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2.
Title: Incidence and diagnoses of HIV infection - Puerto Rico, 2006.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Jun 5;58(21):589-91.
Abstract: In 2006, 33 U.S. states and five territories had confidential, name-based, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reporting; among territories, Puerto Rico had the second highest rate of HIV infection. To characterize the HIV epidemic in Puerto Rico in 2006 (the year with the most recent available data), the Puerto Rico Department of Health and CDC analyzed data on diagnoses of HIV infection (including infections that occurred in 2006 and in previous years) and used a stratified extrapolation approach developed by CDC to generate HIV incidence estimates (the number of persons newly infected with HIV in 2006). The results indicated that, in 2006, an estimated 1,440 persons aged >or=13 years were newly infected with HIV in Puerto Rico, resulting in an estimated incidence rate of 45.0 cases per 100,000 population, twice the rate for the 50 U.S. states and District of Columbia (DC). Males accounted for 65% of new HIV infections in Puerto Rico, and 38% of new HIV infections occurred among persons aged 30-39 years; 39% of new infections were associated with injection-drug use, and 37% with high-risk heterosexual contact. The results provide insight into HIV transmission patterns in Puerto Rico that can help guide allocation of resources and the planning, implementation, and evaluation of HIV prevention programs and other services.
Language: English
Keywords:
PUERTO RICO | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | MEN | HISPANICS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341589

Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual behavior among male college students of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R; Tamang J
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul;9(241):1-9.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of male college students in Kathmandu was conducted between April and May 2006. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 573 male students. Association between premarital sex and the explanatory variables was assessed. Despite the religious and cultural restrictions, about two-fifths of survey respondents (39%) reported that they had had premarital sex. The study also showed that substantial proportions of students indulge in sexual activities as well as risky sexual behavior. Sex with commercial sex workers and multiple sex partners, and inconsistent use of condoms with non-regular partners were common among the students. Less than two in five male students (57%) had used condoms at first sexual intercourse. Students aged 20 and above were more likely to have had premarital sex compared with younger students ages 15-19. Students who believe in Hindu religion were more than two times more likely to have premarital sex compared with those who follow other religions. Participants who had close unmarried friends who experienced premarital sexual intercourse were eight times more likely to be sexually active than those who did not have such sexually active friends. School- or college-based sexuality education could benefit out-of-school youths as well, because their partners often are students.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | MEN | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 339893

Peer Reviewed

Title: Biological Validation of Self-Reported Condom Use Among Sex Workers in Guinea.
Author: Aho J; Koushik A; Diakite SL; Loua KM; Nguyen VK; Rashed S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 13;
Abstract: Self-reported condom use may be prone to social desirability bias. Our aim was to assess the validity of self-reported condom use in a population of female sex workers using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a gold standard biomarker of recent unprotected vaginal intercourse. We collected data on 223 sex-workers in Conakry, Guinea in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported condom use as well as to examine the predictors of discordance between self-report and PSA presence. PSA was detected in 38.4% of samples. Sensitivity of self-reported condom use was 14.6% and its specificity was 94.7%. Self-perceived high risk of HIV infection was the only significant independent predictor of misreported condom use. PSA could be useful to validate self-reported condom use in surveys and to allow a better understanding of factors associated with social desirability in sexual behaviour reporting.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | BIAS | DATA REPORTING | VALIDITY | VAGINA | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement | Data Collection | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342486

