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Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual behavior among male college students of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R; Tamang J
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul;9(241):1-9.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of male college students in Kathmandu was conducted between April and May 2006. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 573 male students. Association between premarital sex and the explanatory variables was assessed. Despite the religious and cultural restrictions, about two-fifths of survey respondents (39%) reported that they had had premarital sex. The study also showed that substantial proportions of students indulge in sexual activities as well as risky sexual behavior. Sex with commercial sex workers and multiple sex partners, and inconsistent use of condoms with non-regular partners were common among the students. Less than two in five male students (57%) had used condoms at first sexual intercourse. Students aged 20 and above were more likely to have had premarital sex compared with younger students ages 15-19. Students who believe in Hindu religion were more than two times more likely to have premarital sex compared with those who follow other religions. Participants who had close unmarried friends who experienced premarital sexual intercourse were eight times more likely to be sexually active than those who did not have such sexually active friends. School- or college-based sexuality education could benefit out-of-school youths as well, because their partners often are students.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | MEN | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 339893

Peer Reviewed

Title: The influence of changes in women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of Northern Ghana.
Author: Doctor HV; Phillips JF; Sakeah E
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):113-122.
Abstract: Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | CHRISTIANITY | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Culture
Document Number: 341895

Title: Late termination of pregnancy: a comparison of obstetricians' experience in eight European countries.
Author: Habiba M; Da Fre M; Taylor DJ; Arnaud C; Bleker O; Lingman G; Gomez MM; Gratia P; Heyl W; Viafora C
Author: EUROBS Study Group
Source: BJOG. 2009 Sep;116(10):1340-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the experience and attitude of obstetricians in Europe towards late termination of pregnancy and the factors affecting their responses. DESIGN: Cluster sampling cross-sectional survey. All neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-associated maternity units were recruited (census sampling) in Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden. In France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, units were selected at random. In every recruited unit, all obstetricians with at least 6 months' experience were invited to participate. SETTING: NICU-associated maternity units in eight European countries. POPULATION: Obstetricians with at least 6 months' clinical experience. METHODS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used. Multinomial logistic analysis was used to identify factors predicting the obstetricians' views about modifying the law governing late termination in their country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Obstetricians' experience of late termination of pregnancy and views about national policies. RESULTS: One hundred and five units and 1530 obstetricians participated (response rates 70 and 77% respectively). The most common indications for late termination were congenital anomalies and women's physical health. Feticide was not common except in France, Luxembourg and the UK. Active euthanasia of a liveborn was practiced in France and the Netherlands. Obstetricians in Germany were more likely to feel that late termination should be more severely restricted, the opposite was true in Spain and the Netherlands. In Italy, there was dissatisfaction with current status, but opinion was divided, reflecting views on both sides of the debate. CONCLUSIONS: This research outlines current practice in a difficult and sensitive area and suggests the need for more discussion and support for all those who were involved.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | EUTHANASIA | ULTRASONICS | ATTITUDES | QUESTIONNAIRES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | ETHICS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Religion
Document Number: 342944 Notification

Title: Being a woman: perspectives of low-german-speaking mennonite women.
Author: Kulig JC; Babcock R; Wall M; Hill S
Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Apr;30(4):324-38.
Abstract: Understanding the beliefs and knowledge related to women's sexuality is important when working with unique religious groups in order to provide culturally appropriate care. An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study generated knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to menstruation, ovulation, and family planning among Low German-speaking (LGS) Mennonite women (n = 38). There is a pervasive silence that surrounds sexuality among this group, who have a limited understanding of the physiological changes they experience. Honoring religious principles and family and community expectations through acceptable female behavior is essential. Adherence to religious principles varies by family but is not shared with the group to avoid disfavor.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Data Collection
Document Number: 341659

Title: Assessment of Kenyan sexual networks: Collecting evidence for interventions to reduce HIV / STI risk in Garissa, North Eastern Province, and Eastleigh, Nairobi.
Author: Macintyre K; Eymoy HA; Hassan I; Adriance D; Nouga A
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Pathfinder International, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance North Eastern Province [APHIA], [2009]. 7 p. (USAID Associate Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-07-00023-00)
Abstract: It is clear from the data gathered in this assessment that HIV prevention messages have reached Garissa, but more must be done to clarify and refine these messages and improve knowledge and behaviors regarding risky sex. Though this sample should not be viewed as representative of the NEP population as a whole, these data can be used by APHIA II NEP to create a targeted, evidence-based prevention strategy. APHIA II NEP plans to work with partners to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices through a strategic behavior change campaign with the following objectives: targeting key populations, leveraging the endorsement and influence of religious leaders, projecting familiar social settings and "our face" in all communication materials, [and] intensifying school-based programs. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENTIALS | ISLAM | NOMADS | FOREIGN AID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 331344

