1.  Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
2.  Title: Population and the food supply. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327695 |
| 3. Title: Food and population: The return of Malthus? Commentary. Author: Bongaarts J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jul 11. [2] p. Abstract: This commentary sparked by the recent sharp rise in global food prices touches on 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | NEOMALTHUSIANISM | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327694 |
| 4. Title: The case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal: A culture-centered rejoinder. Author: Dutta MJ; Basnyat I Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):459-460. Abstract: The authors set out to examine the claim made that the Radio Communication Project in Nepal provided a participatory platform for community members and demonstrated using the culture-centered approach that so-called participatory health education efforts, such as the Radio Communication Project, are not too different from the top-down models of health education in the realm of opportunities of democratic participation of communities. The culture-centered approach interrogates the logic of "success" as defined within the realm of effectiveness of health education programs, and it suggests that we seek out alternative paradigms for constituting and evaluating health education efforts. The goals of the culture-centered approach are to examine the ways in which health education and promotion efforts respond to the needs of the community and the extent to which community members' voices are present within the discursive space; the key element here is the identification of community needs as articulated by the members of the community through the active participation of community members in dialogical platforms where they have opportunities to voice their concerns. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 308270 |
| 5. Title: Population growth and its spatial distribution as factors in the deforestation of Nang Rong, Thailand. Author: Entwisle B; Rindfuss RR; Walsh SJ; Page PH Source: Geoforum. 2008 Mar;39(2):879-897. Abstract: Frontiers constitute a major source of global land cover change hot spots, with forests and grasslands being converted into agricultural uses. As such, frontiers provide an opportunity to see how people manipulate the land and their lives in the context of social, cultural and environmental constraints. This paper examines frontier settlement and land cover change in Nang Rong district, Northeast Thailand for the last half century. It uses a Cellular Automata (CA) model to explore the land cover consequences of alternative patterns of settlement in a setting where people establish dwelling units in nucleated villages and work agricultural plots that surround villages. Forested land around the center of a village is converted into agricultural uses in an inverse relationship to the distance from the village center, but frequently modified by biophysical conditions. Land at the center of the village may be reforested after the village is established as a source of shade as well as fruit and other products. Model variation in land cover change is more sensitive to the spatial reach of village households than their temporal reach, suggesting the important role that technology plays in how villagers travel to their Welds (walking versus motorized transit). (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEFORESTATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FORESTS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Migration Document Number: 325391 |
| 6. Title: From being property of men to becoming equal owners? Early impacts of land registration and certification on women in southern Ethiopia. Revised. Author: Holden S; Tefera T Source: [Oslo], Norway, Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority, Centre for Property Rights and Development, 2008 Jan 2. 94 p. Final research report prepared for UNHABITAT, Shelter Branch, Land Tenure and Property Administration Section. Abstract: Land reforms are again high on the international policy agenda as can be seen from the establishment of the Commission for Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the increasing number of land reform programs funded by the World Bank in recent years and the establishment of the Global Network for Pro Poor Land Tools (GLTN). Among these tools are land registration and certification, wherein husbands and wives are given joint titles to their land. Land certification has been implemented in Ethiopia since 1998 and over 5 million certificates have been delivered. This is the largest delivery of non-freehold rights in such a short time period in Sub Saharan Africa. The new federal and regional land proclamations that form the basis for this land reform, aim to increase tenure security and strengthen women's rights to land as to ensure more sustainable use of land resources. This particular study in the Oromiya region (OR) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia, aims to assess the early impacts of land registration and certification that has been implemented there since 2004. Special emphasis is placed on the impacts of the reform on women, including the impacts of joint certification for husbands and wives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | LAND TENURE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | AGRARIAN REFORM | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Political Factors | Policy | Rural Development Document Number: 325492 |