Peer Reviewed

Title: Preventing transfusion-transmitted HIV infection in Latin America and the Caribbean: issues associated with blood donor interviews and sex between men.
Author: Alonso M; Mazin R; Md RM; Cruz JR
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S67-72.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Blood-borne transmission is the most efficient route for acquiring HIV infection, particularly through transfusion. Availability of noninfectious blood units for hemotherapy is a necessary condition for efficient functioning of health services. They have the obligation to ensure that the blood supply is safe, which includes interviewing potential donors to ascertain whether they might be at risk of being HIV infected. The interview procedures demand that blood services staff inquire potential blood donors about sexual practices associated to HIV transmission. Assumptions and misconceptions may unnecessary exclude adequate donors. METHODS: Review of published and unpublished country reports in Latin America regarding blood safety and deferral criteria related to same sexual behavior among males. RESULTS: An analysis of criteria for deferral of potential blood donors shows inconsistencies that may impact the necessary safe blood supply. CONCLUSIONS: The blood donor deferral criteria should be revised according to relevant epidemiological evidence and social legitimacy. Personnel in blood banks and hemotherapy services should be educated to conduct appropriate interviews for accepting or deferring potential donors. Potential donors and the public should be knowledgeable for them to understand the reasons why some individuals may be deferred. Health authorities should work to reduce the stigma associated with HIV, prioritize building strong and meaningful partnerships with civil society, and engage diverse sectors in the national AIDS response.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | BLOOD DONORS | SAFETY | STIGMA | HOMOSEXUALS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | Americas | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment
Document Number: 341318

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors: a population-based study in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2007] Prevalencia e fatores associados a violencia entre parceiros intimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007.
Author: Anacleto AJ; Njaine K; Longo GZ; Boing AF; Peres KG
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):800-808.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A population-based household study included 20-59-year-old women (n = 1,042) living in the urban area. The Conflict Tactics Scales - Form R was used to investigate verbal aggression, minor physical violence, and severe physical violence. A questionnaire covering socioeconomic and demographic variables was applied. Pearson qui-square and linear trend test were used to test associations. Prevalence rates for verbal aggression and minor and severe physical abuse within couples were 79.0%, 14.9%, and 9.3%, respectively. Couples under 30 years of age, with per capita income less than half the minimum wage (approximately U$90/month), and in households with more than two family members per bedroom were more likely to report all types of violence as compared to older couples, those with better incomes, and those living with less crowding, respectively. Preventive programs and qualitative studies could be effective strategies to shed further light on intimate partner violence.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN POPULATION | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341868

10.

Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

11.

Title: Human papillomavirus typing and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in female sex workers with a negative cervical smear result.
Author: Arioz DT; Altindis M; Tokyol C; Kalayci R; Saylan A; Yilmazer M
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 20;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in female sex workers with a negative cervical smear result, and to determine the effectiveness of using sIL-2R levels to screen for high-risk strains of HPV. METHOD: A negative cervical smear result and a blood sample were obtained from 68 women: 43 female sex workers and 25 women acting as controls. HPV DNA genotyping was performed and sIL-2R levels were assessed. RESULTS: Female sex workers had significantly higher sIL-2R levels than women in the control group (318.37+/-239.7 vs 114.4+/-56.5 U/mL, respectively P<0.001). In addition, female sex workers with high-risk strains of HPV had significantly higher sIL-2R levels than those who did not have high-risk strains of HPV (736.7+/-251.5 vs 250.5+/-156.1 U/mL, respectively; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: High sIL-2R levels may be useful in screening for high-risk strains of HPV in female sex workers who have a negative cervical smear result.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | SEX WORKERS | HPV | CERVICAL CANCER | RISK FACTORS | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | SCREENING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Health | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341451

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic.
Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044.
Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331004

13.

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) prevalence, clinical correlates and high incidence among recently HIV-1-infected subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Author: Batista MD; Ferreira S; Sauer MM; Tomiyama H; Giret MT; Pannuti CS; Diaz RS; Sabino EC; Kallas EG
Source: PloS One. 2009;4(5):e5613.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent for Kaposi Sarcoma, which occurs especially in HIV-infected subjects. HHV-8 infection and its clinical correlates have not been well characterized in recently HIV-1-infected subjects, especially men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We assessed the HHV-8 seroprevalence, clinical correlates, and incidence after one year of follow-up in a cohort of 228 recently HIV-1-infected individuals, of whom 83.6% were MSM, using indirect immunofluorescence assay. The prevalence of HHV-8 infection at the time of cohort enrollment was 25.9% (59/228). In the univariate model, there were significant associations with male gender, black ethnicity, MSM practice, and previous hepatitis B virus and syphilis infections. In the multivariate model we could still demonstrate association with MSM, hepatitis B, and black ethnicity. No differences in mean CD4+ cell counts or HIV viral load according to HHV-8 status were found. In terms of incidence, there were 23/127 (18.1%) seroconversions in the cohort after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: HHV-8 is highly prevalent among recently HIV-1-infected subjects. Correlations with other sexually transmitted infections suggest common transmission routes.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SEROCONVERSION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342160

