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Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India)
Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331561

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter]
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331346 Notification

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

6.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Second-trimester abortions and sex-selection of children in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Author: Belanger D; Oanh KT
Source: Population Studies. 2009 Jul;63(2):163-71.
Abstract: Because sex-selective abortions are generally conducted during the second term of the pregnancy, timing of abortion can be used as an indirect way of studying sex-selection by abortion. We examined the likelihood of having a first-trimester vs. second-trimester abortion among a group of 885 married women who had an abortion in an obstetric hospital in Hanoi in 2003. In the absence of sex-selection by abortion, the number and sex of living children should not affect the timing of abortion. Results indicate that women with more children, particularly those with more daughters or without a son, were more likely to undergo a second-term abortion than a first-term abortion. We estimate that, in 2003, 2 per cent of all abortions to women with at least one living child were intended to avoid the birth of a female.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SONS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX RATIO | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Reproductive Technologies | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342945 Notification

Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective.
Author: Foner N
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29.
Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts?
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341298

10.

11.

Title: Ratio of males to females in China is still high, but only partly because of the one child policy [editorial]
Author: Liu T; Zhang XY
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b483.
Abstract: China's high ratio of males to females would have persisted if attitudes towards female offspring had not changed. Encouragingly, it seems that the tradition of preferring sons is shifting with the socioeconomic changes that come with urbanisation and industrialisation. For example, more and more young women in the cities claim to prefer a small family, and-more importantly- they have no preference for one sex over the other. Indeed, Zhu and colleagues report a decrease in the male to female ratio for the 2005 cohort, which may indicate the beginning of a reduction in the male to female sex ratio for the future. China can learn much from its neighbouring countries about reversing the worsening sex ratio. Korea was the first country to report very high male to female ratios at birth because of the preference for sons and the widespread use of sex selective technology. In 1992, the male to female ratio for fourth births in South Korea was an astounding 229:100, in sharp contrast to the overall ratio of 114:100. From the mid- 1990s, however, a public awareness campaign warning of the dangers of such distortion, combined with strictly enforced laws forbidding sex selection technology, has led to a decline in the male to female ratio from 116:100 in 1998 to 110:100 in 2004. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | ONE CHILD POLICY | SEX RATIO | AGE FACTORS | ABORTION | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 331269 Notification

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dreams of tigers and flowers: child gender predictions and preference in an urban mainland Chinese sample during pregnancy.
Author: Loo KK; Luo X; Su H; Presson A; Li Y
Source: Women and Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):50-65.
Abstract: In an urban, mainland Chinese sample, we investigated expectant mothers' stated gender preference for a boy or girl child, their conjectures on the fetal gender, the culture-specific beliefs for making their predictions, and their relations to sociodemographic variables. A total of 174 women were interviewed at 12-19 weeks gestation. Among 84 women who made a prediction on gender, 56 (67%) thought they were carrying a boy, and 28 (33%) expected a girl. The most frequent reasons cited for their speculation were personal feelings (36%), food/taste preference (13%), feedback from others (13%), somatic responses (13%), and dreams (7%). Out of 63 women who stated a wish for a boy or girl child, 45 (71%) wished for a girl and 18 (29%) wished for a boy. Women with undergraduate or graduate degrees were more likely to indicate a preference for boys. Older expectant mothers were more likely to report that they thought they were carrying boys. In conclusion, the majority of the women did not state a distinct choice for gender of the child. When they expressed a gender preference, more mothers expressed a desire to have a girl. However, boy child conjectures were more frequent than girl child conjectures. Greater boy child preference and prediction among the most highly educated and older expectant mothers might be reflective of implicit social status in having sons in urban China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PARENTS | CULTURE | PREGNANCY | BELIEFS | FOLKLORE | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341756

13.
Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa.
Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB
Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4.
Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 341994

14.

Title: Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning [memorandum]
Author: Obama BH
Source: Washington, D.C., White House, 2009 Jan 23. [2] p.
Abstract: Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the administrator of the United States Agency for International Development with appended statement of President Barack Obama on rescinding the Mexico City policy, including the following: "It is clear that the provisions of the Mexico City Policy are unnecessarily broad and unwarranted under current law, and for the past eight years, they have undermined efforts to promote safe and effective voluntary family planning in developing countries. For these reasons, it is right for us to rescind this policy and restore critical efforts to protect and empower women and promote global economic development.", The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (23 Jan 2009). White House press statement appended 31 Mar 2009. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FOREIGN AID | USAID | GRANTS | STANDARDS | POPULATION POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Research Methodology
Document Number: 331358 Notification

15.

