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Title: Helping mothers keep their babies safe from HIV.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: The Population Council's evaluation of m2m provided solid evidence that the program was helping women use services to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An innovative program, mothers2mothers (m2m), was created in South Africa to support HIV-positive pregnant women. The program trains and employs HIV-positive mothers who have used services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These "mentor mothers" organize health talks and conduct regular support groups for their peers. They also reach out to the community to help women follow feeding practices that are best for their baby. They promote safer sex and family planning, and encourage mothers to return for HIV treatment and to bring their baby to the clinic for HIV testing. Women who participated in m2m were more likely to talk about their HIV status with friends and family members, to receive drugs to reduce the chance that their baby would be infected with HIV, and to follow recommended infant feeding practices. Following the evaluation, the program has expanded to hundreds of other locations in South Africa and beyond to Lesotho, Zambia, Kenya, Rwanda, Malawi, and Swaziland -- providing hope and care to HIV-positive mothers across Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT NUTRITION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | TREATMENT | NEEDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331490

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual.
Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340176

Peer Reviewed

Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic.
Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044.
Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331004

Peer Reviewed

Title: Engaging parliamentarians as advocates for women's health: findings from Kenya and Namibia.
Author: Caffrey P; Weiss E; Wood L; Connor E; Orza L; Trasi R
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(3):271-83.
Abstract: Members of parliament (MPs) are well placed to promote national health policies that improve women's access to quality health care, including HIV services. To catalyse political will and leadership, the International Centre for Research on Women, Centre for the Study of AIDS at the University of Pretoria, International Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS and Realising Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, conducted the Parliamentarians for Women's Health project in select African countries. This paper focus on participatory community assessments - a methodology used by the project to improve MPs' understanding of women's health issues, particularly HIV/AIDS, and to increase their engagement with civil society in order to better represent women's health needs and concerns. In-depth interviews with eight MPs from Kenya and Namibia highlight the value of the assessments in identifying women's health problems and service gaps. The MPs reported that they undertook various activities after the assessments, including gathering more information about women's health from local communities, pushing for new parliamentary committees to be a platform for health issues, using the information from the assessments to inform policy, more carefully reviewing budget allocations and establishing relationships with civil society. Participatory methods can be used to meet political leaders' needs for information and communities' needs to influence policymaking that affects their lives.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ADVOCACY | CIVIL SOCIETY | HEALTH POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | PARTICIPATION | WORKSHOPS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Communication | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Education
Document Number: 341393

Title: Access to medications and medical care after participation in HIV clinical trials: a systematic review of trial protocols and informed consent documents.
Author: Ciaranello AL; Walensky RP; Sax PE; Chang Y; Freedberg KA; Weissman JS
Source: HIV Clinical Trials. 2009 Jan-Feb;10(1):13-24.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Expectations regarding receipt of medications and medical care after clinical trials conclude may inform decisions about trial participation. We describe the frequency with which these posttrial services are described in the protocols and informed consent forms (ICFs) of antiretroviral drug (ARV) trials. METHOD: We systematically reviewed protocols and ICFs from Phase 3 and 4 antiretroviral trials in adults (> or = 12 years) from 1987 to 2006. Pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trials were selected from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documentation and Clinicaltrials.gov. Trials administered by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) were selected from the ACTG online registry. ACTG- and industry-provided protocols and ICFs were reviewed in full. The primary outcome was any mention of posttrial services, defined as any text regarding posttrial medications or medical care. RESULTS: Complete trial documents were available for 31 (48%) of 65 trials meeting inclusion criteria. Documents from 14 trials (45%) mentioned any posttrial service: 12 (39%) mentioned medications, and 5 (16%) mentioned medical care. Payment for trial participation (74%) and for care for trial-related injury (94%) were mentioned more often than were posttrial services. CONCLUSIONS: Posttrial medications or medical care was mentioned in the trial documents of <50% of reviewed antiretroviral trials. Improved efforts are needed to clearly describe posttrial services in clinical trial protocols and ICFs.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADULTS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | INFORMED CONSENT | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341817