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Can sex workers regulate police? Learning from an HIV prevention project for sex workers in southern India.
Author: Biradavolu MR; Burris S; George A; Jena A; Blankenship KM
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(8):1541-7.
Abstract: There is an argument that policing practices exacerbate HIV risk, particularly for female sex workers. Interventions that mobilize sex workers to seek changes in laws and law enforcement practices have been prominent in India and have received considerable scholarly attention. Yet, there are few studies on the strategies sex worker advocates use to modify police behavior or the struggles they face in challenging state institutions. This paper draws upon contemporary theories of governance and non-state regulation to analyze the evolving strategies of an HIV prevention non-governmental organization (NGO) and female sex worker community-based organizations (CBOs) to reform police practices in southern India. Using detailed ethnographic observations of NGO and CBO activities over a two year period, and key informant interviews with various actors in the sex trade, this paper shows how a powerless group of marginalized and stigmatized women were able to leverage the combined forces of community empowerment, collective action and network-based governance to regulate a powerful state actor, and considers the impact of the advocacy strategies on sex worker well-being.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | POLICE | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | ADVOCACY | POWER | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341691

16.

Title: The association of serotonin transporter genotypes and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual side effects: possible relationship to oral contraceptives.
Author: Bishop JR; Ellingrod VL; Akroush M; Moline J
Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2009 Apr;24(3):207-15.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between functional variants in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual dysfunction. METHODS: One hundred fifteen subjects aged 18-40 years and currently being treated with an SSRI for depression were assessed for clinical variables known to affect sexual well-being. SSRI-associated sexual difficulties were assessed with the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). Subjects were subsequently genotyped for the SLC6A4 promoter region (5HTTLPR) insertion/deletion variant and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the second intron. RESULTS: The 5HTTLPR insertion/deletion variant was associated with sexual dysfunction in this study sample [odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 6.4; p = 0.02]. The relationship between promoter genotypes and sexual well-being differed in males and females and was related to whether females were taking an oral contraceptive (OC) medication. Females with the ll genotype were nearly eight times more likely to be categorized as having sexual dysfunction if they were taking OCs, while no relationship was observed in those not taking OCs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a functional variant in the serotonin transporter gene is associated with sexual difficulties in persons taking an SSRI for depression. This relationship may differ by sex and be dependent on OC status in females.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | DEPRESSION | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SEROTONIN | SIDE EFFECTS | DECREASED LIBIDO | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 341959

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion.
Author: Blanco-Munoz J; Torres-Sanchez L; Lopez-Carrillo L
Source: Public Health Reports. 2009 Mar-Apr;124(2):317-22.
Abstract: Conclusive evidence shows that maternal tobacco consumption increases the risk of infertility, subfertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, low birthweight, and stillbirth. Nevertheless, evidence with respect to the risk of spontaneous abortion (SA) (i.e., miscarriage) is inconsistent. In a case-control study, Kline et al. identified an increase in miscarriages in women who were smokers. In Canadian women, Armstrong et al. found a 20% increase in the risk of SA for every 10 cigarettes consumed daily. Other authors have also shown a positive association between cotinine levels in urine and SA. On the other hand, in Rasch's study, after adjusting for other risk factors, women who smoked 10 to 19 cigarettes and 20 or more cigarettes per day did not have significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for having SAs. The role of paternal tobacco exposure in adverse reproductive effects has been scarcely evaluated. Some reports in the literature assert that tobacco consumption in men is associated with morphological alterations in sperm, a decrease in sperm density and motility, and a reduction in semen volume,11 which could have implications for male fertility and embryo viability. However, the scarce studies that to date have evaluated the association between exposure to paternal tobacco and SA are also contradictory. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | COUPLES | ABORTION RATE | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases
Document Number: 331257