Title: High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Cordoba, Argentina: a pilot study.
Author: Palena C; Bahamondes MV; Schenk V; Bahamondes L; Fernandez-Funes J
Source: Reproductive Health. 2009 Jul 20;6(1):11.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although Argentina has a new law of Reproductive Health, many barriers continue existing to the provision of contraceptive methods at public healthcare facilities. Methods: This exploratory, descriptive pilot study evaluated 212 pregnant women selected at random at the Maternity and Neonatal Hospital, Cordoba, Argentina, who completed a structured questionnaire. The objectives were to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies, reasons for not using contraception, past history of contraceptive use, and intended future use. Results: Two hundred women responded the questionnaire. Forty percent of the participants stated that they had never used contraception and pregnancy was declared unintended by 65% of the interviewed women. In the unintended pregnancy group, almost 50% of women said that they had not been using a contraceptive method because they were "unaware about contraception", and 25% stated that their contraceptive method had failed. Almost 85% of the women stated that they intended to use a contraceptive method after delivery. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of all pregnancies in this sample were unintended. Although the data is limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that government needs to invest in counseling and in improving the availability and access to contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LEGISLATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342283

16.

Title: Family-Friendly Workplace: A model for estimating the cost savings of implementing family-friendly policies.
Author: Plosky WD; Winfrey B
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jan. 21 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model is designed to engage individuals and groups from diverse institutions in all sectors to make workplaces more family-friendly. The FFW model will help reproductive health advocates and employers of women understand the benefits and costs of implementing policies that support women in their reproductive years. Users of the model may be human resource departments of medium-sized and large companies, family planning advocates, maternal health advocates or groups representing women in the workplace.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | WOMEN | WORKPLACE | FAMILY POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY | WORKPLAN | MATERNITY BENEFITS | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Reproduction | Planning | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 331541

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.
Author: Raj A; Saggurti N; Balaiah D; Silverman JG
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1883-9.
Abstract: The authors assessed the prevalence of child marriage-i.e., before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22,807), of whom 14,813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. They used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. About 45% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth, high fertility (three or more births), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and female sterilization. The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilization all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. The authors conclude that increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for preventing child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | CHILD MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341631

18.

Title: Contraceptive projections and the donor gap: Meeting the challenge.
Author: Ross J; Weissman E; Stover J
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Feb. 44 p.
Abstract: This report looks at just one component of reproductive health commodities: contraceptives: A follow-up report of the same title published in 2001, the report starts with an overview of current demand for contraceptives in 88 developing countries that depend on supplies from donors. Future needs for contraceptive commodities are projected for two scenarios: one assuming that all unmet need for family planning will be satisfied by 2015 as specified in the ICPD and the MDGs, and the other one based on the medium variant projections of the United Nations Population Division-projections that assume a more gradual contraceptive prevalence increase that is based on historical trends. The proportion of future needs that will require donor funding is estimated on the basis of historical funding trends. Those future needs are compared with current donor funding to highlight the ?donor gap,? the expected shortfall in commodity funding unless resources for commodities are increased substantially.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 341071

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child marriage in India: a tradition with alarming implications.
Author: Salvi V
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1826-7.
Abstract: The earth is now inhabited by about 6.7 billion people. The population has grown nearly ten-fold in the past three centuries and has increased four-fold in the past century. Between 2005 and 2050, eight countries, including India, are expected to contribute to half of the world's projected population increase. China and India will most likely remain the only countries with populations over 1 billion, and probably no others will come close to this level. India's population is a staggering 1.15 billion at present. This population explosion is detrimental not only for India but also for the entire world. It is important therefore to evaluate the various factors that have caused the increase, if one is to arrive at any long-term solutions. The study by Anita Raj and colleagues, in The Lancet today, on the prevalence of child marriage in young women in India and its effect on fertility and fertility control, assesses one such important factor. Even today, 44.5% of marriages in India occur before the wife is aged 18 years, and are associated with high fertility and other disadvantages, such as multiple unwanted pregnancies. Marriage at such ages has enormous adverse implications, not just for women's health and empowerment in general, but also for humankind in the long term. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341630

20.

21.

Title: Making the case for U.S. international family planning assistance.
Author: Speidel JJ; Sinding S; Gillespie D; Maguire E; Neuse M
Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Ipas], 2009 Jan. 15 p. (Report)
Abstract: This report documents the urgent need for greater U.S. assistance to family planning programs in the developing world and recommends targeted investment in such programs, primarily through the U.S. Agency for International Development. Five former directors of the Population and Reproductive Health Program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) issue a call for renewed U.S. political and financial commitment to international family planning programs. USAID has been the largest donor to international population and family planning efforts and a transformative source of leadership and innovation in the field. Its professional staff and technical resources are unparalleled among donor agencies. However, its funding peaked in 1995 and has declined in real terms ever since, even as the worldwide demand for family planning and other reproductive health services has grown. As a result, many successful programs in developing countries have stagnated and global fertility decline has slowed. At the beginning of a new administration and a new Congress, it is time to reverse the decline in U.S. political and financial commitment to this field of signature U.S. leadership and accomplishment, to satisfy the unmet need for services, and to improve women's reproductive health worldwide. We estimate that USAID's population budget should be increased to $1.2 billion. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING | FOREIGN AID | USAID | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Social Policy | Policy | Programs
Document Number: 331360