Peer Reviewed

Title: High retention and appropriate use of insecticide-treated nets distributed to HIV-affected households in Rakai, Uganda: results from interviews and home visits.
Author: Cohee L; Mills LA; Kagaayi J; Jacobs I; Galiwango R; Ludigo J; Ssekasanvu J; Reynolds SJ
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:76.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) has recently been incorporated into comprehensive care strategies for HIV-positive people in malaria-endemic areas. WHO now recommends free or low-cost distribution of ITNs to all persons in malaria-endemic areas, regardless of age, pregnancy and HIV status. Knowledge about and appropriate use of ITNs among HIV-positive ITN recipients and their household members has not been well characterized. METHODS: 142 randomly selected adults were interviewed in July-August 2006 to assess knowledge, retention, and appropriate use of ITNs they had received through a PEPFAR-funded comprehensive HIV care programme in rural Uganda. RESULTS: Among all participants, 102 (72%, CI: 65%-79%) reported they had no ITNs except those provided by the programme. Of 131 participants who stated they were given >or= 1 ITN, 128 (98%, CI: 96%-100%) stated they still possessed at least one programme-provided ITN. Reported programme-ITN (pITN) use by participants was high: 119 participants (91%, CI: 86%-96%) reported having slept under pITN the night prior to the survey and 115 (88%, CI: 82%-94%) reported sleeping under pITN seven days per week. Being away from home and heat were the most common reasons given for not sleeping under an ITN. A sub-study of thirteen random home visits demonstrated concordance between participants' survey reports and actual use of ITNs in homes. CONCLUSION: There was excellent self-reported retention and appropriate use of ITNs distributed as a part of a community-based outpatient HIV care programme. Participants perceived ITNs as useful and were unlikely to have received ITNs from other sources.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | PESTICIDES | BED NETS | HOME VISITS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALARIA PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ingredients and Chemicals | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Communication | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341152

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Pilot trial of an intervention aimed at modifying drug preparation practices among injection drug users in Puerto Rico.
Author: Colon HM; Finlinson HA; Negron J; Sosa I; Rios-Olivares E; Robles RR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):523-31.
Abstract: Injection drug users (IDUs) contaminate preparation materials with blood-borne pathogens by using syringes as measuring and dispensing devices. In collaboration with IDUs, we developed a preventive intervention consisting of four new preparation practices aimed at avoiding the use of syringes in the preparation, and reducing the contamination of the materials. This report describes the results of a pilot trial introducing the new practices to ascertain their adoption potential and their potential efficacy in reducing contamination. Participants comprised 37 active IDUs among whom the new practices were promoted during 16 weeks. In addition to self-reported behaviors, the study collected cookers and plastic caps from shooting galleries and tested them for the presence of blood residues. Adoption rates were: (1) cleaning of skin area with hand sanitizer--65.6%; (2) directly pouring water with a dropper into the cooker--56.3%; (3) drawing drug solution with a preparation syringe and syringe filter--34.4%; and, (4) backload rinsing syringes--53.1%. Rates of blood residues detected in cookers and plastic caps were 41.7% prior to the trial, 28.6% at week 8, 24.6% at week 14, and 12.0% at week 18. We believe the results of the pilot trial are compelling and suggest that this intervention merits further formal testing.
Language: English
Keywords:
PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | IV DRUG USERS | CLIENTS | HIV PREVENTION | SANITATION | PARTICIPATION | BEHAVIOR | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Social Behavior
Document Number: 342088

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV vaccine preparedness studies in the non-organization for economic co-operation and development (non-OECD) countries.
Author: Dhalla S; Nelson KE; Singer J; Poole G
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):335-48.
Abstract: HIV vaccine development remains an urgent priority. Vaccine preparedness studies to assess feasibility are an important precursor to HIV vaccine trials. Studies such as these have taken place in many non-Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (non-OECD) countries using diverse cohorts. This article is a systematic review of retention rates and willingness to participate (WTP) in HIV vaccine trials. Studies took place in Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, India, Russia, Thailand, and several sub-Saharan African countries. Studies generally reported recruitment of high-risk individuals. Of 33 studies we identified, retention was assessed in 16 studies, and the 12-month retention ranged from 77 to 85%. Willingness to participate was assessed in 21 studies. Willingness to participate ranged from 23 to 100%, and increased knowledge was associated with an increased WTP. Vaccine preparedness studies have taken place using diverse cohorts in the non-OECD countries. In general, retention rates and WTP have been adequate to conduct HIV vaccine trials. Educational programs to improve knowledge about HIV vaccines may contribute to better follow-up and an increased WTP in these countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | VACCINES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PARTICIPATION | MOTIVATION | OBSTACLES | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341856

12.

