal violence is a global issue, with ramifications for the reproductive health of women. We aimed to investigate the effect of physical, sexual, and emotional violence on potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss. Methods We analysed data from the Cameroon Demographic Health Survey. In the violence module of this survey, women were questioned about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their spouses. Respondents were also asked about any stillbirths and spontaneous abortions. We measured risk for single and recurrent fetal loss with odds ratios, with adjustment for intracluster correlations as appropriate. We also estimated the proportion of preventable excess fetal loss at various levels of violence reduction. Findings 2562 women responded to the violence module. Those exposed to spousal violence (n=1307) were 50% more likely to experience at least one episode of fetal loss compared with women not exposed to abuse (odds ratio 1-5; 95% CI 1-3-1-8). Recurrent fetal mortality was associated with all forms of spousal violence, but emotional violence had the strongest association (1-7; 1-2-2-3). If the prevalence of spousal abuse could be reduced to 50%, 25%, or entirely eliminated, preventable excess recurrent fetal demise would be 17%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. Interpretation Spousal violence increases the likelihood of single and repeated fetal loss. A large proportion of risk for recurrent fetal mortality is attributable to spousal violence and, therefore, is potentially preventable. Our findings support the idea of routine prenatal screening for spousal violence in the African setting, a region with the highest rate of fetal death in the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 340220

17.

Title: Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Alio AP; Daley EM; Nana PN; Duan J; Salihu HM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between contraceptive use and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan African women. METHOD: The data analyzed were from national Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Women of childbearing age completed surveys regarding the use of contraception and about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their partners. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 24311 women who responded to the violence modules, 39.8% reported that they had experienced IPV. Women who had experienced IPV were significantly more likely to report that they had used contraception compared with women who had not experienced IPV (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.38). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence appears to be associated with increased contraception use in the African setting. Among women who have experienced IPV, modern contraception is used more commonly than traditional and folkloric contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Violence | Behavior | Aggression
Document Number: 341449

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Preventing transfusion-transmitted HIV infection in Latin America and the Caribbean: issues associated with blood donor interviews and sex between men.
Author: Alonso M; Mazin R; Md RM; Cruz JR
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S67-72.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Blood-borne transmission is the most efficient route for acquiring HIV infection, particularly through transfusion. Availability of noninfectious blood units for hemotherapy is a necessary condition for efficient functioning of health services. They have the obligation to ensure that the blood supply is safe, which includes interviewing potential donors to ascertain whether they might be at risk of being HIV infected. The interview procedures demand that blood services staff inquire potential blood donors about sexual practices associated to HIV transmission. Assumptions and misconceptions may unnecessary exclude adequate donors. METHODS: Review of published and unpublished country reports in Latin America regarding blood safety and deferral criteria related to same sexual behavior among males. RESULTS: An analysis of criteria for deferral of potential blood donors shows inconsistencies that may impact the necessary safe blood supply. CONCLUSIONS: The blood donor deferral criteria should be revised according to relevant epidemiological evidence and social legitimacy. Personnel in blood banks and hemotherapy services should be educated to conduct appropriate interviews for accepting or deferring potential donors. Potential donors and the public should be knowledgeable for them to understand the reasons why some individuals may be deferred. Health authorities should work to reduce the stigma associated with HIV, prioritize building strong and meaningful partnerships with civil society, and engage diverse sectors in the national AIDS response.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | BLOOD DONORS | SAFETY | STIGMA | HOMOSEXUALS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | Americas | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment
Document Number: 341318

