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Title: Reaching youth through community strategies.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Community Based Family Planning
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, 2009 Jul. 5 p. (Community Based Family Planning Technical Update No. 7)
Abstract: This brief discusses the role that communities play in supporting and improving youth sexual and reproductive health. It includes steps for designing programs for youth in a community setting; strategies to reach youth through community members; links with larger community mobilization efforts; and additional technical resources.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Health
Document Number: 341211

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual.
Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340176

Peer Reviewed

Title: A life course approach to patterns and trends in modern Latin American sexual behavior.
Author: Bozon M; Gayet C; Barrientos J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S4-S12.
Abstract: This article explores trends in sexual behavior in Latin America, envisaged from a life-course perspective, taking into account social differences. It is focused on three main issues: the timing of early sexual and reproductive events, sexual activity during adulthood, and measurement of homosexuality-bisexuality. It draws on general population data from nonspecific surveys, as surveys dealing specifically with sexual behavior are scarce in Latin American countries. A traditional feature in these societies is the huge amount of social inequality, which translates directly into social differences in sexual experience, especially among women. Despite the decline in fertility, an early start of unions and of reproductive experience remains typical of groups with lower education. Another aspect is the diversity of national patterns and gender systems, very far from the image of cultural homogeneity generally associated with this region. Data show a low prevalence of homosexuality/bisexuality, which can be a result of underreporting. The paper eventually stresses the necessity of carrying out more sexual behavior surveys of the general population in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | HOMOSEXUALS | CHANGES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 341323

Title: Toward prevention of alcohol exposed pregnancies: characteristics that relate to ineffective contraception and risky drinking.
Author: Fabbri S; Farrell LV; Penberthy JK; Ceperich SD; Ingersoll KS
Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009 May 21;
Abstract: Alcohol-exposed pregnancy is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the United States. This paper describes the motivational patterns that relate to risky drinking and ineffective contraception, two behaviors that can result in alcohol-exposed pregnancy. As part of an intervention study aimed at reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy 124 women were recruited and reported demographic characteristics, readiness to change, stages of change, drinking, contraception, and sexual behavior history. Our results showed the following. Drinking: A significant positive correlation was found between the number of drinks consumed in 90 days and the Importance to reduce drinking (r = .23, p = .008). A significant negative correlation between number of drinks and confidence to reduce drinking (r = -.39, p = .000) was found as well. Significant differences were found in the total number of drinks consumed in 90 days between the five stages of change (F = (4,118), 3.12, p = .01). Women in Preparation reported drinking a significantly higher number of drinks than women in other stages of change. Contraception: There were significant negative correlations between ineffective contraception and Importance (r = -.38, p = .00), confidence (r = -.20, p = .02) and Readiness (r = -.43, p = .00) to use contraception effectively. Significant differences in contraception ineffectiveness were found for women in different stages of change (F = (4,115) 8.58, p = .000). Women in Precontemplation reported significantly higher levels of contraception ineffectiveness compared to women in other stages of change. Results show a clear relationship between higher alcohol consumption and higher levels of motivation to reduce drinking. In contrast, higher levels of ineffective contraception were related to lower levels of motivation to use contraception effectively. This suggests risky drinking may be better targeted with brief skills building interventions and ineffective contraception may require interventions that enhance problem awareness and motivation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | CHANGES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 341249

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of changes in health sector resources on infant mortality in the short-run and the long-run: a longitudinal econometric analysis.
Author: Farahani M; Subramanian SV; Canning D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:1918-1925.
Abstract: While countries with higher levels of human resources for health typically have better population health, the evidence that increases in the level of human resources for health leads to improvements in population health is limited. We use a dynamic regression model to obtain estimates of both the short-run and long-term effects of changes in physicians per capita, our measure of health system resources, on infant mortality. Using a dataset of 99 countries at 5-year intervals from 1960-2000, we estimate that increasing the number of physicians by one per 1000 population (roughly a doubling of current levels of provision) decreases the infant mortality rate by 15% within 5 years and by 45% in the long-run with half the long-run gain being achieved in 15 years. We conclude that the long-run effects of heath system resources are substantially larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest, however, that countries that have delayed action on the Millennium Development Goal of reducing infant andchild mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015 (relative to 1990) may have difficulty meeting this goal even if they rapidly increase resources now.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | HUMAN RESOURCES | INFANT MORTALITY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHANGES | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 340203