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships.
Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342138

14.

Title: Oral Contraceptives Decrease Saliva Testosterone but Do Not Affect the Rise in Testosterone Associated with Athletic Competition.
Author: Edwards DA; Laurel O'Neal J
Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2009 Jan 30;
Abstract: Women athletes from intercollegiate soccer, volleyball, and softball teams, and women skaters from a team competing in an amateur roller derby league, contributed saliva samples before warm-up and immediately after the completion of one or more sanctioned competitions. Women using oral contraceptives (OCs, n= 29) had a significantly lower mean level of saliva testosterone (T) than non-users (n= 51). Thus, OCs contribute predictable variation to individual differences in saliva T, and OC use is likely to contribute to individual differences in measures of psychological processes and/or behavior which are causally related to individual differences in circulating testosterone. Most of the women (n= 68) played during one or more of the competitions for which they contributed saliva samples. Whether for soccer, volleyball, softball, or roller derby, competition was associated with a robust increase in saliva T. Although OC users had significantly lower saliva T levels than non-users before and after-competition, both users and non-users showed virtually the same increase in saliva T over the course of competition. While the most proximal cause of this increase is not known, it is probably not the result of an increase in gonadotropin (GTH) secretion since an increase in GTH secretion would presumably be prevented by OC use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 341370

15.

Title: Strategies and ethical considerations for the recruitment of young men who have sex with men: challenges of a vaccination trial in Mexico.
Author: Gutierrez-Lund A; Angeles-Llerenas A; Wirtz VJ; Del Rio AA; Zamilpa-Mejia L
Source: Clinical Trials. 2009;6(4):365-372.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe and analyze recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, and recruitment outcomes from a study to evaluate the efficacy the human papilloma virus vaccine in young men who have sex with men (MSM). The recruitment settings were university and community sites in the state of Morelos, Mexico. To be eligible, participants had to be men between 18 and 23 years old who were free of anal-genital lesions as confirmed by clinical exploration, HIV negative, with no history of sexual relations with female partners, and with fewer than five male lifetime sexual partners. Recruitment goals were 25 study participants in a four and a half month period. In addition to traditional recruitment strategies (flyers and media advertising, specific training of the recruitment team, and adequate choice of recruitment sites), local leaders in the MSM community were engaged in the process. In total, 723 MSM were initially contacted, 243 filled out the recruitment questionnaire, of which 151 met the criteria to be invited to the clinical examination. After clinical examination and interviews with the recruitment team, 131 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 73 were enrolled in the study. Attending meetings with MSM activist organizations was the most successful recruitment strategy (326), followed by recruitment at bars and dance clubs (107).
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | YOUTH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | VACCINATION | HPV | ETHICS | PARTICIPATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Social Problems
Document Number: 339912

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Women's motivation to participate in contraceptive efficacy trials.
Author: Hohmann H; Reid L; Creinin MD
Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):270-5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether there are differences in subject's motivation to participate in hormonal and barrier method contraceptive efficacy studies. STUDY DESIGN: All women presenting for screening appointments for either barrier or hormonal contraceptive efficacy trials were asked to complete a survey including demographic questions and questions which utilized Likert scales to grade the importance of potential motivating factors for research participation. RESULTS: A total of 72 hormonal and 36 barrier method subjects completed the survey. More women in the barrier group cited an altruistic reason as their primary motivator for participation in comparison to the hormonal group (61.2% vs. 31.9%, respectively, p=.004). This difference continued to be statistically significant in multiple logistic regression controlling for demographic variables. The most common primary motivating factor cited by the barrier group was the belief that research is important (30.6%), whereas the most common reason cited by the hormonal group was the desire for free contraception (22.2%). CONCLUSION: Women enrolling in barrier method studies are more likely than women enrolling in hormonal studies to cite an altruistic reason for their participation in these trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | SCREENING | CONTRACEPTION | MOTIVATION | PARTICIPATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior
Document Number: 342574

17.