| 7. Title: Towards endogenous livestock development: Borana pastoralists’ responses to environmental and institutional changes. Author: Homann S; Rischkowsky B; Steinbach J; Kirk M; Mathias E Source: Human Ecology. 2008;36:503-520. Abstract: Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia are faced with the challenge of developing more efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. In past decades poorly adapted development interventions and inadequate land-use policies aggravated by population growth have weakened pastoral rangeland management. Ignoring pastoralists' technical and organizational capacities has contributed to progressive land degradation, the erosion of social structures and poverty. The Endogenous Livestock Development concept recognises pastoralists' indigenous knowledgebased strategies and priorities, and uses them as the bases for further development of their production system and social relations, to be utilized, improved and combined with modern technologies. This paper explores the Borana pastoralists' adaptive strategies for improved utilization of natural resources and the manner in which they respond to environmental risk and external influences such as water development and new formal administration. The adaptive responses include controlled integration of crop production and protection of grazing reserves, as well as changing cattle breeding priorities and the adoption of camel husbandry. The pastoralists have started negotiations with the administration to regain control of land utilization by strengthening directives for settlements, land use pattern and extraction rates. To support these initiatives the study recommends that pastoralists and other stakeholders enter into an institutionalized process of negotiation that builds on indigenous knowledge and organizational structures and facilitates validation and implementation of newly generated knowledge. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development | Environment | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329133 |
| 8. Title: Community participation, cultural discourse, and health education projects in developing areas: the case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal. Author: Linn JG Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):455-458. Abstract: Early entertainment-education programs based on the diffusion of innovation model were relatively unconcerned with community participation. New information and technology in health and agriculture was communicated from one group of elites to another. The indigenous or local elites were the targets for these programs because it was assumed that their education, socioeconomic status, and other resources made them innovators. When a new concept or product from an industrialized donor was transferred to them, they quickly implemented it. Furthermore, it was believed that the innovation would diffuse or "trickle down" to the lower strata of the developing nation, and ultimately everyone would benefit. As social scientists documented the limited benefits in developing societies of top-down education programs, local and international policy makers called for a more participatory approach. When fully implemented, this meant community participation in a health education project's goal formation, method of delivery, and evaluation. Dutta and Basnyat (in press) provide us with an insightful and comprehensive critique of a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) entertainmenteducation program, The Radio Communication Program (RCP) in Nepal, which has been reported to be highly participatory. Despite the contention that this family planning project was built from the "ground up" with the full participation of rural Nepalese, the authors, using a conceptually based critical approach, make a convincing case that the entertainment-education project was in reality a oneway hierarchical project primarily generated by national elites and foreign donors. This analysis is derived from the culture-centered approach to participation, which assumes that community members and health educators are equal contributors to a project, including joint participation in problem definition, goal specification, intervention development, and evaluation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 308269 |
| 9. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: AIDS and kitchen gardens: insights from a village in western Kenya. Author: Murphy LL Source: Population and Environment. 2008 May;29(3-5):133-161. Abstract: In rural Africa, indigenous farming and natural resource management systems exemplified by kitchen gardens are being reshaped by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its negative impacts (illness, stigma and mortality, and economic costs) and positive opportunities (organizational responses to the epidemic). Subtle changes in crops and farm techniques can be traced to these diverse influences of HIV+ infection, illness, mortality, widowhood, foster child care, and AIDS support groups, as well as the organizations, ideas, and flow of funding from outside. These findings draw on original field data: a village census, in-depth interviews with gardeners, and group discussions in a village in Bungoma District (in 2005 and 2007). This part of western Kenya is a typical small-farm zone that has faced a moderate HIV/AIDS epidemic since the 1990s, following decades of demographic, environmental, technological, and institutional changes. Implications of this case study for further research on HIV/AIDS and on micro-level population-environment change suggest that households are useful but imperfect analytical units and are best seen as part of complex social networks, shaping connections to markets. These important "mediating institutions" link AIDS as a demographic and economic force with environmental outcomes in cultivated landscapes. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LIVELIHOOD | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 327913 |