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in abortion provider practices in response to the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
Author: Haddad L; Yanow S; Delli-Bovi L; Cosby K; Weitz TA
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):379-84.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The April 2007 Supreme Court Gonzalez v. Gonzalez v. Carhart decision upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. We conducted a pilot study that measured the impact of the ban in one state with a diverse pool of second-trimester abortion providers. STUDY DESIGN: A survey was administered via telephone to key informants at each facility in Massachusetts where second-trimester abortions are performed in order to assess clinical and administrative changes following the Supreme Court decision. RESULTS: Five hospital-based practices introduced injections to induce fetal demise prior to dilation and evacuation for later second-trimester abortions. One site stopped providing dilation and evacuation abortions in the absence of fetal or maternal indications, and another significantly decreased its volume of procedures. Training opportunities were decreased, and costs at three facilities increased. CONCLUSIONS: The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 resulted in a range of practice changes in Massachusetts, particularly in hospitals. These changes reflect adherence to legal and policy mandates and not the availability of new scientific evidence. Further study to assess the impact of the ban in states with fewer providers is warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION LAW | CHANGES | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | ABORTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 342085 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change in contraceptive methods following the Yogyakarta earthquake and its association with the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy.
Author: Hapsari ED; Widyawati; Nisman WA; Lusmilasari L; Siswishanto R; Matsuo H
Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):316-22.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine access to contraception and change in contraceptive methods before and after the disaster in Bantul area, and to evaluate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In total, 450 married women participated. Questionnaires, which included participants' background, contraceptive methods, difficulties in accessing contraceptive method, and unplanned pregnancy, were completed. RESULTS: Within 1 year of the disaster, the percentage of participants who used injections and implants tended to decrease, while the percentage of participants who used pills tended to increase. Use of coitus interruptus significantly increased after the disaster. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was significantly higher in a group of participants who had difficulty accessing contraceptive methods compared to a group that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Health personnel should not only actively deliver contraceptive methods in a disaster situation but also educate couples to prevent unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | NATURAL DISASTERS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330555

10.

Title: Midwives in China: 'jie sheng po' to 'zhu chan shi'.
Author: Harris A; Belton S; Barclay L; Fenwick J
Source: Midwifery. 2009 Apr;25(2):203-12.
Abstract: We explore the position of midwifery in contemporary China, and draw on fieldwork conducted in Shanxi and Sichuan Provinces during 2005 and 2006, the available literature in English and to a lesser extent in Mandarin. We also explore the historical antecedents to the present-day professional status, practices and position within the health-care system of midwifery in China. We consider the effect on midwifery of the place of biomedicine in the modernising project of the post-reform State, the shift of birth from the private to the public domain, the rise of the medical profession, the medicalisation of birth and the increasing use of technology, and trace changes in the nature of relations between midwives, doctors and the State from Imperial China to the present day. In particular, we examine the changes that have occurred as midwifery has moved from the arena of the lay practitioner ('jie sheng po') to the professional ('zhu chan shi'). We draw out and critique some ways that midwives act to differentiate themselves and lay claim to a variant body of practice-based knowledge, yet question the capacity of midwifery in China today to assert, in any substantial way, a professional identity that distinguishes it from medical obstetric practice.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PUBLIC SECTOR | CHANGES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341368

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Improvement in quality-of-life questionnaire measures in obese adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with lifestyle changes and oral contraceptives, with or without metformin.
Author: Harris-Glocker M; Davidson K; Kochman L; Guzick D; Hoeger K
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Sep 23;
Abstract: We studied the effect of metformin or placebo in a lifestyle modification program combined with oral contraceptives (OC) on quality-of-life parameters measured by the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) questionnaire in obese adolescent women with validated PCOS. The quality-of-life indicators were measured at baseline and conclusion for five domains on the PCOS questionnaire, with equal improvement in scores in both placebo and metformin groups, suggesting that the addition of metformin does not add improvement to quality-of-life measures above those observed with lifestyle modification and OC treatment.
Language: English
Keywords:
BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342996

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change and stability in parent-child contact in five western countries.
Author: Kalmijn M; de Vries J
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):257-276.
Abstract: Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracing compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | AUSTRIA | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILDREN | FAMILY LIFE | BONDING | CHANGES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Change
Document Number: 339897