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of sexual intercourse on the absorption of levonorgestrel after vaginal administration of 0.75 mg in Carraguard gel: a randomized, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study.
Author: Brache V; Croxatto H; Kumar N; Sitruk-Ware R; Cochon L; Schiappacasse V; Sivin I; Munoz C; Maguire R; Faundes A
Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):150-4.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Population Council studied a pre-coital contraceptive microbicide vaginal product containing levonorgestrel (LNG) as active component and Carraguard gel as a vehicle (Carra/LNG gel) for couples who engage in occasional unplanned intercourse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sexual intercourse after vaginal application of Carra/LNG gel on serum levels of LNG in women and to assess LNG absorption by the male partner. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study including an abstinence arm and an arm in which couples engaged in sexual intercourse between 2 and 4 h after gel application. In each study arm, each woman received a single application of Carra/LNG gel (0.75 mg in 4 mL gel) followed by serial blood samples taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after gel application for LNG measurements. In the intercourse arm, LNG was measured in blood samples taken from the male partner before intercourse and at 4, 8 and 24 h after gel application in the female partner. RESULTS: Time concentration curves for serum LNG levels showed a mean C(max) of 7.8+/-5.5 and 8.3+/-5.7 nmol/L, a mean T(max) of 6.2+/-5.9 and 7.5+/-5.7, and comparable area under the curve for the intercourse and abstinence arm, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters presented large variability between subjects, but excellent reproducibility within each subject. LNG was undetectable in 10 out of 12 male partners. CONCLUSION: Sexual intercourse does not appear to interfere with vaginal absorption of LNG after application of a Carra/LNG gel. A vaginal pre-coital contraceptive gel is feasible.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PHYSIOLOGY | LEVONORGESTREL | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproduction | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331015

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Infidelity, Trust, and Condom Use Among Latino Youth in Dating Relationships.
Author: Brady SS; Tschann JM; Ellen JM; Flores E
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):227-231.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Latino youth in the United States are at greater risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in comparison with non-Hispanic white youth. METHODS:: Sexually active heterosexual Latino youth aged 16 to 22 years (N = 647) were recruited for interviews through a large health maintenance organization or community clinics. RESULTS:: Adjusting for gender, age, ethnic heritage, and recruitment method, woman's consistent use of hormonal contraceptives, ambivalence about avoiding pregnancy, longer length of sexual relationship, and greater overall trust in main partner were independently associated with inconsistent condom use and engagement in a greater number of sexual intercourse acts that were unprotected by condom use. Perception that one's main partner had potentially been unfaithful, but not one's own sexual concurrency, was associated with consistent condom use and fewer acts of unprotected sexual intercourse. Sexually concurrent youth who engaged in inconsistent condomuse with other partners were more likely to engage in inconsistent condom use and a greater number of unprotected sexual intercourse acts with main partners. CONCLUSIONS:: Increasing attachment between youth may be a risk factor for the transmission of STIs via normative declines in condom use. Perception that one's partner has potentially been unfaithful may result in greater condom use. However, many Latino adolescents and young adults who engage in sexual concurrency may not take adequate steps to protect their partners from contracting STIs. Some youth may be more focused on the emotional and social repercussions of potentially revealing infidelity by advocating condom use than the physical repercussions of unsafe sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | WHITES | YOUTH | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 330495

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis.
Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42.
Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior
Document Number: 340114

21.

Title: Preventing student pregnancy in Guinea�s Forest Region.
Author: Castle S
Source: Washington, D.C., CORE Group, [2009]. 8 p.
Abstract: Plan International implemented the Forest Region Sustainable Community-Based Reproductive and Sexual Health Project, a 3.5-year intervention to increase knowledge and use of family planning in five prefectures of Guinea's forest region. In partnership with the Association Guinenne pour le Bien-Etre Familiale (AGBEF), Plan International used a community-based approach that included recruiting and training nearly 800 community-based services agents to offer information, some modern methods, and referrals to women, men, and couples in the project zone. From the outset, the Forest Region Project also took a strong interest in the sexual health and FP needs of young people, knowing that early sexual activity combined with low FP use commonly led to unwanted pregnancy and school abandonment and/or unsafe abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | STUDENTS | SUGAR DADDIES | PEER EDUCATORS | TEACHERS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 330603

22.

Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong
Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC
Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110.
Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 328410

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Understanding the context of male and transgender sex work using peer ethnography.
Author: Collumbien M; Quereshi AA; Mayhew SH; Rizvi N; Rabbani A; Rolfe B; Verma RK; Rehman H; Naveed-i-Rahat
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii3-ii7.
Abstract: Objectives: To distinguish between three distinct groups of male and transgender sex workers in Pakistan and to demonstrate how members of these stigmatised groups need to be engaged in the research process to go beyond stated norms of behaviour. Methods: A peer ethnography study was undertaken in a major city in Pakistan. 15 male and 15 transgender sex workers were trained as peer researchers to each interview three peers in their network. Analysis was based on interviews with peer researchers as well as observation of dynamics during training and analysis workshops. Results: The research process revealed that, within the epidemiological category of biological males who sell sex, there are three sociologically different sexual identities: khusras (transgender), khotkis (feminised males) and banthas (mainstream male identity). Both khusras and khotkis are organised in strong social structures based on a shared identity. While these networks provide emotional and material support, they also come with rigid group norms based on expected "feminine" behaviours. In everyday reality, sex workers showed fluidity in both behaviour and identity according to the situational context, transgressing both wider societal and group norms. The informal observational component in peer ethnography was crucial for the accurate interpretation of interview data. Participant accounts of behaviour and relationships are shaped by the research contexts including who interviews them, at what stage of familiarity and who may overhear the conversation. Conclusions: To avoid imposing a "false clarity" on categorisation of identity and assumed behaviour, it is necessary to go beyond verbal accounts to document the fluidity of everyday reality.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | PEER GROUPS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | STIGMA | WORKSHOPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Social Problems | Education | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 340119

24.

Title: Recent heterosexual partnerships and patterns of condom use: a weighted analysis.
Author: Copas AJ; Mercer CH; Farewell VT; Nanchahal K; Johnson AM
Source: Epidemiology. 2009 Jan;20(1):44-51.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In epidemiologic studies of sexual partnerships, characteristics are often collected in part through detailed questions concerning recent partnerships. These data present challenges for analysis. First, although research interest generally lies in all partnerships in a certain time period, participants may be asked to provide detailed information only concerning their most recent, up to a fixed number. As more recent partnerships may differ from others, a simple analysis of these data may lead to bias. Second, the total number of partnerships for a study participant may be informative, so the analyst must choose between inference for the population of partnerships or for a typical partnership from the population of individuals. Third, data may be more fully recorded for study participants than their partners, and not all partners may be eligible to participate. METHODS: We propose weighting to deal with these challenges. Weighting provides a sensitivity analysis for the possible selection bias due to incomplete reporting. We analyze heterosexual condom use in Britain, using data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 2000. RESULTS: The sensitivity of estimates to possible selection bias is low. We find that the choice of population for inference is important for prevalence estimates, but has relatively little impact on measures of association. By defining within-participant partnership predictors we demonstrate how participants vary their condom use. We establish that, at least for male participants, shorter partnership duration is linked to a higher probability of condom use at last sex but lower probability at first sex. CONCLUSION: We recommend a weighted analysis approach to recent partnership data, which can be simply implemented in standard survey analysis software. In other surveys the sensitivity of estimates to possible selection bias may be substantial and this will need to be assessed in each case.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ATTITUDES | LIFE STYLE | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 341365