| 11. Title: Land use change and population growth in the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea between 1975 and 2000. Author: Ningal T; Hartemink AE; Bregt AK Source: Journal of Environmental Management. 2008 Apr;87(1):117-124. Abstract: The relation between human population growth and land use change is much debated. Here we present a case study from Papua New Guinea where the population has increased from 2.3 million in 1975 to 5.2 million in 2000. Since 85% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture, population growth affects agricultural land use. We assessed land use change in the Morobe province (33,933km/2) using topographic maps of 1975 and Landsat TM images of 1990 and 2000. Between 1975 and 2000, agricultural land use increased by 58% and population grew by 99%. Most new agricultural land was taken from primary forest and the forest area decreased from 9.8 ha person/-1 in 1975 to 4.4 ha person/-1 in 2000. Total population change and total land use change were strongly correlated. Most of the agricultural land use change occurred on Inceptisols in areas with high rainfall (greater than 2500mm year/-1) on moderate to very steep slopes (10-56%). Agricultural land use changes in logged-over areas were in the vicinity of populated places (villages), and in close proximity to road access. There was considerable variation between the districts but districts with higher population growth also had larger increases in agricultural areas. It is concluded that in the absence of improved farming systems the current trend of increased agriculture with rapid population growth is likely to continue. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | FORESTS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Developing Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324752 |
| 12. Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin. Author: Pech S; Sunada K Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224. Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327067 |
| 13. Title: Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high Peruvian Andes. Author: Postigo JC; Young KR; Crews KA Source: Human Ecology. 2008 Aug;36(4):535-551. Abstract: Pastoralists of the high Andes Mountains raise mixed herds of camelids and sheep. This study evaluates the land use of herdsmen who are confronted by both socioeconomic and climate changes in Huancavelica, central Peru. Land use/ land cover change (LULCC) was measured through satellite imagery, and pastoralists' capacity to adapt to socioenvironmental changes was evaluated through interviews and archival research. The most dynamic LULCCs between 1990 and 2000 were large increases in wetlands and a loss of permanent ice. We conclude that the people's responses to these changes will depend on availability of institutions to manage pastures, other household resources, and perceptions of these biophysical changes. Socioenvironmental change is not new in the study area, but current shifts will likely force this community to alter its rules of access to pastures, its economic rationales in regards to commodities produced, and the degree of dependence on seasonal wage labor. In this scenario, households with a greater amount of livestock will fare better in terms of assets and capital that will allow them to benefit from the increasing presence of a market economy in a landscape undergoing climate change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 327976 |
| 14. Title: The Farmer Life School: experience from an innovative approach to HIV education among farmers in South Africa. Author: Swaans K; Broerse JE; Salomon M; Mudhara M; Mweli M; Bunders JF Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Jul;5(2):52-64. Abstract: The Farmer Life School (FLS) is an innovative approach to integrating HIV education into life skills and technical training for farmers. This study aims to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of this relatively new approach, through the implementation of an adapted version in South Africa. The results are presented of a pilot with three groups of community gardeners, predominantly women, attending weekly sessions. Impact was assessed in terms of three key elements: participation, learning, and empowerment. Data were collected through extensive session reports, follow-up interviews, and reflection exercises with facilitators and participating groups and individuals. The results suggest that a group-based discovery learning approach such as the FLS has great potential to improve food security and wellbeing, while allowing participants to explore issues around HIV/AIDS. However, the analysis also shows that HIV/AIDS-related illness and death, and the factors that drive the epidemic and its impact, undermine farmers' ability to participate, the safety and trust required for learning, and the empowerment process. Participatory approaches such as the FLS require a thorough understanding of and adaptation to the context. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | GROUP PROCESSES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Rural Development | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 329229 |
