1.  Peer Reviewed Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS. Author: Meisenberg G Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535. Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341480 |
2.  Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274) Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325831 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Poverty and pro-poor policies for Pacific Island countries. Author: Abbott DF Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):59-74. Abstract: Although generalizations can be misleading given the diversity of Pacific island countries' situation, the overall trend is that the Polynesian countries have been performing relatively well, the Micronesian countries of the north Pacific have been struggling to maintain gains already made, while Melanesian countries, notably those that have been impacted by natural disasters or where there has been conflict or civil/political tension, a reversal of earlier development progress is being witnessed. The result is that many countries in the Pacific are off-track to achieve at least five or more of the eight Millennium Development Goals. Weak fiscal situations, the impact of global externalities, concern over the future impact of climate change, and high levels of domestic rural/urban migration are all factors which are adversely affecting the ability and commitment of Governments in the Pacific to implement the policy initiatives necessary to realize significant achievements towards the Millennium Development Goals. Indeed the impact of oil price rises, climate change and demography, including the consequences of labour mobility and the growing threat of HIV/AIDS, are having profound affects on the likely long-term sustainability of some small island States. These issues therefore set very challenging policy agendas for human development in the Pacific islands. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | UNEMPLOYMENT | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Financial Activities Document Number: 326120 |
| 4. Title: The global gender gap report 2007. Author: Hausmann R; Tyson LD; Zahidi S Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Economic Forum, 2007. 162 p. Abstract: Gender-based inequality is a phenomenon that affects the majority of the world's cultures, religions, nations and income groups. Yet there are differences in the way gender disparities manifest themselves and how they have evolved over time. It is vital to develop frameworks for capturing the magnitude of these disparities in order to design effective measures for reducing them. A challenge that can be measured can be addressed. The Global Gender Gap Index,1 introduced by the World Economic Forum last year, is one such framework. It aims to be a tool for benchmarking and tracking global gender-based inequalities on economic, political, education and health-based criteria. The country rankings are meant to serve a dual purpose. They are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. It is also hoped that the rankings, together with the detailed country profiles, will serve as a catalyst for change by providing policy-makers with a snapshot of their country's relative strengths and weaknesses of their country's performance compared to that of other nations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ANNUAL REPORT | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | PARTICIPATION | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | PAY EQUITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LITERACY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HEALTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SEX RATIO | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Women's Status | Educational Status | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323005 |
| 5. Title: The increasing incidence of civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa: assessing the role of democratization and age structure. Author: Staveteig S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [51] p. Abstract: During the 1990s, sub-Saharan Africa experienced an increased incidence and prevalence of civil war. Three prior studies found that worsening economic conditions, dependence on primary commodity exports, and failed political institutions helped account for Africa's uniquely high incidence of civil wars. This paper extends these prior studies by focusing on the role of governance and youthful age structure in civil war onset. A logistic regression model of youthful age structure, governance, population size, and economic conditions is applied to data on the worldwide incidence of civil wars from 1960 to 2000. In concert with prior studies, I find that economic conditions and level of development are important factors in conflict onset. But given that economic conditions in Africa stagnated rather than worsened during the 1990s, it does not appear to be the case that the increase in civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa can be explained by economic factors. Instead, I find that incomplete democratization and increasingly youthful age structures were two important factors in the increased incidence and prevalence of civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa. Both factors are significant in the worldwide regression model, and both factors uniquely increased within sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. My finding is consistent with literature suggesting that large incoming cohorts of young adults who cannot be sufficiently accommodated by the labor market and educational system experience increased dissatisfaction and alienation which in turn increase the likelihood of civil unrest. It also confirms other scholars' findings that countries are more likely to experience civil war as the government is transitioning from autocracy to democracy. These findings lend important insight into the increase of civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. The model, however, cannot fully account for the increased incidence in civil wars during the 1990s within sub-Saharan Africa. Additional research is therefore needed to uncover whether this is a post-cold war effect or whether it is due to changes in other explanatory factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTIC MODEL | YOUTH | WAR | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | AGE DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | DEMOCRACY | VIOLENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Production | Political Systems | Behavior Document Number: 318550 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: What has happened in Africa since Cairo? Author: Turshen M Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2007 Sep-Dec;14(3):387-408. Abstract: This article presents data on what has happened in Africa since Cairo. On too many fronts, especially in the areas of ICPD promises, the countries and people of sub-Saharan Africa have moved backwards, or have stagnated and made no progress. The poorest African countries grew poorer, while the richest nations of the North got (much) richer; life expectancy fell; maternal mortality rates rose; skilled personnel attended fewer births; the rates of preventable and treatable communicable diseases rose; public expenditure on health stagnated; and ratios of physicians to population fell or remained the same in one-fourth of the countries. This reflected a serious brain drain. Family planning is the one service that grew in the decade since Cairo. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TABLES AND CHARTS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | AIDS | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | EXPENDITURES | PHYSICIANS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BRAIN DRAIN | POVERTY | Africa | Developing Countries | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Financial Activities | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | International Migration | Migration | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326587 |
| 7. Title: Asia-Pacific: the matter of trade [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2006 Jul 8;368(9530):91. Abstract: "Asia and the Pacific have embraced globalization, but globalization cannot embrace the region's poor without determined action on the part of governments." That was the conclusion of Hafiz A Pasha, UN Assistant Secretary-General and Director of the UN's Development Programme Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific at the launch of a report last week in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The importance of the question lies in how much the region has embraced global trade and how much the benefits of such trade filter down to the poor, in terms of employment, education, gender equity, and, importantly, health gains. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMERCE | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Production | Human Resources Document Number: 303414 |
| 8. Title: HIV / AIDS, human capital, and economic growth prospects for Mozambique. Author: Arndt C Source: Journal of Policy Modeling. 2006;28:477-489. Abstract: This paper examines the implications of AIDS deaths for economic growth prospects for Mozambique. Human capital accumulation through education receives particular attention. Education and human capital transition matrices are estimated using a minimum cross entropy approach. Consistent with evidence from Tanzania and elsewhere, HIV/AIDS is assumed to slow the rate of human capital accumulation. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium approach, reduced rates of human and physical capital accumulation are shown to interact strongly with technical change that is biased towards physical and human capital. The results point to the education sector as a major and policy sensitive channel of impact. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | HUMAN CAPITAL | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 306960 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of economic development level, household wealth and maternal education on child health in the developing world. Author: Boyle MH; Racine Y; Georgiades K; Snelling D; Hong S Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Oct;63(8):2242-2254. Abstract: This study estimates the relative importance to child health (indicated by weight and height for age) of economic development level [gross domestic product (GDP) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates: GDP-PPP], household wealth and maternal education and examines the modifying influence of national contexts on these estimates. It uses information collected from mothers aged 15--49-years participating in Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 42 developing countries. In multilevel regression models, the three study variables exhibited strong independent associations with child health: GDP-PPP accounted for the largest amount of unique variation, followed by maternal education and household wealth. There was also substantial overlap (shared variance) between maternal education and the other two study variables. The regressions of child health on household wealth and maternal education exhibited substantial cross-national variation in both strength and form of association. Although higher education levels were associated with disproportionately greater returns to child health, the pattern for household wealth was erratic: in many countries there were diminishing returns to child health at higher levels of household wealth. We conclude that there are inextricable links among different strategies for improving child health and that policy planners, associating benefits with these strategies, must take into account the strong moderating impact of national context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD | MOTHERS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 304851 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of maternal mortality on gross domestic product (GDP) in the WHO African region. Author: Kirigia JM; Oluwole D; Mwabu GM; Gatwiri D; Kainyu LH Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2006 Jan-Jun;13(1-2):86-95. Abstract: WHO African region has got the highest maternal mortality rate compared to the other five regions. Maternal mortality is hypothesized to have significantly negative effect on the gross domestic product (GDP). The objective of the current study was to estimate the loss in GDP attributable to maternal mortality in the WHO African Region. The burden of maternal mortality on GDP was estimated using a double-log econometric model. The analysis is based on cross-sectional data for 45 of the 46 Member States in the WHO African Region. Data were obtained from UNDP and the World Bank publications. All the explanatory variables included in the double-log model were found to have statistically significant effect on per capita gross domestic product (GDP) at 5% level in a t-distribution test. The coefficients for land (D), capital (K), educational enrolment (EN) and exports (X) had a positive sign; while labor (L), imports (M) and maternal mortality rate (MMR) were found to impact negatively on GDP. Maternal mortality of a single person was found to reduce per capita GDP by US$ 0.36 per year. The study has demonstrated that maternal mortality has a statistically significant negative effect on GDP. Thus, as policy-makers strive to increase GDP through land reform programs, capital investments, export promotion and increase in educational enrolment, they should always remember that investments in maternal mortality-reducing interventions promises significant economic returns. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC MODEL | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | CAPITAL | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Production | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 319774 |
| 11. Title: HIV / AIDS beyond Africa: managing the financial impacts. Author: F&C Asset Management; UBS Source: [London, England], F&C Asset Management, 2005 May. [83] p. Abstract: F&C Asset Management plc (F&C) is a leading European investment manager with £125.3 billion under management (as at 31 March 2005). It manages its equity portfolios according to its Responsible Engagement Overlay (reo) investment approach. With reo, F&C engages in dialogue with the companies in which it invests in order to assess how they manage the risks related to governance, social, environmental and ethical factors, and to encourage the adoption of best practice where this can enhance shareholder value. In a unique collaboration between one of the UK’s largest fund managers and a sell-side investment house, UBS’s Customized Research Team worked with F&C to produce this report: HIV/AIDS Beyond Africa: Managing the Financial Impacts. F&C and UBS focus on the ways in which HIV/AIDS could affect financial performance, and what companies can do to manage the effects of the disease. The study does not underestimate the extent of the human tragedy relating to HIV/AIDS. Instead, it seeks to focus on the specific effects of the disease on financial markets. While the authors recognise that many companies are tackling HIV/AIDS out of their wish to do the right thing for their employees, this report concentrates on the financial consequences associated with this action. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LABOR FORCE | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | PREVALENCE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | RISK ASSESSMENT | TREATMENT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | Human Resources | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Production | Evaluation | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Quantitative Evaluation Document Number: 300177 |
| 12. Title: Can debt relief boost growth in poor countries? Author: Clements B; Bhattacharya R; Nguyen TQ Source: Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 2005 Apr. 13 p. (Economic Issues No. 34) Abstract: Twenty-eight heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) were receiving debt relief under the HIPC Initiative by mid-2004, eight years after the Initiative was launched by the IMF and the World Bank and endorsed by governments around the world, and about four years after it was enhanced to provide more substantial and faster debt relief. The HIPC Initiative, the first coordinated effort by the international financial community to reduce the foreign debt of the world's poorest countries, was based on the theory that economic growth in these countries was being stifled by heavy debt burdens, making it virtually impossible for them to escape poverty. However, most of the empirical research to date on the effects of debt on growth has lumped together a diverse group of countries, including both emerging market and low-income countries; the literature focusing on the impact of debt on low-income countries (those with 2001 per capita gross national income of less than US$865) is scant. The paper on which this pamphlet is based, "External Debt, Public Investment, and Growth in Low-Income Countries" (IMF Working Paper No. 03/249, December 2003), addresses this gap in the literature. The paper also appeared as a chapter in a book published by the IMF in 2004, Helping Countries Develop: The Role of Fiscal Policy, edited by Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements, and Gabriela Inchauste. It assesses empirically the effects of external debt on growth in low-income countries and analyzes the channels through which these effects are transmitted, giving special attention to the indirect effects of external debt on growth through its impact on public investment. Readers seeking a more detailed description of our analysis and of the literature on debt and growth are directed to the original working paper, which is available free of charge at www.imf.org/pubs. Brenda Szittya prepared the text for this pamphlet. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WORLD BANK | FOREIGN AID | POVERTY | INVESTMENTS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Policy | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 285232 |
| 13. Title: CME; Mainstreaming gender in health. Author: Kaur M Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2005 Jul-Sep;30(3):[4] p.. Abstract: India has made considerable progress in the social and economic spheres during the last century. Life expectancy, infant mortality, and litreracy rates have improved. However, progress in the area of sexual and reproductive health has been slow. HIV epidemic is steadily spreading from high risk to low risk population, maternal mortality rate continues to be high and sex ratio is declining in many states. Traditional ideologies of masculinity/femininity often push men and women of unsafe sexual behaviors. A culture of silence about women's health problems still prevails which often restricts women's access to health care. Men and women have dissimilar rates of different diseases, and seek medical care differently and in differing amounts, is well known. Do gender differentials in health indicators call for attention? Are these differentials determined by sexual differences only or are there other variables that mediate these differences? Can health professionals help in reducing these gaps? These are some of the questions that often perplex health professionals. Understanding of gender is a prerequisite to recognize the basis of existing gaps in health and health seeking behavior of men and women so that health service providers can effectively address gender inequality in health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | SEX FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX RATIO | DEATH RATE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | LITERACY | INEQUALITIES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Sex Distribution | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 290395 |