Title: Oral contraceptive and D-dimer level [letter]
Author: Kittisupamongkol W
Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2009 Feb;145(2):210; author reply 210-1.
Abstract: I read with interest the article by Dompmartin and colleagues. A number of participants in the study were women of reproductive age. I was wondering if an important factor elevating D-dimer level was considered: the oral contraceptive pill, a widely prescribed drug, could contribute to such an event. Failure to be aware of this would lead to an incorrect incidence of high D-dimer levels. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | WOMEN | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 330226

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Conceptualising abortion stigma.
Author: Kumar A; Hessini L; Mitchell EM
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1.
Abstract: Abortion stigma is widely acknowledged in many countries, but poorly theorised. Although media accounts often evoke abortion stigma as a universal social fact, we suggest that the social production of abortion stigma is profoundly local. Abortion stigma is neither natural nor 'essential' and relies upon power disparities and inequalities for its formation. In this paper, we identify social and political processes that favour the emergence, perpetuation and normalisation of abortion stigma. We hypothesise that abortion transgresses three cherished 'feminine' ideals: perpetual fecundity; the inevitability of motherhood; and instinctive nurturing. We offer examples of how abortion stigma is generated through popular and medical discourses, government and political structures, institutions, communities and via personal interactions. Finally, we propose a research agenda to reveal, measure and map the diverse manifestations of abortion stigma and its impact on women's health.
Language: English
Keywords:
CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | ABORTION | STIGMA | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FEMALE ROLE | PUBLIC OPINION | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Attitudes | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341497

19.

Title: The effects of menstrual cycle phase on clinical measures of concussion in healthy college-aged females.
Author: Mihalik JP; Ondrak KS; Guskiewicz KM; McMurray RG
Source: Journal of Science and Medicine In Sport. 2009 May;12(3):383-7.
Abstract: The management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury is an area of clinical uncertainty for many sports medicine professionals. While recent studies suggest sex differences in neurocognitive function may exist, our understanding of the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use in healthy females is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were changes in neurocognitive function, postural stability and self-reported symptoms between the early and late stages of the menstrual cycle, and also to identify whether performance across menstrual cycle would differ between females using OCP and eumenorrheic females not using OCP. Healthy college-aged females completed a standard concussion test battery including computerised assessment of neurocognitive function, postural stability and symptom status. Participants completed the counterbalanced testing design during the early and late phases of their menstrual cycle. No significant main effects or interactions for any neurocognitive function or postural stability outcome measure were observed. Eumenorrheic females endorsed a higher number of symptoms and reported an increased symptom severity score compared to females using OCP. Menstrual cycle phase had no effect on the total severity or the number of symptoms endorsed. These results suggest preseason neurocognitive and postural stability baseline tests are stable across the menstrual cycle, regardless of OCP use. Therefore, decreased performance on these measures following a suspected concussion is likely not attributable to menstrual cycle phase or use of OCP.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | YOUTH | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SPORTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTING | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342413

20.

Title: Ethics in family planning FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health.
Author: Milliez J
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 16;
Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of obstetrics, gynecology, and women's health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ETHICS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ABORTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MALE ROLE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Political Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs
Document Number: 331125 Notification

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence and predictors of failure to return for HIV-1 post-test counseling in the era of antiretroviral therapy in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: challenges and opportunities.
Author: Mmbaga EJ; Leyna GH; Mnyika KS; Hussain A; Klepp KI
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):160-7.
Abstract: In this era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) a limited number of population-based studies have investigated the extent of voluntary counseling and testing acceptance and completion in Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of failure to return for HIV post-test counseling (PTC) among adults in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Following a cross-sectional survey, people aged 15-44 years living in Oria village were interviewed and offered individual HIV-1 pre-test counseling. They were asked to return for PTC two weeks after blood sample collection. HIV-1 testing was accepted by 1491 (97.6%) of participants with 98.9% expressing desire to know their results. The proportion of individuals who did not return for PTC was 50.9%. These proportions did not differ by sex. Seropositive HIV result (AOR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3-4.3 for women and AOR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.2-5.7 for men), low HIV/AIDS-transmission and ART availability knowledge, perceived low risk of HIV infection, not accepting to share results (men only) and inability to self-prevent HIV infection (women only) predicted failure to return for PTC. Additionally, participants were more likely not to return for PTC if they had no-formal education or reported recent sexual-risk behaviors, for both sexes. Age, prior HIV testing or AIDS-related clinical symptoms were not associated with return for PTC in this population. These findings suggest that low returns for PTC, especially for HIV-seropositive individuals, result in a substantial missed opportunity for prevention and care. Knowledge of ART accessibility is necessary but not sufficient to promote adequate return for PTC. The high attendance for pre-test counseling should be utilized to identify potential individuals who may not return for PTC and to promote risk reduction and care.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RURAL AREAS | PARTICIPATION | ADULTS | HIV TESTING | PRE-POST TESTS | COUNSELING | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV
Document Number: 330809

23.