| 15. Title: Social organization, population, and land use. Author: Axinn WG; Ghimire DJ Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, 2007 Jan. 39 p. (Population Studies Center Research Report No. 07-617) Abstract: We examine the population-environment relationship at the local community level by focusing on the impact of population changes on changes in land use. We construct a theoretical framework for the study of microlevel population-environment relationships that guides the appropriate specification of empirical models and emphasizes the multidimensional nature of population impacts on land use. We use newly available longitudinal measures of local land use changes, local population dynamics, and community context from the Nepalese Himalayas to provide empirical estimates of our theoretical model. This empirical investigation reveals that variations in model specification yield different substantive conclusions and that multiple dimensions of population change impact land use. Local birth rates have a large effect on local land use changes that is not explained by changes in population size or structure. This intriguing finding is consistent with the hypothesis that fertility influences household consumption patterns which in turn impact land use changes at the local level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | BIRTH RATE | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322565 |
| 16. Title: Learnings from KHOJ projects. Author: Bajpai UN Source: Health for the Millions. 2007;32(4-5):51-53. Abstract: The remote areas of the country, whether they are rural or tribal, are still deprived from the basic infrastructure and minimum needs of their livelihood despite of various efforts from the government, non-governmental organisations and the social activists. The social stigma for the women, children and the aged people have worsen due to poor medical facilities, unemployment, lack of livelihood and various other reasons including insurgencies. The school dropouts, literacy rate, infant mortality rate and status of women are worse and one has to come up with the systematic revolution within the community and make the system ensure proper utilisation of existing resources. VHAI in collaboration with EED Germany is operationalin 23 selected remote pockets of the country since 1993 and has set up a model for development in the target areas. VHAI learnt in the bargain that community health is imperative in the development of human capital, which, in turn, enhances economic growth and development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | COMMUNITY WORKERS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | INSTITUTION BUILDING | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Development | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Rural Development | Education | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 308826 |
| 17. Title: Rural populations and agrarian transformations in the global South. Author: Batterbury S Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 25 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 5) Abstract: This paper offers an overview of agrarian change and resource management in developing countries. Most of the case studies in the paper are drawn from PRIPODE, a research programme funded by the French Government from 2002-2007 that supported teams of researchers in developing countries to explore population-environment-development (PDE) interactions on a regional basis. I first identify the major themes in the literature on agrarian change (including the sub-theme of population-environment relationships), as they emerge in the case studies. I focus on three observable trends across the PRIPODE studies: diversification of livelihoods (termed productive bricolage), intensification or dis-intensification of agricultural production, and changes in the political economy of agriculture, including new conditions of production brought about by factors that are largely external to the society in question. I identify the major currents of theoretical and practical debate, before illustrating these with case study material or from other comparative work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | EMPLOYMENT | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRY | POPULATION DECREASE | FOOD SECURITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322992 |
| 18. Title: Population, land use change, and changing fortunes of migrant settler households in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Author: Bilsborrow RE; Barbieri AF; Torres-Navarrete B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 38 p. Abstract: The Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, the principal region of colonization of migrants in Ecuador since the 1970's, has been experiencing major changes in recent years, including a growing rapidly population, fragmentation of agricultural plots, changes in land use, and increased off-farm employment, all of which are affecting farm household incomes and well-being. This paper draws on research based on data from a longitudinal survey of migrant settlers gathered in 1990 and 2000 by the University of North Carolina and collaborators in Ecuador. Based on detailed data, we estimate farm household incomes, show the components of on-farm and off-farm incomes, and estimate Gini coefficients for both land distribution and household income. We consider factors responsible for changes in household income but do not estimate a formal model. The paper has sections on data collection, methodology for estimating household income, results, and implications for policy and further research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | IMMIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | EMPLOYMENT | INCOME | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Theoretical Models | Migrants | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 317829 |