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with low early uptake of a national program to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT): results of a survey of mothers and providers, Botswana, 2003.
Author: Creek T; Ntumy R; Mazhani L; Moore J; Smith M; Han G; Shaffer N; Kilmarx PH
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):356-364.
Abstract: In Francistown, Botswana, approximately 40% of pregnant women are HIV positive. PMTCT has been available since 1999, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy since 2001, and 95% of women have antenatal care (ANC) and deliver in hospital. However, in 2002, only 33% of ANC clients were tested for HIV, and not all women with HIV received services. In 2003, we conducted a survey of 504 pregnant and postpartum women to explore reasons for poor program uptake, and interviewed 82 health providers about PMTCT. Most women (95%) believed that all pregnant women should be tested for HIV. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with having an HIV test included being interviewed at an urban site, having a high PMTCT knowledge score, knowing someone receiving PMTCT or ARV therapy, and having a partner who had been tested for HIV. Neither fear of stigma nor resistance from partners were frequent reasons for refusing an HIV test. Providers of HIV services reported discomfort with their knowledge and skills, and 84% believed HIV testing should be routine. Ensuring adequate knowledge about HIV and PMTCT, creating systems whereby HIV-positive women receiving care can educate and support other women, and making HIV testing routine for pregnant women may improve the uptake of HIV testing.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ANTENATAL CARE | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TESTING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Puerperium | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 340126

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk status of HIV-1 infection in the very low epidemic country, Mongolia, 2007.
Author: Davaalkham J; Unenchimeg P; Baigalmaa Ch; Oyunbileg B; Tsuchiya K; Hachiya A; Gatanaga H; Nyamkhuu D; Oka S
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jun;20(6):391-4.
Abstract: Thirty-six HIV-1 cases had been reported by December 2007 in Mongolia. Therefore, Mongolia has been regarded as a very low HIV-1 epidemic country, although the surveillance system is not fully developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk status of HIV-1 infection in Mongolia. A total of 1415 blood samples from high-risk populations including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, mobile men, tuberculosis patients and male sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic clients and 1050 samples from healthy controls were collected. The seroprevalences of anti-HIV-1/2, anti-Treponema pallidum, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antibody in the high-risk populations were 0%, 23.1%, 15.5%, 8.0% and 48.2%, and those in the controls were 0%, 3.1%, 14.7%, 4.4% and 44.4%, respectively. HIV-1 prevalence is currently low. However, according to the high prevalence of STIs in the high-risk populations, the risk status for HIV-1 infection is estimated to be high.
Language: English
Keywords:
MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MIGRANT WORKERS | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEPATITIS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Viral Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 342444

28.

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ethical Considerations in HIV/AIDS Biobehavioral Surveys That Use Respondent-Driven Sampling: Illustrations From Lebanon.
Author: Dejong J; Mahfoud Z; Khoury D; Barbir F; Afifi RA
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: Respondent-driven sampling is especially useful for reaching hidden populations and is increasingly used internationally in public health research, particularly on HIV. Respondent-driven sampling involves peer recruitment and has a dual-incentive structure: both recruiters and their peer recruits are paid. Recent literature focusing on the ethical dimensions of this method in the US context has identified integral safeguards that protect against ethical violations. We analyzed a study of 3 groups in Lebanon who are at risk for HIV (injection drug users, men who have sex with men, female sex workers) and the ethical issues that arose. More explicit attention should be given to ethical issues involved in research implementing respondent-driven sampling of at-risk populations in developing countries, where ethical review mechanisms may be weak.
Language: English
Keywords:
LEBANON | SUMMARY REPORT | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | RESPONDENTS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342038

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Mobilizing men as partners: the results of an intervention to increase dual protection among Nigerian men.
Author: Exner TM; Mantell JE; Adeokun LA; Udoh IA; Ladipo OA; Delano GE; Faleye J; Akinpelu K
Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Apr 9;
Abstract: This quasi-experimental, proof-of-concept study evaluated the effects of an intervention designed to help Nigerian men decrease risk for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. The intervention was delivered in groups during two 5-hour workshops, with a monthly 2-hour check-in session. A comparison condition consisted of a group-based half-day didactic workshop. Based on recruitment area, 149 men were assigned to the intervention and 132 to the comparison. Men were evaluated at baseline and 3-month post-intervention. At follow-up, men assigned to the intervention were almost four times more likely than comparison men to report condom use at last intercourse (P < 0.001) and to report fewer unprotected vaginal sex occasions, greater self-efficacy for negotiation, a more egalitarian power dynamic in their primary relationship, more positive expectations for condom use and greater intention for future consistent condom use (all P values < 0.05). Findings suggest that this intervention is both feasible and effective.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WORKSHOPS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Repr