Title: Effect of oral contraceptive cycle phase on performance in team sport players.
Author: Rechichi C; Dawson B
Source: Journal of Science and Medicine In Sport / Sports Medicine Australia. 2009 Jan;12(1):190-5.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether common team sport performance variables (anaerobic power, reactive strength and repeat sprint ability) are affected by acute hormonal fluctuation within a monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) cycle. Ten female team sport athletes completed performance tests at three time points of a single OC cycle, during the consumption phase (CONS), early (WITH1) and late in the withdrawal phase (WITH2). Tests included drop jumps (30cm and 45cm heights), a counter movement jump, a 10s cycle sprint test and a 5x 6s repeated sprint cycle test. Resting endogenous serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were also measured. No significant differences were observed between phases for the counter movement jump and cycle tests (total work and peak power). Reactive strength measured from the 30cm drop height was significantly lower during WITH2 (162+/-38cms(-1)) compared to both CONS (177+/-44cms(-1)) and WITH1 (178+/-40cms(-1)) (p<0.05). Reactive strength measuredfrom the 45cm drop height was significantly higher in CONS (178+/-48cms(-1)) compared to both WITH1 and WITH2 (161+/-39cms(-1) and 158+/-29cms(-1), respectively) (p<0.05). Serum oestradiol levels were greater during WITH2 compared to both WITH1 and CONS (p<0.05) but there was no difference in serum progesterone levels. The results demonstrate that for female team sport athletes, only reactive strength varied significantly throughout an OC cycle, possibly due to the action of hormones on neuromuscular timing and the stretch-shortening cycle.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ATHLETES | SPORTS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341744

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Breaking the silence: South African HIV policies and the needs of men who have sex with men.
Author: Rispel LC; Metcalf CA
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):133-142.
Abstract: Although the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa preceded the onset of the generalised HIV epidemic by several years, current policies and programmes focus on heterosexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. We used an adaptation of the UNAIDS Country Harmonised Alignment Tool (CHAT) to assess whether existing HIV policies and programmes in South Africa address the needs of MSM. This covered mapping of key risk factors and epidemiology of HIV among MSM; participation of MSM in the HIV response; and an enabling environment for service provision, funding and human resources. We found that current policies and programmes are unresponsive to the needs of MSM and that epidemiologic information is lacking, in spite of policy on MSM in the National Strategic Plan. We recommend that government initiate sentinel surveillance to determine HIV prevalence among MSM, social science research on the contexts of HIV transmission among MSM, and appropriate HIV prevention and care strategies. MSM should be closely involved in the design of policies and programmes. Supportive programme development should include dedicated financial and human resources, appropriate guidelines, and improved access to and coverage of HIV prevention, treatment and care services for MSM.
Spanish Abstract: Aunque en Sud�frica la epidemia del VIH entre hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres (HSH) precedi� por varios a�os al inicio de la epidemia generalizada del VIH, las pol�ticas y los programas actuales se centran en la transmisi�n heterosexual y la transmisi�n materno-infantil. Usamos una adaptaci�n del Mecanismo Nacional de Armonizaci�n y Concordancia (CHAT), creado por ONUSIDA, con el fin de determinar si las pol�ticas y los programas de VIH en Sud�frica satisfacen las necesidades de los HSH. Se abarc� el mapeo de los factores de riesgo clave y la epidemiolog�a del VIH entre HSH; la participaci�n de los HSH en respuesta al VIH; y un ambiente propicio para la prestaci�n de servicios, financiamiento y recursos humanos. Encontramos que las pol�ticas y los programas vigentes no son receptivos a las necesidades de los HSH y que falta informaci�n epidemiol�gica, pese a la pol�tica de HSH del Plan Estrat�gico Nacional. Recomendamos que el gobierno inicie vigilancia centinela para determinar la prevalencia de VIH entre HSH, investigaci�n en ciencias sociales sobre el contexto de la transmisi�n del VIH entre HSH, y estrategias adecuadas para la prevenci�n y el tratamiento del VIH. Los HSH deben participar estrechamente en la formulaci�n de pol�ticas y programas. El desarrollo de programas de apoyo debe incluir recursos financieros y humanos dedicados, directrices apropiadas y mejor acceso a los servicios de prevenci�n, tratamiento y atenci�n del VIH entre HSH, as� como mejor cobertura de estos.
French Abstract: M�me si en Afrique du Sud, l'�pid�mie de VIH chez les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes (HSH) a pr�c�d� de plusieurs ann�es le d�but de l'�pid�mie g�n�ralis�e, les politiques et programmes actuels sont focalis�s sur la transmission h�t�rosexuelle et m�re-enfant. Nous avons adapt� l'outil d'harmonisation et d'alignement national (CHAT) de l'ONUSIDA pour �valuer si les politiques et programmes sud-africains r�pondent aux besoins des HSH. Nous avons pour cela examin� les principaux facteurs de risque et l'�pid�miologie du VIH chez les HSH ; la participation des HSH � la riposte au VIH ; et l'environnement propice pour la prestation des services, le financement et les ressources humaines. Nous avons d�couvert que les politiques et programmes ne satisfont pas les besoins des HSH et que l'information �pid�miologique fait d�faut, en d�pit de la politique sur les HSH dans le Plan strat�gique national. Nous recommandons au Gouvernement commence une surveillance sentinelle afin d'�valuer la pr�valence du VIH chez les HSH, une recherche en sciences sociales sur les contextes de la transmission du VIH chez les HSH et des strat�gies adapt�es de pr�vention et de soins du VIH. Les HSH doivent �tre �troitement associ�s � la conception des politiques et des programmes. La d�finition de programmes positifs devrait inclure des ressources humaines et financi�res d�di�es, des directives appropri�es et une couverture �tendue de la pr�vention, du traitement et des soins, ainsi qu'un acc�s �largi des HSH � ces services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMICS | HEALTH POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342022