Peer Reviewed

Title: The role of religion in HIV-positive women's disclosure experiences and coping strategies in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Author: Maman S; Cathcart R; Burkhardt G; Omba S; Behets F
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):965-70.
Abstract: Literature from the U.S. has documented the importance of spirituality on the psychological health of people living with HIV/AIDS; however there is little published data on the ways in which people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa turn to religion for support. We conducted 40 in-depth interviews with HIV-positive women who were pregnant or had recently given birth in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo to inform the development of a comprehensive family-centered HIV treatment and care program. Women described how they relied upon their faith and turned to church leaders when they were diagnosed with HIV and prepared to share their diagnosis with others. The women used prayer to overcome the initial shock, sadness and anger of learning their HIV diagnosis. They turned to their church leaders to help them prepare for disclosing their diagnosis to others, including their partners. Church leaders were also important targets for disclosure by some women. Women's faith played an important role in their long-term coping strategies. Conceptualizing their infection as a path chosen by God, and believing that God has the power to cure their infection comforted women and provided them with hope. In settings like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where there is a strong foundation of faith, we need to recognize how individuals draw upon their different health belief systems in order to develop and implement coherent and effective prevention, treatment and care strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFLUENTIALS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | LEADERSHIP | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341170

Peer Reviewed

Title: Emerging discourse: Islamic teaching in HIV prevention in Kenya.
Author: Maulana AO; Krumeich A; Van Den Borne B
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1.
Abstract: Islamic values portraying sex outside of marriage as sinful are often believed to contribute to HIV transmission as they reject safe-sex practices. Moreover, stigma associated with sinful behaviour is frequently assumed to interfere with access to care for those infected. In contrast, adherence to religious values such as abstinence is viewed as an explanation for the relatively low incidence of HIV infection in Islamic populations. Inspired by this debate, a study was conducted into the possibilities of using Islamic texts as a starting point for health promotion addressing HIV infection and HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Lamu, a Muslim community in Kenya. The study also explored the potential role of Lamu's Islamic leaders in the delivery of that health promotion. In collaboration with Islamic leaders, texts were identified that applied to sexual conduct, health, stigma and the responsibilities of Islamic leaders towards their congregations. In spite of the association of HIV with improper sexual behaviour, Islamic texts offer a starting point for tackling HIV transmission and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Under particular conditions, the identified Islamic texts may even justify the promotion of safer-sex methods, including condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | HIV PREVENTION | ISLAM | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | VALUE ORIENTATION | ABSTINENCE | LEADERSHIP | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341496

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive health in Malta.
Author: Mifsud M; Buttigieg GG; Savona-Ventura C; Delicata S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):249-57.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Maltese population traditionally harbours Roman Catholic beliefs that have been gradually secularised. The present study sets out to quantify the consequences of more liberal sexual attitudes in this community. METHODS: We reviewed the reproductive and sexual health indicators reported from Malta and from other selected European countries. We then analysed the findings of a questionnaire study which was carried out among 200 Maltese and 2200 other European individuals to investigate various aspects of their sexual history. RESULTS: A greater proportion of Maltese births occur in teenagers but the out-of-wedlock maternity rate in Malta appears to be the third lowest in Europe. However, the rate appears to have nearly trebled over seven years. Sexually transmitted infections rates in Maltese are either similar to or lower than those reported from the other European countries. The Maltese reported a higher mean age at first intercourse and a lower mean number of sexual partners mainly in women aged over 35 years. They received an earlier sexual education but they still predominantly resorted to unreliable contraception methods at their first sexual encounter. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms that sexual behaviour has changed. The educational support to deal with these altered practices is in place but still needs to be reinforced.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALTA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL CHANGE | CATHOLICISM | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | ATTITUDES | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX EDUCATION | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Christianity | Religion | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education
Document Number: 342941 Notification

10.

Title: A rock in a weary land: AIDS, South Africa, and the church.
Author: Miller RL Jr
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):22-38.
Abstract: This article explores the contributing factors to the endemic problems exacerbating the AIDS crisis in South Africa. The legacy of Apartheid, including the attendant problems of poverty, illiteracy, and disparate health statuses between the beneficiaries and victims of Apartheid, is explored. Because women are bearing the brunt of the infection, their experience of AIDS is also considered. A brief case study illuminating an AIDS-sensitive church is offered as an exemplar of self-determination and social networks used to sustain a South African township riddled by HIV disease. The article concludes by suggesting that the benefits of communal religious participation as a coping response to HIV disease requires further examination by social work and public health workers in South African communities of color with minimal resources to combat HIV disease.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | POVERTY | CHRISTIANITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | STIGMA | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion
Document Number: 341956

11.

Title: Coming to terms with a diagnosis of HIV in Iran: a phenomenological study.
Author: Mohammadpour A; Yekta ZP; Nikbakht Nasrabadi AR; Mohraz M
Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 Jul-Aug;20(4):249-59.
Abstract: The number of people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased in all Asian regions, including Iran. Discovering that one has any serious illness can be a traumatic experience, but coming to terms with an HIV diagnosis is made more difficult by social constructs and negative reactions to the infection. This interpretative phenomenological study was carried out to understand and describe the lived experience of HIV-infected Iranians during the period immediately following an HIV diagnosis. Audiotaped in-depth semistructured interviews with 13 participants were used to collect data, which were analyzed with critical hermeneutics. Two main themes emerged: (a) doubt and delay in coming to terms with the diagnosis and (b) testing and its associated impacts. Nine subthemes were also found. Many challenges face people who need to determine their HIV status, and these are compounded by the sociocultural context found in Iran. Iran needs more education, counseling, testing facilities, and support programs to encourage people to get tested for HIV and to help them deal with a positive test result.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERVIEWS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | HIV TESTING | FEAR | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | STRESS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Ethics | Social Problems | Religion
Document Number: 342816

12.

Title: Correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in an Islamic country: case of the Republic of Iran.
Author: Mohtasham G; Shamsaddin N; Bazargan M; Anosheravan K; Elaheh M; Fazlolah G
Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):123-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self-efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents' intentions to postpone sexual activity.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | ISLAM | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | EMPLOYMENT | VALUE ORIENTATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341162

14.

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Development of leadership self-efficacy and collective efficacy: adolescent girls across castes as peer educators in Nepal.
Author: Posner J; Kayastha P; Davis D; Limoges J; O'Donnell C; Yue K
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 May;4(3):284-302.
Abstract: Local nongovernmental organizations developed a peer education program in three districts of Nepal that paired girls from different castes and different educational levels. The program sought to increase peer educators' (PE) leadership and collective efficacy for informing peers and adults about the effects that menstrual restrictions and HIV awareness and prevention have on women and girls. In total, 504 girls were selected and trained as PEs. They conducted targeted discussion sessions with other girls and organized mass awareness events, reaching 20,000 people. Leadership self-efficacy, which was a central theoretical construct for the program, provided a strong predictor of both increased HIV knowledge and of practicing fewer menstrual restrictions. The project demonstrated that girls from different castes and educational backgrounds are able to work together to change individual behavior and to address socio-cultural norms that affect their lives and well-being within their communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PEER EDUCATORS | HIV PREVENTION | MENSTRUATION | TABOO | SELF ESTEEM | LEADERSHIP | CASTE | HINDUISM | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Programs
Document Number: 341392

16.

Title: Contraceptive use among adolescent Latinas living in the United States: the impact of culture and acculturation.
Author: Sterling SP; Sadler LS
Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-28.
Abstract: Although adolescent pregnancies have declined steadily during the past decade, Latina adolescents continue to have disproportionately high pregnancy rates. For nurse practitioners to effectively counsel this group of women concerning contraceptive use and sexual health, a basic understanding of the unique sociocultural factors influencing Latina adolescents' sexual activity is important. This article reviews recent literature concerning the effects of culture, acculturation, language, and significant relationships on Latina sexual behavior to provide recommendations for clinicians working with Latina adolescents in the primary care setting. Areas in need of further research are identified.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | ACCULTURATION | CULTURE | ABORTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Behavior | Religion
Document Number: 342626 Notification