| 14. Title: Economic crisis and mortality: The case of Antananarivo, 1976 - 2000. Author: Waltisperger D; Mesle F Source: Population-E. 2005 May-Jun;60(3):199-230. Abstract: Since the classic study by Jean Meuvret published in Population in 1946, historical economists and demographers have regularly sought to further our understanding of past upheavals. By studying the city of Antananarivo over the period 1976-2000, Dominique WALTISPERGER and France MESLE show how demographic tools can also be used to accurately measure the effects of contemporary crises. They identify the most hard-hit population categories and the most prevalent diseases during the 1986 crisis which, at the height of the food shortage, reduced life expectancy at birth by 13 years for males and 8 years for females compared with 1976. This in-depth analysis sheds light on the ways in which food shortage leads to health crisis, and helps to identify risks for the future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FOOD SUPPLY | MORTALITY | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | DISEASES | NUTRITION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Death Rate Document Number: 308568 |
| 15. Title: Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 2004. Asia-Pacific economies: sustaining growth and tackling poverty. Author: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP] Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP, 2004. [318] p. Abstract: Despite the war in Iraq and the SARS crisis, the ESCAP developing region continued to show robust growth in 2003. Regional growth was broad-based, while inflation remained low. Again, the main driving force behind the region’s dynamic performance was intraregional trade and domestic demand. Barring significant negative shocks, the collective growth rate in the ESCAP developing region should be largely sustained. Nevertheless, several issues require policy attention, including ways to maintain sound macroeconomic fundamentals and implement ongoing reform. In addition, cross-border collaboration and initiatives will be needed to foster and accelerate cooperation across a wide range of issues facing the region. The region’s greatest challenge, however, remains the fight against poverty. This year’s Survey examines poverty reduction strategies adopted by members, with particular emphasis on their effectiveness in helping to reach the Millennium Development Goals. The multidimensional nature of poverty makes the work to address it a complex task. Achieving better methods for measuring progress is essential. And effective implementation requires a genuine partnership among all actors, north and south. Just as developing countries have to make hard choices to achieve their development goals, the international community needs to support their efforts by developing a global partnership for development. I hope the Survey will contribute to a greater understanding of the challenges facing the region, and help guide all stakeholders in their efforts to make a visible difference in people’s lives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | ESCAP | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | COMMERCE | INFLATION | INVESTMENTS | ECONOMIC POLICY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Production | Financial Activities | Policy | Economic Development Document Number: 279232 |
| 16. Title: Economic growth rates in Africa: the potential impact of HIV / AIDS. Author: Brown LR Source: In: HIV and AIDS in Africa: beyond epidemiology, edited by Ezekiel Kalipeni, Susan Craddock, Joseph R. Oppong, and Jayati Ghosh. Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishing, 2004. :291-303. Abstract: This chapter will begin by looking at some of the pathways through which HIV/AIDS impacts on economic growth. It will then follow the lines of the paradigm shift, looking at the direct cost, indirect cost, macroeconomic models, and finally the human development/social welfare approach to examining the economic growth impact of HIV/AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | LABOR FORCE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | EPIDEMICS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Production | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 186247 |
| 17. Title: Health for all in the new millennium. Author: Chowdhury JA Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Jan;30(4-5):32-36. Abstract: Over the ages, different systems of medicine have been in use in India. Ayurveda has been used for several thousand years, enjoying wide acceptability before the advent of the modern allopathic system. The Unani system of medicine has been in use in some parts of India over the last half millennium, while allopathy has found widespread acceptance over the last three centuries. Modern empirical science has made massive advances in the last five centuries; a very large portion of this advancement has been in the area of medical science. Yet, despite all these advances, the morbidity and mortality levels remain unacceptably high in the developing world, in general, and in India, in particular. It was in the context of these avoidably high morbidity and mortality levels that the Comity of Nations set out the goal of 'Health for All by Year 2000' in the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978. At a personal level, I must confess that it was a great embarrassment for me that 2000 fell in the middle of my tenure as the Union health secretary. The advent of that year saw us at a stage very, very distant from the public health goal we had set for ourselves in 1978. At the outset of this keynote address, it would be useful to identify the broad factors contributing to the disappointing situation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | POVERTY | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | HEALTH INSURANCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 186038 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Structural determinants of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-national study of economic and social influences from 1970 to 1997. Author: Mogford L Source: Social Biology. 