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in Condom Use Behaviors Among Clients of Female Sex Workers in China.
Author: Lau J; Wan S; Yu X; Cheng F; Zhang Y; Wang N; Zhang L; Zhang J
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Jun 3;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Clients of female sex workers (CFSWs) are at-risk for HIV transmission; relevant surveillance and interventions for this vulnerable group are scare. The China-UK HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project launched an enhanced intervention program involving peer education, seminars, testing services and social gatherings etc., and two behavioral surveillance studies (BSS) targeting CFSWs in Suining, Sichuan. METHODS: Two cross-sectional BSS (a baseline survey and an evaluative survey) were conducted in September 2005 and May 2006, respectively 356 and 372 respondents who patronized some low-end sex-services were interviewed by peer interviewers. Another triangulation condom audit exercise was conducted in June 2006. RESULTS: Prevalence of respondents utilizing at least one prevention services increased from 50.3% in 2005 to 68.5% in 2006 (adjusted OR=2.2). Respondents of the evaluative survey, as compared to their counterparts of the baseline survey, had lower prevalence of inconsistent condom users in the last 6 months (44.1% versus 77.0%, adjusted OR=0.2) and higher prevalence of condom use in the last episode of commercial sex (78.0% verus 41.5%, adjusted OR=4.9). The triangulation audit showed that condoms were used by 73.8% of CFSWs. The multivariate analysis shows that year of study (OR=0.3), self-reported STD symptoms (OR=2.9), utilization of face-to-face counseling services (OR=0.5) etc. were significantly associated with inconsistent condom use during commercial sex in the last 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Condom use and service utilization behaviors changed in the study population over a time period, when an enhanced intervention program was implemented. Such effective programs may be applied to other locations in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | CHANGES | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV | INTERVENTIONS | EVALUATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341565

14.

15.

Title: Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies.
Author: Leonetti DL; Nath DC
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):438-47.
Abstract: Kinship systems which tend to be based on ecologies of subsistence also assign differential power, privilege, and control to human connections that present pathways for manipulation of resource access and transfer. They can be used in this way to channel resource concentrations in women and hence their reproductive value. Thus, strategic female life course trade-offs and their timing are likely to be responsive to changing preferences for qualities in women as economic conditions change. Female life histories are studied in two ethnic groups with differing kinship systems in NE India where the competitive market economy is now being felt by most households. Patrilineal Bengali (599 women) practice patrilocal residence with village exogamy and matrilineal Khasi (656 women) follow matrilocal residence with village endogamy, both also normatively preferring three-generation extended households. These households have helpful senior women and significantly greater income. Age at first reproduction (AFR), achieved adult growth (height) and educational level (greater than 6 years or less) are examined in reproductive women, ages 16-50. In both groups, women residing normatively are older at AFR and taller than women residing nonnormatively. More education is also associated with senior women. Thus, normative residence may place a woman in the best reproductive location, and those with higher reproductive and productive potential are often chosen as households face competitive market conditions. In both groups residing in favorable reproductive locations is associated with a faster pace of fertility among women, as well as lower offspring mortality among Khasi, to compensate for a later start.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CHANGES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Social Change
Document Number: 342989

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in CD4 count with antitubercular therapy in HIV infected children with tuberculosis.
Author: Mukherjee A; Lodha R; Kabra SK
Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):125-7.
Abstract: In this study of 25 HIV/TB co-infected children, it was found that 52% of the children showed a decrease in CD4 count after 6 months of antitubercular therapy. There have been studies in adults with HIV-TB co-infection which have demonstrated that ATT had no significant beneficial influence on CD4 counts, HIV viral load, or markers of immune activation. Similar studies in children coinfected with HIV/TB are lacking. The limitations of our study include its retrospective design and small size. Our study suggests that most children with HIVTB co-infection receiving ATT alone have a decline in CD4 count. There is need for prospective studies to document the changes in immunologic function in children with HIV-TB co-infection with antitubercular therapy. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | CHANGES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331198