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Religious teachings and influences on the ABCs of HIV prevention in Malawi.
Author: Trinitapoli J
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jul;69(2):199-209.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between religion and HIV risk behaviors in rural Malawi, giving special attention to the role of religious congregations, the organizations with which rural Africans have most immediate contact. It draws on 2004 data from a household survey in 3 districts (N=3386), and quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2005 from 187 leaders of religious congregations previously identified in the survey. The first aim is descriptive--to identify overall patterns and variations in what religious leaders in rural Malawi teach about HIV and about sexual behavior in light of the epidemic. The second aim is to assess how religious organizations impact the behavior of individual members. I examine three outcomes that correspond with the ABCs of HIV prevention: abstinence (for never married persons), fidelity (for married persons), and condom use (among sexually active persons). Multi-level models reveal that religious affiliation and involvement are not correlated with the sexual behavior of congregation members, but that beliefs about appropriate sexual behavior and particular congregational characteristics are associated with adherence to A, B, and C. Individuals belonging to congregations led by clergy who 1) frequently deliver formal messages about HIV, 2) monitor the sexual behavior of members, and 3) privately encourage condom use report greater adherence to the ABCs of HIV prevention, suggesting that religious congregations are relevant for the sexual behavior of members and for better understanding the forces shaping individual behavior in the context of the African AIDS epidemic.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Religion | Culture
Document Number: 342855

18.

Title: HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana.
Author: Ulasi CI; Preko PO; Baidoo JA; Bayard B; Ehiri JE; Jolly CM; Jolly PE
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):255-62.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was conducted. RESULTS: Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of HIV positive people, revelation of HIV status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to PLWHA (p<0.05), but disapproved of revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying PLWHA (p<0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing HIV status (p<0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with PLWHA (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | HIV TESTING | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Religion
Document Number: 330295

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adolescent reproductive health in Indonesia: contested values and policy inaction.
Author: Utomo ID; McDonald P
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):133-146.
Abstract: This study examines the changing social and political context of adolescent sexual and reproductive health policy in Indonesia. We describe how, in 2001, Indonesia was on the brink of implementing an adolescent reproductive health policy that was consistent with international agreements to which the Indonesian government was a party. Although the health of young Indonesians was known to be at risk, the opportunity for reform passed quickly with the emergence of a new competing force, Middle Eastern fundamentalist Islam. Faced with the risk of regional separatism and competing politico-religious influences, the Indonesian government retreated to the safety of inaction in this area of policy. In the absence of a supportive and committed political environment that reinforces policy specifically targeted to young people's reproductive health, extremist approaches that involve considerable health risk prevailed. The sexual and reproductive values and behaviors that are emerging among single young people in contemporary Indonesia are conditioned by a political context that allows the conflicting forces of traditional Indonesian values, Westernization, and the strong emerging force of fundamentalist Islam to compete for the allegiance of young people.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | ISLAM | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | LEGISLATION | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | MASS MEDIA | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Communication
Document Number: 341897

20.

Title: Missed opportunities for religious organizations to support people living with HIV/AIDS: findings from Tanzania.
Author: Watt MH; Maman S; Jacobson M; Laiser J; John M
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 May;23(5):389-94.
Abstract: Religious beliefs play an important role in the lives of Tanzanians, but little is known about the influence of religion for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study shares perspectives of PLWHA and identifies opportunities for religious organizations to support the psychological well-being of this group. Data were collected in 2006 and 2007 through semistructured interviews with 36 clients (8 Muslims and 28 Christians) receiving free antiretrovirals (ARVs) in Arusha, Tanzania. Swahili-speaking interviewers asked about participation in religion, change in religious engagement since HIV diagnosis, and what role faith plays in living with HIV and taking ARVs. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using Atlas t.i. The findings revealed that patients' personal faith positively influenced their experiences living with HIV, but that religious organizations had neutral or negative influences. On the positive side, prayer gave hope to live with HIV, and religious faith increased after diagnosis. Some respondents said that prayer supported their adherence to medications. On the other hand, few disclosed their HIV status in their religious communities, expressing fear of stigma. Most had heard that prayer can cure HIV, and two expected to be cured. While it was common to hear messages about HIV prevention from churches or mosques, few had heard messages about living with HIV. The findings point to missed opportunities by religious organizations to support PLWHA, particularly the need to ensure that messages about HIV are not stigmatizing; share information about HIV treatment; introduce role models of PLWHA; and emphasize that prayers and medical care go hand-in-hand.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERVIEWS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | STIGMA | FEAR | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Research Methodology | HIV | Behavior | Religion | Social Problems | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Culture
Document Number: 342180

21.