2004 Fall-Winter;51(3-4):94-120. Abstract: This cross-national study seeks to understand the lagging child mortality declines in sub-Saharan Africa by using World Bank data to investigate social and economic factors at three points in time: 1970, 1985, and 1997. Women's education, foreign debt-to-export ratio, and GNP per capita are among the strongest correlates of under five mortality over time. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results suggest that female education is the best overall predictor of child mortality. Average national income does not emerge as a strong predictor, particularly since 1985. Increasing levels of foreign debt are associated with a substantial excess mortality burden. In 1997, the effect of adult HIV prevalence on child mortality was moderate and statistically significant. The study concludes that, although future gains in social factors such as female education will likely be beneficial, without simultaneously addressing high levels of foreign debt and high HIV prevalence, it may be difficult to improve child mortality rates across sub-Saharan Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CHILD MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INCOME | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305184 |
| 19. Title: Implications of male migration on female status in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Ngondo S; Djamba YK Source: Journal of Social Development in Africa. 2004 Jul;19(2):7-24. Abstract: Over the last three decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo (henceforth DRC) has registered negative economic growth. During the same period the population has grown at an annual rate of three per cent. This combination of negative economic growth and rising population growth has led to numerous social and economic problems. To cope with these problems, families have developed several survival strategies, including male migration to neighbouring countries in search of temporary work. Using qualitative and quantitative data from a 1998 study of married women, this article suggests that male migration increased female status. However, wives often reported conflicts with their in-laws, were overwhelmed by family responsibilities, had difficulties raising children and feared that their husbands might acquire HIV from other women or marry at their place of destination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MIGRANT WORKERS | MEN | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Migration | Population Dynamics | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 299494 |
| 20. Title: The hidden tax: HIV / AIDS, trade and investment. Author: Whiteside AW Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics. 2004;15(3-4):309-321. Abstract: This paper looks at the impact AIDS is having, and might have, on trade and investment. There is limited research on the impact of HIV/AIDS generally, but virtually none on the effect of the disease on trade and investment. This paper should be seen as preliminary think pieces. It sets out what we know; a framework for looking these impacts; and makes some suggestions as to what can be done. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | AIDS | HIV | EPIDEMICS | COMMERCE | INVESTMENTS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | HUMAN CAPITAL | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Human Resources | Production Document Number: 287441 |
| 21. Title: The sustainability challenge: identifying appropriate financing models for social marketing programs. Author: Armand F Source: Washington, D.C., Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Commercial Market Strategies, 2003 Oct. [45] p. (Occasional Paper SeriesUSAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-98-00039-00) Abstract: Product-based social marketing programs use commercial marketing techniques to increase the availability and use of health products, as well as educational and behavior-change strategies that facilitate informed choice. Research studies provide convincing evidence of the cost-effectiveness of these interventions, particularly in the area of family planning. Cost recovery through product sales — and the leveraging of commercial efficiencies — also provides opportunities for increased financial sustainability. The challenge of achieving sustainability in various contexts, however, has led to different viewpoints regarding specific financing strategies, particularly the pursuit of self-sufficiency. This paper analyzes the conditions and trade-offs involved in common approaches to financial sustainability and provides a framework for identifying context-appropriate strategies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL MARKETING | BEHAVIOR | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marketing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 278402 |
| 22. Title: Indonesia burdened by population ills, political and social pressures. Author: Collymore Y Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2003 Aug. 3 p. Abstract: Still reaping the repercussions of the Asian financial crisis, Indonesia has in recent years struggled with numerous difficulties ranging from social unrest, political instability, and ethnic and sectarian violence to a decline in access to health care and other public services. More recent events, including the bomb blast in Jakarta — which followed other deadly bombings in 2002 — have increased fears that the sprawling archipelago may be facing new political and population pressures. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC RECESSION | WORLD BANK | UN | POPULATION PRESSURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Economic Conditions | Macroeconomic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Production | Mortality | Length of Life | Human Resources | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 184914 |