17.
Title: [Knowledge of contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality in ninth grade pupils in the municipality of Viborg during a 21-year-period] Viden om praevention, graviditet og seksualitet gennem 21 ar hos 9. klasser i
Author: Nielsen JL; Boelskifte J; Falk J; Lauszus FF; Rasmussen KL
Source: Ugeskrift For Laeger. 2009 Mar 30;171(14):1163-7.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: A study of the sources of and the changes in the knowledge about contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality during a 21-year-period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was handed out on the same day in all ninth grade classes in the Municipality of Viborg without prior notice to teachers or pupils. The results were compared with similar studies performed in 1986, 1993, and 2000. RESULTS: In all 394 of 398 questionnaires were answered. The answers revealed that forty-three percent knew at which time in the cycle pregnancy can occur; boys with sexual debut scored lowest. The time limits for legal abortion were known by 64%, the girls had a higher level of knowledge on this item than the boys. The abortion limits for 16-year-old girls were known by 58%, but here the boys, who had made sexual debut, scored highest and the girls with no prior sexual experience scored lowest. The sources of knowledge changed over the years; screen-based media (TV, internet) now cover more than 30% of both gender's sources, and magazines/pornography comprise more than 50% of girls' and 30% of boys' sources of knowledge. The school's and friends' share in sexual education remained constant, while books and parents as knowledge sources show a downward trend. CONCLUSION: School and friends still play a substantial role in the sexual education of ninth grade pupils, but screen-based media and magazines are now the third-most important source of information and their importance have increased considerably over the past seven years. Knowledge of time limits for abortion, early pregnancy signs and cycle has not changed except for slight gender differences.
Language: Danish
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY | SEXUALITY | CHANGES | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | SEX EDUCATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Reproduction | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Communication | Family and Household | Education
Document Number: 330931

18.
Title: [Sexual activity and use of contraception in ninth grade pupils during the last 21 years] Seksuel aktivitet og praeventionsvaner hos unge gennem 21 ar.
Author: Nielsen JL; Boelskifte J; Falk J; Lauszus FF; Rasmussen KL
Source: Ugeskrift For Laeger. 2009 Mar 30;171(14):1159-63.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The study surveys sexual activity, use of contraception at sexual debut and changes in sexual habits during a 21-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was handed out on the same day in all ninth grade classes in the Municipality of Viborg. Neither teachers nor pupils were given prior notice. The results were compared with similar studies performed in 1986, 1993 and 2000. RESULTS: A total of 394 of 398 questionnaires were answered and returned. In both genders, 40% had had debuted sexually. The frequency among the boys had increased in comparison with the previous 21 years. The amount of sexual debuts before the legal age of consent at 15 years was 18%, which is similar to previous years. In both genders an increased proportion had experienced coitus within the last week. Condoms were used by 76% and the pill by 15% at sexual debut. Subsequently, 27% shifted from condom use to pill use alone or in combination with a condom at the latest coitus; thus, 34% used the pill at their latest coitus. Practical experience with condoms was found in 90% of both genders among those who had debuted sexually, while 56% of the boys and 68% of the girls indicated that they had experience with the pill. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of and use of condoms are widespread among adolescents already at sexual debut. A shift from the use of condoms to more frequent use of the pill occurs from debut to later coitus. A considerable amount of adolescents (10-20%) still do not protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancies at debut or later coitus.
Language: Danish
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CHANGES | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 330930

19.

Title: Effects of programs supporting orphans and vulnerable children: Key findings, emerging issues, and future directions from evaluations of four projects in Kenya and Tanzania. An evaluation.
Author: Nyangara F; Thurman TR; Hutchinson P; Obiero W
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jun. 49 p. (SR-09-52USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: This report summarizes findings from evaluations of four programs, two in Kenya and two in Tanzania, that support orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC). The report focuses on the outcomes, emerging issues, and lessons learned. Implications of the findings are offered to provide guidance to OVC service providers, donors, and policy-makers.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | NUTRITION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CARE AND SUPPORT | EDUCATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Communication | Social Change | Behavior | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331821

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Stages of consistent condom use, partner intimacy, condom use attitude, and self-efficacy in African-American crack cocaine users.
Author: Pallonen UE; Timpson SC; Williams ML; Ross MW
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Feb;38(1):149-58.
Abstract: This study examined how condom use attitude, self-efficacy, and partner intimacy related to five stages of consistent condom use. Interview data were collected from sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack cocaine smokers (N = 366). Dependent measures assessed both the participants' own responses and their perceptions about their last sex partner's own personal condom use attitude and participants' condom use self-efficacy expectations. Partner intimacy was assessed both as a continuous attitudinal and as a discrete relationship measure. Less than 10% were classified as consistent condom users. Two thirds of inconsistent users were in the Precontemplation (PC) stage. The contemplation (C) and preparation (P) stages were equal among the remainder of the inconsistent condom users. Higher partner intimacy reduced modestly readiness for consistent condom use. The stage but not the intimacy group was related to the condom use attitudes and self-efficacy measures. Last partners' perceived own negative attitudes were significantly related to the stages of consistent condom use and was especially low in the action (A) and maintenance (M) stages. Participants' own negative attitudes were unrelated to the stages. Of the self-efficacy measures, both participants' performance and situational condom use self-efficacies increased significantly after the PC stage and were highest in the P, A, and M stages. However, situational self-efficacy accounted for most of performance self-efficacy variance. In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHANGES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330845

21.