Title: Rights to emergency contraception.
Author: Weisberg E; Fraser IS
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC) provides women with a safe means of preventing pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or potential contraceptive failure, and is accepted as a legitimate method of fertility control. The right of women to access EC, along with other contraceptive methods, needs to be affirmed. The consequences of unintended pregnancy are serious, imposing appreciable burdens on children, women, men, and families. Every child has the right to be a wanted child and not enter this world because its mother was denied access to EC. For maximum effectiveness, barriers to access must be removed. It is essential that EC pills are available over-the-counter with no minimum age for access. There is a tension between the rights of women to access EC without medical or legal intervention and the rights of providers who have a conscientious objection to provision on religious or moral grounds. The principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence all weigh in favor of the rights of a woman faced with the possibility of an unintended pregnancy to unrestricted access to EC against providers whose religious views are opposed to this.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | CRITIQUE | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | OBSTACLES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | LEGISLATION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Safety | Public Health | Religion
Document Number: 341749

22.

23.

24.

Title: Reducing FGM / C among Somali girls in Kenya.
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[3] p.
Abstract: Nearly all Somali girls, sometimes when they are as young as four years, undergo female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM / C). This ancient practice involves the removal of all or part of the female external genitalia for cultural, not medical, reasons. Among Somalis in Kenya, the most severe form of FGM / C -- called type III -- is the most common. Focus groups and in-depth interviews with the Somali community and its religious leaders have revealed that the best way to reduce this practice is to demonstrate a lack of religious support for FGM / C. Thus, Population Council staff members are working with Muslim scholars in Kenya to develop consensus that the practice is not supported by Islam so that this message can be conveyed by the scholars to their communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | ISLAM | BELIEFS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Religion
Document Number: 331487

25.

Title: Gender-based violence in Iraq. The effects of violence -- real and perceived -- on the lives of women, girls, men and boys in Iraq. [Draft].
Author: United Nations. Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit
Source: [Unpublished] 2008. 47 p.
Abstract: Since 2003, the media has documented the rising civilian death toll in Iraq. A few reports have described the increase in violence against women. However, most government, UN and human rights organisations' reports fail to disaggregate the numbers of casualties and injured or accounts of violence by sex and, accordingly, it is almost impossible to know the incidence of gender-based attacks. The issue of disaggregated data is decisive; without a complete understanding of who is being targeted and the nature of the violence, it is difficult to analyse the crisis accurately or to optimise the protection response. However, the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH) does not publish statistics about whom or even how many Iraqis are being killed. And, as crimes against women and girls are not reported because of stigma, fear of retaliation/re-victimisation ('honour killing') or lack of confidence in the police to investigate the complaint, where data is available, it is reasonable to assume that the actual number of women who are attacked, abducted, raped and killed is much higher than the data indicates. The Inter-agency Information and Analysis Unit (IAU) is a group composed of analytical staff members from the different participating UN agencies and NGOs in Iraq. The IAU was formed in early 2008 to improve the effectiveness of programming, advocacy, policy and coordination of the international response in Iraq and, therefore, the impact of the humanitarian and development response through the strategic use of information. The IAU identified the dearth of data and information on gender-based violence (GBV) against women and men coming out of Iraq. This gap in knowledge meant that the unit was not in a position to analyse the challenges, threats and opportunities that would guide the UNCT and the UN's partners on the optimal intervention for response and prevention. Accordingly, the purpose of this report is to set out the landscape in Iraq for gender equality, gender relations and systems of gendered power in order to understand and then explore the issue of GBV in Iraq and to make recommendations to the UNCT and its operational partners for moving forward on the issue. A second report by the IAU, to be finalised by mid-August 2008 will focus on the gender perspective of access to essential services. After the publication of this second report, all further reports will be prepared by the gender coordination body in conjunction with the IAU. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | TECHNICAL REPORT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Religion | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327628

26.

Title: Is consanguineous marriage religiously encouraged? Author reply [letter]
Author: Akrami SM
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jan;40(1):155.
Abstract: I thank Dr M. Saadat for taking the time to carefully read this article and for making helpful comments. After studying his input, I believe he is in agreement with our conclusion that there is no encouragement of consanguineous marriage in the Islamic context. As he stated, it highlights the importance of the historical background of such practice in some parts of Iran. However, I believe this statement may not be applicable to the entire country. He is right with his second comment regarding Imam Ali and the Fatima family relationship. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | CRITIQUE | COUPLES | ISLAM | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONSANGUINITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology
Document Number: 322458

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion index and mortality of offspring among women of different age, caste and population groups of north Indian Muslims.
Author: Ara G; Siddique YH; Beg T; Afzal M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):431-443.
Abstract: The Muslims of Aligarh city are predominantly Sunnis, although there are also a considerable number of Shias. Among the Sunnis, approximately a quarter belong to Syed, Sheikh, Moghal and Pathan groups, and three-quarters belong to various lower biradaris. In the present study, 304 women attending the Primary Health Centre of the J. N. Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, were surveyed and the following recorded among Muslim women of high-rank (Ashraf) and low-rank (Ajlaf) castes: incidence of marriage, age of the mother at the time of marriage, present age of the mother, abortions, still births, prereproductive mortality and overall mortality. The Ashraf are comprised of the Sheikh, Syed and Pathan, whereas the Ajlafs have Qureshi, Saifi and Ansari biradaris. Maternal age was scored as above and below 45 years in each biradari. Significant effects of maternal age were seen on mortality of offspring, whereas populations did not show consistent differences, except when Ashrafs and Ajlafs were considered separately. The results show higher mortality and abortions for various groups. This may be due to various biological and socio-cultural factors, including hidden inbreeding in the remote past. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | ISLAM | WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | ABORTION RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325518 Notification

28.

Title: Madrasas and NGOs: complements or substitutes? Non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh.
Author: Asadullah MN; Chaudhury N
Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, South Asia Region, Human Development Unit, 2008 Feb. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4511)
Abstract: There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there's little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on female enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee primary schools on growth in female enrollment in madrasas. The analysis deals with potential endoegeneity by using data on number of the number of school branches and female members in the sub-district. The findings show that madrasas that are located in regions with a greater number of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee schools have higher growth in female enrollment. This relationship is further strengthened by the finding that there is, however, no effect of these schools on female enrollment growth in secular schools. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Schools
Document Number: 325677

29.

Title: The role of religion in the HIV/AIDS intervention in Africa: a possible model for conservation biology [editorial]
Author: Awoyemi SM
Source: Conservation Biology. 2008 Aug;22(4):811-3.
Abstract: Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa is under enormous pressure. International economic actors and the desire of those living in poverty to escape it are causing the ongoing conversion of land to human uses and the direct destruction of habitat and wildlife. The resulting urgency and challenge of conserving Africa's biodiversity demands a multidimensional approach. Conservation biologists must transcend perceived disciplinary boundaries and connect with new allies. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | CHRISTIANITY | BIODIVERSITY | Developing Countries | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior
Document Number: 329107

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Lifetime abortion rate in Iran is estimated to be one per four women.
Author: Ball H
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Sep;34(3):147.
Abstract: In Iran, where abortion is severely restricted by law, married women aged 15-49 have an estimated 73,000 abortions per year, according to a recent analysis of nationally representative data.1 This translates to 0.26 lifetime abortions per woman. However, the abortion rate varies widely among Iran's provinces, depending largely on regional levels of religiosity and modern contraceptive use. The data used to estimate abortion rates and levels come mainly from a subsample of 87,248 married women aged 15-49 who completed the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey. The women provided information on social and demographic characteristics (including fertility), as well as on factors affecting their reproductive health. Because abortions are difficult to obtain in Iran and are often performed illegally, accurate data on the procedure's incidence were unavailable; thus, the researchers used the so-called residual method to estimate the abortion rate. In this approach, the abortion rate is calculated from a formula that incorporates women's theoretical maximum fertility rate (15.3 children per woman), the total fertility rate for Iran (2.0 children per woman), contraceptive use, postpartum infecundability, and seasonal and absolute spousal separation (due primarily to work-related migration). This rate was then applied to 1996 census data to generate an estimate of the incidence of abortion. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION RATE | ABORTION LAW | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ISLAM | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Estimation Techniques | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Population Characteristics | Biology
Document Number: 322605 Notification


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