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan.
Author: Altaf A; Janjua NZ; Kristensen S; Zaidi NA; Memon A; Hook EW 3rd; Vermund SH; Shah SA
Source: Public Health. 2009 Jul 15;
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the sexual- and drug-use-related risk behaviours of male juvenile detainees in Karachi, Pakistan. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of prison inmates aged 15-21 years in Karachi Juvenile Prison in 2002. In total, 321 inmates were interviewed about sexual orientation and behaviours, and knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Urine specimens were collected and tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using ligase chain reaction. RESULTS: A substantial proportion (n=111, 34.6%) of the participants were sexually active. Sixty-two (19%) and 67 (21%) had had sex with a male or female before incarceration, respectively. Twenty-seven (8.4%) participants had an STI, and 50% of the 109 sexually active participants had had multiple sexual partners. Use of addictive substances was associated with sexual activity. The mean knowledge score computed from the sum of 16 items was 4.7, with a median of 2.9. A large proportion (40%) of participants knew about condoms, but very few (3.4%) had ever used one. The mean+/-standard deviation risk score from nine items was 2.4+/-1.7. On the basis of behavioural and biological markers, 117 (36.4%) participants had high-risk behaviour. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, knowledge, risk perception and age were predictive of higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: HIV risk behaviours are common among adolescent inmates. Although inmates do have knowledge about modes of transmission and condom use, the use of condoms is significantly low. Interventions are needed for behavioural change among this group.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PRISONERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 342285

20.

Title: Collecting reliable information about violence against women safely in household interviews: experience from a large-scale national survey in South Asia.
Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Ansari N; Omer K; Chaudhry UU; Khan A; Pearson L
Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Apr;15(4):482-96.
Abstract: This article describes the first national survey of violence against women in Pakistan from 2001 to 2004 covering 23,430 women. The survey took account of methodological and ethical recommendations, ensuring privacy of interviews through one person interviewing the mother-in-law while another interviewed the eligible woman privately. The training module for interviewers focused on empathy with respondents, notably increasing disclosure rates. Only 3% of women declined to participate, and 1% were not permitted to participate. Among women who disclosed physical violence, only one third had previously told anyone. Surveys of violence against women in Pakistan not using methods to minimize underreporting could seriously underestimate prevalence.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SAFETY | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341635

21.

Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

22.

Title: Hormonal methods of contraception for youth. More effective strategies are needed to improve access and encourage consistent use.
Author: Aradhya K; Lebetkin E
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 30)
Abstract: Youth, defined here as people ages 10 to 24 years old, need better access to contraception. The decreasing age of menarche and increasing age of marriage have created an ever-widening window of time for premarital sexual intercourse and pregnancies. Hormonal methods of contraception -- including oral contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants -- are among the most effective methods of preventing unintended pregnancies. They are generally well known among youth and, as an alternative to condoms, allow a young woman to control her risk of pregnancy. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STIGMA | HEALTH FACILITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331499

23.
Title: [The perception of domestic violence of pregnant and not pregnant women in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo] Percepcao da violencia domestica por mulheres gestantes e nao gestantes da cidade
Author: Audi CA; Correa AM; Turato ER; Santiago SM; Andrade Mda G; Rodrigues MS
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):587-94.
Abstract: This study sought to compare the perception of domestic violence of women, victims of this kind of violence, with the perception of pregnant women, victims or not of domestic violence, as well as to search for elements allowing for the planning and execution of a cohort study on domestic violence among pregnant women. A qualitative exploratory research was conducted using the technique of convenience sampling for selecting a focal group. The subjects were twenty four women divided into two groups: (1) thirteen women from a follow-up group from a Referral Center for victims of domestic violence, and (2) eleven pregnant women that were participating in the pre-natal care program in a primary care unit, selected independently of suffering domestic violence or not. The data collected were transcribed, conceptually decoded and qualified for qualitative analysis. The contents of the women's discourse were analyzed on the basis of thematic categories. It was observed that domestic violence was perceived in a similar way by both studied groups, independently from the fact of having or not experienced a situation of this kind. The understanding and discussion of the topics proposed for the groups allowed developing a more appropriate approach to the studied women. The way the questions were formulated in the questionnaire was considered of easy understanding by both groups of women.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERCEPTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | STUDY DESIGN | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies
Document Number: 342097