Title: Youth, women's rights, and political change in Iran.
Author: Roudi F
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jul. [1] p.
Abstract: Recent political developments in Iran highlight the country's demographic and social shifts over the past 20 years. One in three Iranians is between the ages of 15 and 29. Furthermore, 60 percent of the Iranian population is under 30, born around the 1979 Islamic revolution or after. This youth bulge, along with changes in women's fertility and reproductive health, provide a backdrop for understanding Iran's current political instability.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Sex Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342028

22.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Timeliness and completion rate of immunization among Nigerian children attending a clinic-based immunization service.
Author: Sadoh AE; Eregie CO
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Jun;27(3):391-5.
Abstract: To achieve maximal protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, a child should receive all immunizations within recommended intervals. Clinic records of 512 Nigerian children were evaluated for timeliness in receiving vaccines and the completion rates of the schedule. About 30% of the children presented after four weeks of age for their first immunization; 18.9-65% of the children were delayed in receiving various vaccines compared to the recommended ages for receiving the vaccines. Only 227 (44.3%) children were fully immunized. Health education and mass mobilization of the community and health workers are recommended to improve the uptake of vaccines and to encourage timely receipt of vaccines.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE | TIME FACTORS | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | HEALTH EDUCATION | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | VACCINES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Drugs | Treatment
Document Number: 341923

23.

Title: Facial lipoatrophy: appearances are not deceiving.
Author: Sanches RS; Mill J; Machado AA; Donadi EA; Morais Fernandes AP
Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):169-75.
Abstract: Lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) has been reported as visible markers that can identify HIV status. Changes in body shape are detrimental in terms of psychological welfare and may affect well-being and increase the stigma associated with HIV disease. In the current study, the psychosocial impact of LS was evaluated. A total of 84 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and exhibiting dyslipidemia were interviewed in an urban hospital setting in Brazil in 2006 using a standardized questionnaire. Of the 84 patients exhibiting dyslipidemia, 40 patients also exhibited body changes, and of these, 25 had facial lipoatrophy. From a psychosocial perspective, patients presenting with facial lipoatrophy reported alterations in self-image and self-esteem and believed that other people noticed their body changes. The results are relevant for nurses who need to be well-prepared to recognize lipodystrophy, to implement nursing interventions including lifestyle changes, and to provide psychosocial support to patients with LS.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SELF ESTEEM | LIFE STYLE | CHANGES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342071

24.

Title: Contraceptive use among adolescent Latinas living in the United States: the impact of culture and acculturation.
Author: Sterling SP; Sadler LS
Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-28.
Abstract: Although adolescent pregnancies have declined steadily during the past decade, Latina adolescents continue to have disproportionately high pregnancy rates. For nurse practitioners to effectively counsel this group of women concerning contraceptive use and sexual health, a basic understanding of the unique sociocultural factors influencing Latina adolescents' sexual activity is important. This article reviews recent literature concerning the effects of culture, acculturation, language, and significant relationships on Latina sexual behavior to provide recommendations for clinicians working with Latina adolescents in the primary care setting. Areas in need of further research are identified.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | ACCULTURATION | CULTURE | ABORTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Behavior | Religion
Document Number: 342626 Notification

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Levels of change in adolescent sexual behavior in three Asian cities.
Author: Zabin LS; Emerson MR; Nan L; Chaohua L; Ersheng G
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):1-12.
Abstract: This study explored the dimensions and context of changes in romantic and sexual behaviors of Asian young people at three sites at different stages of modernization: Hanoi (early), Shanghai (intermediate), and Taipei (later stage). The authors conducted a survey of 17,016 males and females aged 15-24 in urban and rural settings in three large metropolitan areas. Survival analysis and Cox regressions were performed to explore ages of respondents at key transitions and the significance of differences between two age cohorts: 15-19 and 20-24. The authors found significant differences in levels of sexual and other transitions, even within the narrow time span reflected by the age cohorts. The findings highlight the differential impact of modernization on adolescent sexual behavior as traditional societies undergo social change, and they underline the importance of context in exploring youthful transitions.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | URBAN POPULATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | AGE FACTORS | MODERNIZATION | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341078

26.