25.

Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil.
Author: Rocha C
Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66.
Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Fam�lia and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisi��o de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development
Document Number: 341094

26.

Title: Willingness to be circumcised for preventing HIV among Chinese men who have sex with men.
Author: Ruan Y; Qian HZ; Li D; Shi W; Li Q; Liang H; Yang Y; Luo F; Vermund SH; Shao Y
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 May;23(5):315-21.
Abstract: Male circumcision can reduce the risk of HIV acquisition among heterosexual men, but its effectiveness is uncertain in men who have sex with men (MSM). Additionally, its acceptability among Chinese men is unknown given a lack of history and cultural norms endorsing neonatal and adult circumcision. This study evaluated the willingness to participate in a clinical trial of circumcision among 328 Chinese MSM. Some 11.6% respondents reported having been circumcised, most of them due to a tight foreskin. Of 284 uncircumcised MSM, 16.9% said they were absolutely willing to participate, 26.4% were probably, 28.9% were probably not, and 27.8% were absolutely not; 81% said male circumcision would help maintain genital hygiene. The major motivators for willingness to participate included contribution to AIDS scientific research and getting free medical service. Men also had concerns about ineffectiveness of circumcision in reducing HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risks and side effects of the surgery. Those who did not have a Beijing resident card (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.38), did not find sexual partners through the Internet (AOR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.21-3.75), and were not concerned about the effectiveness of circumcision (AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.34-4.19) were more likely to be willing to participate in a trial. The study suggests that circumcision is uncommon among Chinese MSM. Considerable community education will be needed in circumcision advocacy among MSM in China. A clinical trial for efficacy among MSM should be considered.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV PREVENTION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | PREVALENCE | PERCEPTION | INTERVIEWS | PARTICIPATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Psychological Factors | Data Collection | Social Behavior
Document Number: 342179

27.