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Media saturation, communication exposure and HIV stigma in Nigeria.
Author: Babalola S; Fatusi A; Anyanti J
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(8):1513-20.
Abstract: HIV-related stigma constitutes an impediment to public health as it hampers HIV/AIDS control efforts in many ways. To address the complex problems of increasing HIV infection rate, widespread misinformation about the infection and the rising level of HIV-related stigma, the various tiers of government in Nigeria are working with local and international non-governmental organizations to develop and implement strategic communication programs. This paper assesses the link between these communication efforts and HIV-related stigma using data from a nationally representative household survey. The results show that accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV are more prevalent among men than among women. Exposure to HIV-related communication on the media is associated with increased knowledge about HIV, which is in turn a strong predictor of accepting attitudes. Communication exposure also has a significant and positive association with accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV. In contrast, community media saturation is not strongly linked with accepting attitudes for either sex. The findings strongly suggest that media-based HIV programs constitute an effective strategy to combat HIV/AIDS-related stigma and should therefore be intensified in Nigeria.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STIGMA | MASS MEDIA | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341694

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues.
Author: Babu BV; Kar SK
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:129.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against women is now widely recognised as an important public health problem, owing to its health consequences. Violence against women among many Indian communities on a regularly basis goes unreported. The objective of this study is to report the prevalence and other related issues of various forms of domestic violence against women from the eastern zone of India. METHODS: It is a population-based study covering both married women (n = 1718) and men (n = 1715) from three of the four states of Eastern India selected through a systematic multistage sampling strategy. Interviews were conducted using separate pre-piloted structured questionnaires for women (victimization) and men (perpetration). Women were asked whether their husband or any other family members committed violent acts against them. And men were asked whether they had ever perpetrated violent acts against their wives. Three principle domestic violence outcome variables (physical, psychological and sexual violence) were determined by response to a set of questions for each variable. In addition, data on socio-economic characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, bi- and multivariate analyses were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual and any form of violence among women of Eastern India were 16%, 52%, 25% and 56% respectively. These rates reported by men were 22%, 59%, 17% and 59.5% respectively. Men reported higher prevalence of all forms of violence apart from sexual violence. Husbands were mostly responsible for violence in majority of cases and some women reported the involvement of husbands' parents. It is found that various acts of violence were continuing among majority of women who reported violence. Some socio-economic characteristics of women have significant association with the occurrence of domestic violence. Urban residence, older age, lower education and lower family income are associated with occurrence of domestic violence. Multivariate logistic regressions revealed that the physical violence has significant association with state, residence (rural or urban), age and occupation of women, and monthly family income. Similar associations are found for psychological violence (with residence, age, education and occupation of the women and monthly family income) and sexual violence (with residence, age and educational level of women). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of domestic violence in Eastern India is relatively high compared to majority of information available from India and confirms that domestic violence is a universal phenomenon. The primary healthcare institutions in India should institutionalise the routine screening and treatment for violence related injuries and trauma. Also, these results provide vital information to assess the situation to develop public health interventions, and to sensitise the concerned agencies to implement the laws related to violence against women.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341406

26.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of a rapid peer-based HIV/AIDS educational intervention on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in a high-income Arab country.
Author: Barss P; Grivna M; Ganczak M; Bernsen R; Al-Maskari F
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):86-98.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: In response to low knowledge about HIV and intolerant attitudes toward persons living with HIV among Arab university students, a peer-based educational intervention was developed and impact evaluated on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in 2 of 4 main cities of United Arab Emirates. METHODS: Four small teams of final year medical students, 3 female and 1 male, were trained. Multistage random sampling selected 14 female and 5 male Arab schools, then 56 female and 14 male grade 12 classes in Al Ain and Abu Dhabi. The 90-minute intervention included a factual presentation and 3 attitude workshops. Baseline and postintervention knowledge and attitudes were assessed. Significance was tested by McNemar, Wilcoxon signed rank, and multilevel regression tests. RESULTS: Response was 99.6%, 1398 females and 505 males. Misconceptions about modes of transmission and intolerant attitudes were evident. Mean knowledge score improved from 65% to 82% and attitude 51% to 64%, that is, relative increase 26% (P < 0.0005). Females had slightly lower baseline knowledge than males but showed greater improvement in knowledge and attitudes (P < 0.0005) CONCLUSIONS: Grade 12 students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS was inadequate and attitudes stigmatizing. Peer-based knowledge workshops were effective, especially among females. Concise integrated teaching and workshops designed to address key knowledge and attitudinal deficiencies can be highly effective.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVENTIONS | STIGMA | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROMOTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Education | Schools | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Health | Marketing | Public Health
Document Number: 342885

28.