Title: Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM). Year 4 annual report, 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2008. Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00.
Author: Chemonics International
Source: [Manila], Philippines, Chemonics International, 2008 Nov 15. 81 p. (USAID Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00)
Abstract: The Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM) project successfully completed the fourth of its five years with most targets accomplished and many activities yielding valuable lessons and new capacities for increasing private sector responses to meeting family health needs of Filipinos. PRISM has generated results from engaging the private sector to take advantage of commercial opportunities in providing family health goods and services to the market through the following: Workplace-based family health services at 500 companies and cooperatives, 365 of which have signed letters of commitment; Commercial sales of four low-priced contraceptives by pharmaceutical companies; Community-based health services of 213 private-practice midwives; Synergistic combinations of these three elements (workplace programs, commercial pharmaceutical market, midwives in private practice (PPMs)) in 33 provinces and cities. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | ANNUAL REPORT | USAID | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | COUNSELING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | WORKPLACE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD HEALTH | FUNDS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Employment | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331438

27.

Title: Mobilizing married youth in Nepal to improve reproductive health: the Reproductive Health for Marrked Adolescent Couples Project, Nepal, 2005-2007.
Author: EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project
Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008 Aug. 60 p. (ACQUIRE Evaluation and Research Studies E & R Study No. 12USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00)
Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative data from the RHMACP in Dhanusha and Parsa districts of Nepal indicate that the project interventions increased reproductive health knowledge among married adolescents, promoted positive change in reproductive health attitudes and practices, and expanded young people's access to youth-friendly health services. Awareness of and support for the unique health needs of young married couples among their families, communities, and local health providers also increased. At a broader societal level, the project encouraged debate on social and gender norms, and a constituency of youth leaders trained during the project strongly embraced opportunities to improve the well-being of their communities, foster inclusion of disadvantaged groups, and empower young women. Results to date from the two-year pilot intervention indicate that the ecological approach and multilevel implementation strategy utilized was successful for improving the reproductive health outcomes of married adolescents in the project districts. The project model is recommended for scale-up in the pilot districts and to other areas of Nepal. Experience from the intervention further suggests that the model would be applicable to health development and governance initiatives in diverse country settings. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | COUPLES | MARRIAGE | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Social Change | Health | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341526

28.

29.

Title: Has the HIV epidemic peaked?
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[2] p.
Abstract: The HIV epidemic appears to have stabilized around the world, according to a Population Council Distinguished Scholar and his colleagues. Although the rate of new infections has probably peaked in all world regions, the absolute number of HIV-positive individuals is expected to remain near current levels worldwide, with slower growth in sub-Saharan Africa and declines elsewhere. The epidemic still poses a daunting challenge to public health programs. As a result of continued high rates of population growth and only moderate success of HIV prevention programs, large numbers of adolescents and adults are still likely to become infected.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | OLDER ADULTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | CHANGES | POPULATION GROWTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331489

30.

Title: Decentralization of postabortion care in Senegal and Tanzania.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, [2008]. [2] p. (Technical Brief)
Abstract: Postabortion care (PAC) is an important intervention to treat complications related to miscarriage and unsafe abortion, reduce the incidence of repeat unplanned pregnancy, and decrease the incidence of repeat abortion. To protect maternal health and avert abortions USAID funds PAC programs that comprehensively address women's needs through three core components: 1. Emergency treatment for complications of spontaneous or induced abortion; 2. Family planning (FP) counseling and services, and, depending on disease prevalence and available resources, evaluation and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV counseling and / or referral for testing; 3. Community empowerment through community awareness and mobilization. In developing countries, PAC programs are frequently available only in urban or regional health facilities, placing rural women at greater risk for mortality and morbidity from complications because they lack access to services. To improve access, USAID has worked with two focus countries, Senegal and Tanzania, to decentralize PAC activities. In 2007, the Frontiers Project evaluated these activities. The evaluation showed that PAC can be safely and successfully decentralized with services capably provided by mid-level personnel in health centers, dispensaries, and some health posts when providers are trained and supervised and equipment and supplies are available. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DECENTRALIZATION | POSTABORTION CARE | NEEDS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | AWARENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Knowledge
Document Number: 331610


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