Title: Are oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female recreational skiers?
Author: Ruedl G; Ploner P; Linortner I; Schranz A; Fink C; Sommersacher R; Pocecco E; Nachbauer W; Burtscher M
Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2009 Mar 31;
Abstract: Oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase are suggested to influence the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. However, only few data are available for recreational sports. Therefore, female recreational skiers with a non-contact ACL injury and age-matched controls completed a self-reported questionnaire relating to menstrual history, oral contraceptive use and previous knee injuries. Menstrual history data were used to group subjects into either preovulatory or postovulatory phases of menstrual cycle. Our findings suggest that oral contraceptive use did not show any protective effect against ACL injuries nor did self-reported previous knee injuries show any association with ACL injury rate in recreational alpine skiing. Analysis of menstrual history data revealed that recreational skiers in the preovulatory phase were significantly more likely to sustain an ACL injury than were skiers in the postovulatory phase.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | LEISURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Measurement
Document Number: 330925

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Willingness to participate in preventive HIV vaccine trials in a community-based cohort in south western Uganda.
Author: Ruzagira E; Wandiembe S; Bufumbo L; Levin J; Price MA; Grosskurth H; Kamali A
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Feb;14(2):196-203.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess willingness to participate in HIV vaccine trials and possible barriers to participation. METHODS: Questionnaire survey of participants completing a 2-year community-based HIV Vaccine Preparedness Study, followed by cross sectional analysis of data. RESULTS: 95% of participants were willing to participate in a trial with similar attributes to the Vaccine Preparedness Study. Certain hypothetical trial attributes significantly reduced willingness to participate: The requirement to delay pregnancy (for females) had the largest effect, reducing willingness to participate from 97% to 23% (P < 0.0001). Larger blood draws had the second largest effect: 95-55% (P < 0.0001). The possibility of receiving either candidate vaccine or placebo had the third largest effect: 95-73% (P < 0.0001). Monthly study visits had the fourth largest effect: 95-92% (P < 0.0001). Trial duration longer than 2 years had the least effect: 95-93% (P = 0.0025). Combined attributes reduced willingness to participate from 95% to 43% (McNemar's chi(2) = 521.00; P < 0.0001) overall and 97-11% (McNemar's chi(2) = 531.00; P < 0.0001) for female participants. Physical harm concerns (adjusted OR = 34.9; 95% CI, 10.4-118) and a low risk behaviour index (adjusted OR = 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.73) were associated with unwillingness to participate. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high level of willingness to participate in HIV vaccine trials in this population. However, certain HIV vaccine trial requirements were associated with reduced willingness to participate. Community as well as individual concerns will have to be carefully addressed in planned HIV vaccine trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | HIV | VACCINES | CLINICAL TRIALS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Clinical Research | Social Behavior | Behavior | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341029

29.

Title: Women and contraception in research: a pilot study.
Author: Schonfeld TL; Amoura NJ; Stoner JA; Gordon BG
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Apr;18(4):507-12.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no data on women's willingness to participate in clinical trials as a function of real or perceived reproductive risk. Further, it is unknown whether the requirement for contraception or the common practice of limiting women's contraceptive choices influences their willingness to participate in research. The uncertainty about women's preferences on these matters remains a barrier for recruiting women to and retaining women as subjects in clinical trials. METHODS: We developed a pilot study to determine women's willingness to participate in research with contraceptive requirements by looking at the three most common types of reversible contraceptives: hormonal contraception, barrier contraception, and intrauterine contraception. This study tested the hypotheses that restrictions on contraceptive choice impact women's willingness to participate in research and that the impact of contraceptive choice differs depending on women's perception of risk. RESULTS: Women's willingness to participate in the proposed study decreased overall as reproductive risk increased. In addition, requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in the research studies in our survey. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in research. If confirmed in a larger sample, the negative effect of contraceptive limitations on women's willingness to participate in research would be of importance to clinical investigators and to institutional review boards (IRBs), as most adult biomedical research has as an explicit goal the equitable recruitment of women of childbearing potential.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | SELF-PERCEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Evaluation | Social Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 330975

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Planning for Posttrial Access to Antiretroviral Treatment for Research Participants in Developing Countries.
Author: Shah S; Elmer S; Grady C
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of posttrial access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the implementation process has not been studied. We examined whether National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidance was being implemented in NIH-funded ART trials conducted in developing countries between July 2005 and June 2007. All of the 18 studies we identified had posttrial access plans for trial participants. More than 70% had specific mechanisms for posttrial access, but none guaranteed long-term sponsor funding after the trials. The plans reflected variation in local contexts and the uncertainty of predicting local conditions in the long term. The strength of the NIH guidance may be that it encourages investigators to formulate plans in advance and to work with other stakeholders to provide access to ART.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | TREATMENT | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342040


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