| 19. Title: Land loss and Garifuna women's activism on Honduras' north coast. Author: Brondo KV Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Nov;9(1):99-116. Abstract: This paper reports on the gendered impacts of Honduras' neoliberal agrarian legislation within the context of tourism development. It draws on ethnographic research with the Afro-indigenous Garifuna to demonstrate how women have been most affected by land privatization on the north coast of Honduras. Garifuna communities are matrifocal and land had historically been passed through matrilineal lines. As the coastal land market expands, Garifuna women have lost their territorial control. The paper also treats Garifuna women's activism as they resist coastal development strategies and shifts in landholding. While women have been key figures in the Garifuna movement to title and reclaim lost ancestral land, the movement as a whole has yet to make explicit the gendered dimensions of the land struggle. The neglect may be attributed to the activists' adoption of an indigenous rights discourse. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | LEGISLATION | LAND TENURE | ADVOCACY | MIGRATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323705 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Land use and first birth timing in an agricultural setting. Author: Ghimire DJ; Hoelter LF Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Jul;28(6):289-320. Abstract: The dramatic changes in the earth's landscape have prompted increased interest in the links between population, land use, and land cover. Previous research emphasized the notion of population pressure (population pressure increases demands on natural resources causing changes in land use), overlooking the potentially important effects of changes in land use on humans. Using multiple data sets from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we test competing hypotheses about the impact of land use on first birth timing. We argue that while agricultural land should encourage early childbearing, land area devoted to public infrastructure should discourage it. The results show that individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under agriculture experienced first birth at rates higher than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. On the other hand, individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under public infrastructure experienced first birth at rates lower than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. However, the effects of public infrastructure are not as strong as the land area devoted to agriculture. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | URBANIZATION | FIRST BIRTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 313888 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: No change for thirty years: The renewed question of women's land rights in rural China. Author: Judd ER Source: Development and Change. 2007 Jul;38(4):689-710. Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, a new land-use rights regime has gradually come into effect in China. It follows upon a series of earlier changes - land reform, collectivization and the first wave of contracting land to households - that paid attention to women's role in publicly recognized work and provided access to land. The new regime, which has gradually come into effect as previous (usually fifteen-year) terms expired, authorizes an adjustment in land allocation which is then normally frozen for thirty years. An apparently inadvertent effect of this policy is not only the exclusion of young people from direct access to land for up to thirty years from birth, but the de facto separation of the majority of women who marry or remarry patrilocally from allocated land. 'No change for thirty years' (sanshi nian bu bian) has thus become the distinctive feature for women of China's current land-use regime. The state has renounced its potential to reallocate land periodically and there is no indication that market mechanisms are filling, or are capable of filling, the void thereby created. This article examines local conceptions, responses and practices regarding land-use rights and their transfer within this new framework, using field evidence from three upland agricultural communities in Chongqing and Sichuan (studied in 2003, 2004 and 2005), where land allocations were fixed in 1995, 1999 and 2001 respectively. The ethnographic findings are further explored in relation to contemporary research on gender and land rights. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | AGRARIAN REFORM | LAND TENURE | LAND SUPPLY | PATRIARCHY | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313735 |
| 22. Title: The vanishing farms? The impact of international migration on Albanian family farming. Author: Miluka J; Carletto G; Davis B; Zezza A Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team, 2007 Sep. 28 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4367) Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RURAL AREAS | LABOR FORCE | HOUSEHOLDS | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURE | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Rural Development | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 322885 |
| 23. Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Ethiopia. Author: Patterson KP Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007 Nov. 12 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00) Abstract: Ethiopia's diverse cultural, religious, and linguistic heritage reflects its location at the crossroads of Africa and the Middle East. Some of the first human settlements arose in this region, which means that Ethiopians have interacted with their natural environment for millennia. The ox-plow system-the dominant form of agriculture in Ethiopia-arose in the highlands more than 2,000 years ago. The highlands are also home to moorland, grassland, and woodland habitat, which contain considerable biodiversity. Despite some species loss, Ethiopia still claims a wealth of natural resources, though it is increasingly under threat. In recent decades, this ancient center of