22.
Title: Towards an EU-wide regularisation scheme.
Author: Strang A
Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):63-64.
Abstract: The RU immigration framework is presently based on the idea that there are two types of irregular migrants: persecuted refugees (legal) and economic immigrants (illegal). This presumption informs a policy that aggravates stigmatisation and criminalisation of refugees and migrants alike. In reality, both 'types' of migrants usually originate from countries characterised by chronic poverty, violent conflict, political instability and socio-economic deprivation which generate both refugee-producing conditions as well as other modes of (de facto) forced migration to places of greater political and economic stability. The author presents an argument for regularization and suggests policy improvements to adminster labour migration.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRATION POLICY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 340192

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Title: China's excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey.
Author: Zhu WX; Lu L; Hesketh T
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b1211.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To elucidate current trends and geographical patterns in the sex ratio at birth and in the population aged under 20 in China and to determine the roles played by sex selective abortion and the one child policy. DESIGN: Analysis of household based cross sectional population survey done in November 2005. SETTING: All of China's 2861 counties. Population 1% of the total population, selected to be broadly representative of the total. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Sex ratio defined as males per 100 females. RESULTS: 4 764 512 people under the age of 20 were included. Overall sex ratios were high across all age groups and residency types, but they were highest in the 1-4 years age group, peaking at 126 (95% confidence interval 125 to 126) in rural areas. Six provinces had sex ratios of over 130 in the 1-4 age group. The sex ratio at birth was close to normal for first order births but rose steeply for second order births, especially in rural areas, where it reached 146 (143 to 149). Nine provinces had ratios of over 160 for second order births. The highest sex ratios were seen in provinces that allow rural inhabitants a second child if the first is a girl. Sex selective abortion accounts for almost all the excess males. One particular variant of the one child policy, which allows a second child if the first is a girl, leads to the highest sex ratios. CONCLUSIONS: In 2005 males under the age of 20 exceeded females by more than 32 million in China, and more than 1.1 million excess births of boys occurred. China will see very high and steadily worsening sex ratios in the reproductive age group over the next two decades. Enforcing the existing ban on sex selective abortion could lead to normalisation of the ratios.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | ONE CHILD POLICY | ABORTION | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX RATIO | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION PROJECTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Estimation Techniques
Document Number: 331270 Notification

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Title: AWARENESS Project. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) projects in India.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [90] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2006, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked the Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University (IRH) to resume the role of providing technical assistance for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), which IRH had developed under a previous project. In light of the weak state of LAM programs worldwide, IRH developed and pilot tested strategies to reinvigorate LAM. This included emphasizing LAM's potential to serve as a gateway to other family planning methods, simplifying messages to clients, and streamlining training and counseling for LAM. To pilot IRH's approach to LAM, IRH engaged in programs to integrate LAM in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, and India. This report focuses on the experience in India. IRH worked with three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India to incorporate LAM into their programs. These organizations were World Vision in Uttar Pradesh, URMUL Seemant in Rajasthan, and People's Rural Education Movement (PREM) in Orissa. All three organizations offered LAM through community level workers as part of a basket of family planning methods. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COUNSELING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327638

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Title: AWARENESS Project. Mali country report, 2006-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [16] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Mali, a large, landlocked country in western sub-Saharan Africa, has high fertility and low contraceptive use. Only 8% of married women use any method of contraception, with 6% using modern methods. Its approximately 13 million people are mainly Muslim (90%), and 80% live in rural areas with limited access to family planning services. The total fertility rate was seven children per woman in 2006, compared to an average of five in Africa. The government of Mali (GOM) actively promotes family planning and contraceptive security as part of improving quality of life. Unlike other countries in the AWARENESS Project, the GOM committed to national integration of the Standard Days Method� (SDM) without undertaking a pilot study. A relative newcomer to the AWARENESS Project, Mali began implementing project activities in 2006, utilizing the SDM and LAM as an approach to repositioning family planning. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CAPACITY BUILDING | AWARENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Program Sustainability | Knowledge
Document Number: 327639

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Title: Looking to the future: Improving family planning access and quality in Rwanda.
Author: IntraHealth International. Capacity Project
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2008 Feb. [2] p. (Voices No. 16)
Abstract: In geographically small and densely populated Rwanda, "there's an imbalance between population growth and economic development," says Dr. Camille Munyangabe. As the national representative for family planning on the Maternal and Child Health Task Force at the Ministry of Health, he is dedicated to meeting this challenge. "The population is far too numerous for the country's capacity to sustain them geographically-not enough land-and economically-the level of poverty is unacceptable," he explains. "That's why the State puts such an emphasis on family planning," Dr. Munyangabe continues. Rwanda's population policy calls for an increase in modern contraceptive prevalence from 7% in 2003 to 60% in 2015 and 80% in 2020. "To this end, we formed a special partnership with USAID and IntraHealth International, which implements the Capacity Project as lead partner and covers 11 districts out of 30." (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326283

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