Title: The influence of early sexual debut and sexual violence on adolescent pregnancy: a matched case-control study in Jamaica.
Author: Baumgartner JN; Geary CW; Tucker H; Wedderburn M
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):21-28.
Abstract: The authors conducted structured interviews with 15- to 17-year-old females-250 who were currently pregnant and 500 sexually experienced, but never-pregnant, neighborhood-matched controls. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine associations between adolescent pregnancy and early sexual debut, sexual coercion or violence, and sexual risk-taking behaviors. Greater proportions of pregnant youth than of their never-pregnant peers reported having had first sex by age 14 (54% vs. 41%), a first sexual partner who was five or more years older (33% vs. 20%), or multiple partners (63% vs. 50%). A greater proportion of never-pregnant youth had used contraceptives at first sex (88% vs. 80%). Almost half (49%) of all young women reported ever having experienced sexual coercion or violence. Compared with controls, pregnant youth had greater odds of having had an older partner at first sex and believing contraception is a woman's responsibility (odds ratios, 1.3 and 2.1, respectively), and had lower odds of ever having experienced sexual violence and thinking that it is important to protect oneself against pregnancy (0.5 and 0.2, respectively). An interaction between early sexual debut and multiple partners was found. Having had multiple partners was associated with pregnancy only for youth with early sexual debut. Encouraging adolescents to delay sexual debut and reduce their number of sexual partners may help prevent unintended pregnancies. Experiences of sexual coercion and violence were common among both groups, highlighting the need to address gender-based violence at the community level.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUAL ABUSE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 315213

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A life course approach to patterns and trends in modern Latin American sexual behavior.
Author: Bozon M; Gayet C; Barrientos J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S4-S12.
Abstract: This article explores trends in sexual behavior in Latin America, envisaged from a life-course perspective, taking into account social differences. It is focused on three main issues: the timing of early sexual and reproductive events, sexual activity during adulthood, and measurement of homosexuality-bisexuality. It draws on general population data from nonspecific surveys, as surveys dealing specifically with sexual behavior are scarce in Latin American countries. A traditional feature in these societies is the huge amount of social inequality, which translates directly into social differences in sexual experience, especially among women. Despite the decline in fertility, an early start of unions and of reproductive experience remains typical of groups with lower education. Another aspect is the diversity of national patterns and gender systems, very far from the image of cultural homogeneity generally associated with this region. Data show a low prevalence of homosexuality/bisexuality, which can be a result of underreporting. The paper eventually stresses the necessity of carrying out more sexual behavior surveys of the general population in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | HOMOSEXUALS | CHANGES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 341323

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence in HIV+ Ugandan parents and their children initiating HAART in the MTCT-plus family treatment model: role of depression in declining adherence over time.
Author: Byakika-Tusiime J; Crane J; Oyugi JH; Ragland K; Kawuma A; Musoke P; Bangsberg DR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S82-S91.
Abstract: The authors conducted a study to assess the effect of family-based treatment on adherence amongst HIV-infected parents and their HIV-infected children attending the Mother-To-Child-Transmission Plus program in Kampala, Uganda. Adherence was assessed using home-based pill counts and self-report. Mean adherence was over 94%. Depression was associated with incomplete adherence on multivariable analysis. Adherence declined over time. Qualitative interviews revealed lack of transportation money, stigma, clinical response to therapy, drug packaging, and cost of therapy may impact adherence. Our results indicate that providing ART to all eligible HIV-infected members in a household is associated with excellent adherence in both parents and children. Adherence to ART among new parents declines over time, even when patients receive treatment at no cost. Depression should be addressed as a potential barrier to adherence. Further study is necessary to assess the long-term impact of this family treatment model on adherence to ART in resource-limited settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | DEPRESSION | PACKAGING | STIGMA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Marketing | Economic Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 341904


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