| 23. Title: Adult mortality in the era of HIV / AIDS: the Arab countries of Western Asia and Northern Africa. Author: Farid S Source: [Unpublished] 2003 Aug 19. Prepared for the Workshop on HIV / AIDS and Adult Mortality in Developing Countries, United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, New York, September 8-13, 2003. 16 p. (UN/POP/MORT/2003/4) Abstract: This paper reviews recent levels and trends in mortality conditions and the possible impact of AIDS in the Arab region of West Asia and North Africa. Twenty two countries/territories are considered in this study: 12 in Western Asia (Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Occupied Palestinian territory, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen), and 6 in Northern Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia). To complete the picture of the mortality transition in the Arab region, 4 more countries are included in the analysis, 3 in Eastern Africa (Comoros, Djibouti and Somalia), and one in Western Africa (Mauritania). The development of this paper is basically in three sections, reviewing respectively levels and trends in life expectancy at birth, sex differentials in life expectancy, and association between gross national product and levels of expectation of life at birth, child mortality and adult mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MORTALITY | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | MORTALITY DECLINE | SEX FACTORS | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Length of Life | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 273995 |
| 24. Title: Teen births keep American crime high. Author: Hunt J Source: London, England, Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2003 May. :175-185. [45] p. (CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3906) Abstract: In the 1980s the crime rate in the United States was high by rich country standards, for both violent and property crimes. Of thirteen developed countries surveyed in 1989 in the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS), the United States had the highest prevalence of burglary and assault, and the second highest prevalence of larceny and robbery. The United States has also had higher teen birth rates than other developed countries. The children of young mothers are more likely to be unwanted, more likely to grow up in poverty, more likely to live with only one parent, and more likely to live in unstable families. All these characteristics make them more likely to commit crimes once they reach the crime-prone age range of late teens to twenties. A major focus of this paper is to investigate whether high teen birth rates increase crime with a suitable lag, through what mechanism this could occur, and to what extent such an effect could account for high US crime. Crime fell in the United States in the 1990s, however, and by 1999 the United States ranked only 11th of thirteen countries in larceny, 5th in burglary, 12th in robbery, and 9th in assault. Relative teen birth rates cannot explain this fall, since the teen birth rate has fallen more slowly in the United States than elsewhere. To form a complete picture of relative crime rates in the United States, I seek other explanations for this decline. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | PRISONERS | CRIME | PREVALENCE | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Problems | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 287281 |
| 25. Title: Political regimes and the effects of foreign aid on economic growth. Author: Islam MN Source: Journal of Developing Areas. 2003 Fall;37(1):35-53. Abstract: This paper investigates whether the effect of foreign aid on economic growth differs under different political regimes. On average aid is found to have a negative significant impact on growth in developing countries, although the effect seems to be quite fragile and varies substantially across regime type. In tinpot countries aid has very little impact on growth and the returns to aid as aid/GDP increases appear to be constant. But in totalitarian countries aid has a robust positive significant influence on growth, with a tendency for diminishing returns for an aid/GDP ratio in excess of 21.5%. The better effectiveness of aid under totalitarian system than under tinpot seems to persist even when the model specification or sample are changed. Aid has no significant impact on the improvement of human rights and human development indicators, but it does have some influence in reducing infant mortality. An implication is to combine aid programs with a long-term human rights constraint. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | GOVERNMENT | FOREIGN AID | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 194089 |
| 26. Title: Population and globalization. Author: La Croix SJ; Mason A; Abe S Source: Asia-Pacific Population and Policy. 2003 Jan;(64):1-4. Abstract: Since World War II, accelerating globalization has affected population dynamics in several ways. The rapid diffusion of public health and contraceptive technology has improved life expectancy and lowered fertility in most parts of the world. Yet at the same time, international travel and migration have contributed to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the reemergence of other infectious diseases. More indirectly, economic growth stimulated by globalization has improved standards of living with associated health benefits. Yet in some places, economic growth has brought negative health consequences, for example related to urban sprawl and dangerous levels of air pollution. The size, growth, and age structure of national populations also affect globalization. Population change influences the movement of people, products, and investment capital among countries. Favorable changes in population age structure also have a positive influence on economic growth. This issue of Asia-Pacific Population & Policy summarizes a paper presented at the Conference on Southeast Asia's Population in a Changing Asian Context, held in Bangkok, Thailand, in June 2002. The conference was sponsored by Chulalongkorn University and the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). A special issue of Southeast Asian Studies (volume 40, number 3, December 2002) focuses on population and globalization and includes this and other conference papers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | INVESTMENTS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 187405 |