more than 100 ethnic groups has been known for recurrent famines, epidemics, and conflicts. However, policymakers within and outside Ethiopia are determined to break the cycle of food insecurity and poverty through sustained economic growth, while preserving the country's unique natural heritage. A development model that integrates population, health, and environment factors may be the best way to achieve these goals. A versatile development model that strives to integrate population and environment has been implemented in countries similar to Ethiopia in recent years, with encouraging results. Known as cross-sectoral or integrated population, health, and environment (PHE), this holistic approach has potential for application in Ethiopia and is compatible with the government's new poverty reduction strategy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | PROGRESS REPORT | POLICYMAKERS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | CULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | POPULATION CONTROL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Rural Development | Population Policy | Social Policy | Programs | Planning Document Number: 322357 |
| 24. Title: Malthus and three approaches to solving the population problem. Author: Rutherford D Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):213-238. Abstract: The terms of Malthus' population principle are clear: there is an intrinsic divergence between population growth and the subsistence needed to sustain it. But difficulties arise when we look at the solutions proposed by Malthus in his writings, since certain essential concepts are used in complex ways. In this article, Donald Rutherford contributes to the debate by analysing the different concepts of human behaviour and of subsistence that appear throughout Malthus' works. He examines in turn the various solutions to the population problem envisaged by Malthus, and finds each one wanting, before concluding that Malthus appears to advocate a diversified and balanced economy. But Malthus is wary of overspecialization in industry and commerce, and argues for equilibrium between the different sectors and different economic activities, thereby rejecting the solution that was to prevail in the following centuries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION THEORY | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development Document Number: 322309 |
| 25. Title: Economic vulnerability, beer and HIV / AIDS: The struggle to sustain farmer livelihoods and indigenous sorghum varieties in eastern Uganda. Author: Scurrah-Ehrhart C Source: Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2007 Mar;28(1):71-89. Abstract: Drawing on a case study from eastern Uganda, this paper describes how social and environmental factors combine to affect the sustainability of both sorghum landraces and the farmers who depend on it for food and income security. It delineates how changing regional patterns of agricultural production and consumption, institutional neglect, economic hardship, natural resource degradation and a labour supply crisis precipitated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, may be conspiring to place sorghum landraces at risk of extinction and, thus, undermine already precarious livelihoods. The paper therefore challenges the common assumption that marginalized rural women - by virtue of having diverse varieties and species under their care - can be expected to conserve that diversity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FOOD SUPPLY | INCOME | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Environment | Natural Resources | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 318108 |
| 26. Title: Population growth and land use intensification in a subsistence-based indigenous community in the Amazon. Author: Siren AH Source: Human Ecology. 2007 Dec;35(6):669-680. Abstract: Shifting cultivation practiced by indigenous peoples living at low population densities in tropical forests has often been described as sustainable and compatible with conservation. However, shifting cultivation at increasing population densities has historically been, and still is, a main cause of deforestation worldwide. As many indigenous peoples in tropical forests currently experience rapid demographic growth, this raises the question to what extent their agricultural activities actually contribute to deforestation. This paper examines land use change in an indigenous community in the Ecuadorian Amazon which is only loosely connected to the market economy, and where agriculture is almost exclusively subsistence oriented. During the last seven decades, people have increasingly begun to clear fallows instead of old-growth forest to farm. Although the population was growing at an estimated 1.6% per year, the expansion of the area of land used for agriculture was only 0.4% per year, correspondingto an annual deforestation rate of only 0.015%. Whereas these changes may seem negligible in terms of deforestation, they do cause hardships to the local people, because of increasing walking distance to old-growth forest, and problems with weeds, pests, and decreasing soil productivity when farming after reclearing fallows. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FORESTS | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Carrying Capacity | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 322437 |
| 27. Title: Managing forests for cleaner water for urban populations. Author: Stolton S; Dudley N Source: Unasylva. 2007 Apr;58(229):39-43. Abstract: Access to clean water is one of the most fundamental of human rights, but currently more than one billion city-dwelling people lack access to clean water. Generally it is not because water supplies are insufficient. Rather, this crisis is due to an inability to organize supply properly to meet demand. This failure is particularly frustrating in that nature contains the necessary mechanisms to provide clean, healthy water, including the filtering effect provided by healthy forests in watersheds. Yet in many parts of the world environmental mismanagement has led to a critical shortage of freshwater. This article highlights how some of the largest cities in the world are able to supply sufficient freshwater to their inhabitants at least in part through the protection of forests. It identifies some key policy initiatives that could help reduce the vast number of people whose lives are dominated by the daily search for clean and safe water. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | URBAN POPULATION | WATER SUPPLY | FORESTS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | URBAN AREAS | MANAGEMENT | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326375 |
| 28. Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Kenya. Author: Thaxton M Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007 Nov. 8 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00) Abstract: Kenya faces tremendous development challenges in nearly all sectors: Poverty is endemic, deforestation is continuing, and infant mortality remains high. Still, most development efforts-whether by government or nongovernmental organizations-focus resources and expertise on one particular area, such as reforestation or improving maternal and child health, rather than integrating interrelated concerns into a holistic approach. While a number of policies and programs linking population, health, and environment concerns have been tried in Kenya, an assessment of the overall "state of integration" had not been undertaken until recently (see Box 1). The lessons from this assessment, undertaken by the National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development and the University of Nairobi, suggest that integrated programs require greater efforts in planning, coordination, and communication, but they can yield substantial rewards for communities and the environment, including reduced dependence on forest resources, greater food security, cleaner drinking water, and increased access to health services. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | PROGRESS REPORT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | HEALTH | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | WATER SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 322358 |
| 29. Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Tanzania. Author: Thaxton M Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007 Nov. 12 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00) Abstract: The number of people, where they live, and how they live, all affect the condition of the environment. People alter the environment by clearing land for development, using natural resources, and producing wastes. Changes in environmental conditions, in turn, affect human health and well-being. Rural poverty, a high population growth rate, deforestation, and fresh water scarcity, for example, all pose challenges for policymakers in Tanzania and elsewhere in Africa. While links among population, health, and the environment are sometimes acknowledged in national-level policies and development strategies, most development efforts continue to employ a traditional sectoral approach, aligned with the division of government services and institutional structures. In doing so, opportunities for achieving superior results-in cost-effectiveness, programmatic and administrative efficiencies, and programmatic outcomes-by employing an integrated, holistic approach may be missed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | PROGRESS REPORT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | HEALTH | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | AGRICULTURE | WATER SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 322359 |
| 30. Title: 'Isto foi sempre assim': The politics of land and human mobility in Chimanimani, central Mozambique. Author: Tornimbeni C Source: Journal of Southern African Studies. 2007 Sep;33(3):485-500. Abstract: Based on recent field-work inside the Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) of Chimanimani in Sussundenga District, Mozambique, this article tries to make sense of apparently contradictory dynamics in two rural communities of the northern Mozambican side of the TFCA. On the one hand, African traditional authorities are favouring immigration in the territories under their influence, while, on the other, the same authorities are agreeing with their communities to adopt controls on people's identity and movements of the kind reminiscent of colonial passes or Frelimo's guias de marcha. The article interprets this contradiction by placing current social processes in a historical perspective and by examining the impact of recent government reforms, particularly decentralisation, a new land law and new approaches to natural resource management. The article argues that in the context of the opportunities and challenges introduced by these policies, particularly traditional authorities' responsibilities for tax collection and notions of territorially bounded rural community, Chimanimani traditional authorities are making use of old and new instruments - community borders and guias - to preserve particular individual and group interests. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | BORDER CROSSING | RURAL AREAS | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | GOVERNMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Migration | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 313780 |
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