| 27. Title: Assessing the effects of population change, economic growth, and globalization on income inequality. Author: Williamson JG; Higgins M Source: Asia-Pacific Population and Policy. 2003 Jul;(66):1-4. Abstract: During the past half-century, life expectancy has gone up and fertility has gone down in nearly every country of the world. Social modernization, economic development, and dramatic breakthroughs in health and family planning technology have been the fundamental forces driving this "demographic transition." Several studies have documented how the transition from high to low mortality and fertility provides favorable conditions for economic growth, But how are the benefits of the demographic transition distributed? A number of studies in this area have focused on trends in the United States. A large international data set now makes it possible to extend this re- search to the global level. A recent analysis--covering income- inequality data from 92 countries over four decades--suggests that inequality tends to increase at early stages of economic development and fall at later stages. The most important determinant of inequality is not economic growth, however, but rather changes in population age structure that occur in the course of the demographic transition. Policies that favor economic globalization do not seem to have a strong impact on income inequality, This issue of Asia-Pacific Population & Policy summarizes the results of this analysis of global income inequality. It is based on a paper by the same authors published in the December 2002 issue of Southeast Asian Studies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | INEQUALITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Research Methodology | Income | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Production | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 187404 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The floating population's household strategies and the role of migration in China's regional development and integration. Author: Zhu Y Source: International Journal of Population Geography. 2003;9(6):485-502. Abstract: This paper examines the floating population, one of the most important products of China’s reform and open-door policies since the 1980s, from the perspectives of household strategies in migration, regional development and regional integration. Based on various data sources, including government statistics, questionnaire surveys, literature research and case studies, the paper suggests that the emergence and development of the floating population has been one response to widening regional gaps, one of the major issues arising from China’s recent development. One cause of this common, nonpermanent form of migration is China’s household registration system, but the household strategies of migrants must also be recognized as an important element underpinning this process. Further analysis shows that the attraction of the prosperous areas to the floating population has been closely related to the involvement of China’s coastal areas in the process of globalization. One special group of migrants and their descendants, that is the Chinese overseas and Chinese in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, have played important roles in this process and have contributed greatly to the prosperity of the coastal areas. It is argued that the new generation of migrants, the floating population who have also played an important role in the prosperity of the coastal areas, may also be instrumental in the development of their hometowns, helping to reduce the problem of regional disparity in China. Thus an important implication of this study is that although migrants often move because of unbalanced regional development, eventually they could be a driving force for regional integration; this should be given more attention in both academic research and policy making. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | GOVERNMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POLICY | VITAL STATISTICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 189825 |
| 29. Title: National accounts statistics. Author: Sri Lanka. Department of Census and Statistics. National Accounts Division Source: Bulletin of National Accounts Statistics. 2002 May;1:1-4. Abstract: This paper presents national accounts statistics on the economic performance of Sri Lanka as based on their gross domestic product, the agricultural sector, industrial sector, transport, communication and storage sector, the general government consumption expenditure, and external trade. Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | SUMMARY REPORT | TABLES AND CHARTS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | AGRICULTURE | INDUSTRY | TERTIARY SECTOR | EXPENDITURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 173824 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing patterns of Mongolian fertility at a time of social and economic transition. Author: Aassve A; Altankhuyag G Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2002;33(2):165-172. Abstract: In 1989, after a long period of socialist rule, Mongolia initiated a democratization process of its political system together with a transition toward a market economy. This study examines how changes in socioeconomic conditions in Mongolia have affected fertility patterns in recent times. It also provides an outline of changes that have taken place in terms of pronatalist policies. Data are drawn from the Reproductive Health Survey of Mongolia conducted in 1998. Among the older cohort, the relationship between economic activity and fertility is inverse but weak, whereas among the younger cohort, the economic downturn has had a strongly depressing effect on fertility. Important effects of micro-level variables, including education and housing, are also noted. The findings suggest that the fertility decline observed for the older cohorts is part of the first demographic transition, in which the collapse of pronatalist policies was influential. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | FERTILITY CHANGES | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | SOCIAL CHANGE | PRONATALIST POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Production Document Number: 304402 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |