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Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

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Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective.
Author: Foner N
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29.
Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts?
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341298

Title: Ratio of males to females in China is still high, but only partly because of the one child policy [editorial]
Author: Liu T; Zhang XY
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b483.
Abstract: China's high ratio of males to females would have persisted if attitudes towards female offspring had not changed. Encouragingly, it seems that the tradition of preferring sons is shifting with the socioeconomic changes that come with urbanisation and industrialisation. For example, more and more young women in the cities claim to prefer a small family, and-more importantly- they have no preference for one sex over the other. Indeed, Zhu and colleagues report a decrease in the male to female ratio for the 2005 cohort, which may indicate the beginning of a reduction in the male to female sex ratio for the future. China can learn much from its neighbouring countries about reversing the worsening sex ratio. Korea was the first country to report very high male to female ratios at birth because of the preference for sons and the widespread use of sex selective technology. In 1992, the male to female ratio for fourth births in South Korea was an astounding 229:100, in sharp contrast to the overall ratio of 114:100. From the mid- 1990s, however, a public awareness campaign warning of the dangers of such distortion, combined with strictly enforced laws forbidding sex selection technology, has led to a decline in the male to female ratio from 116:100 in 1998 to 110:100 in 2004. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | ONE CHILD POLICY | SEX RATIO | AGE FACTORS | ABORTION | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 331269 Notification

8.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dreams of tigers and flowers: child gender predictions and preference in an urban mainland Chinese sample during pregnancy.
Author: Loo KK; Luo X; Su H; Presson A; Li Y
Source: Women and Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):50-65.
Abstract: In an urban, mainland Chinese sample, we investigated expectant mothers' stated gender preference for a boy or girl child, their conjectures on the fetal gender, the culture-specific beliefs for making their predictions, and their relations to sociodemographic variables. A total of 174 women were interviewed at 12-19 weeks gestation. Among 84 women who made a prediction on gender, 56 (67%) thought they were carrying a boy, and 28 (33%) expected a girl. The most frequent reasons cited for their speculation were personal feelings (36%), food/taste preference (13%), feedback from others (13%), somatic responses (13%), and dreams (7%). Out of 63 women who stated a wish for a boy or girl child, 45 (71%) wished for a girl and 18 (29%) wished for a boy. Women with undergraduate or graduate degrees were more likely to indicate a preference for boys. Older expectant mothers were more likely to report that they thought they were carrying boys. In conclusion, the majority of the women did not state a distinct choice for gender of the child. When they expressed a gender preference, more mothers expressed a desire to have a girl. However, boy child conjectures were more frequent than girl child conjectures. Greater boy child preference and prediction among the most highly educated and older expectant mothers might be reflective of implicit social status in having sons in urban China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PARENTS | CULTURE | PREGNANCY | BELIEFS | FOLKLORE | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341756

9.
Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa.
Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB
Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4.
Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 341994

10.

Title: High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Cordoba, Argentina: a pilot study.
Author: Palena C; Bahamondes MV; Schenk V; Bahamondes L; Fernandez-Funes J
Source: Reproductive Health. 2009 Jul 20;6(1):11.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although Argentina has a new law of Reproductive Health, many barriers continue existing to the provision of contraceptive methods at public healthcare facilities. Methods: This exploratory, descriptive pilot study evaluated 212 pregnant women selected at random at the Maternity and Neonatal Hospital, Cordoba, Argentina, who completed a structured questionnaire. The objectives were to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies, reasons for not using contraception, past history of contraceptive use, and intended future use. Results: Two hundred women responded the questionnaire. Forty percent of the participants stated that they had never used contraception and pregnancy was declared unintended by 65% of the interviewed women. In the unintended pregnancy group, almost 50% of women said that they had not been using a contraceptive method because they were "unaware about contraception", and 25% stated that their contraceptive method had failed. Almost 85% of the women stated that they intended to use a contraceptive method after delivery. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of all pregnancies in this sample were unintended. Although the data is limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that government needs to invest in counseling and in improving the availability and access to contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LEGISLATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342283

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.
Author: Raj A; Saggurti N; Balaiah D; Silverman JG
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1883-9.
Abstract: The authors assessed the prevalence of child marriage-i.e., before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22,807), of whom 14,813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. They used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. About 45% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth, high fertility (three or more births), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and female sterilization. The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilization all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. The authors conclude that increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for preventing child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | CHILD MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341631

12.

Title: Contraceptive projections and the donor gap: Meeting the challenge.
Author: Ross J; Weissman E; Stover J
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Feb. 44 p.
Abstract: This report looks at just one component of reproductive health commodities: contraceptives: A follow-up report of the same title published in 2001, the report starts with an overview of current demand for contraceptives in 88 developing countries that depend on supplies from donors. Future needs for contraceptive commodities are projected for two scenarios: one assuming that all unmet need for family planning will be satisfied by 2015 as specified in the ICPD and the MDGs, and the other one based on the medium variant projections of the United Nations Population Division-projections that assume a more gradual contraceptive prevalence increase that is based on historical trends. The proportion of future needs that will require donor funding is estimated on the basis of historical funding trends. Those future needs are compared with current donor funding to highlight the ?donor gap,? the expected shortfall in commodity funding unless resources for commodities are increased substantially.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 341071

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child marriage in India: a tradition with alarming implications.
Author: Salvi V
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1826-7.
Abstract: The earth is now inhabited by about 6.7 billion people. The population has grown nearly ten-fold in the past three centuries and has increased four-fold in the past century. Between 2005 and 2050, eight countries, including India, are expected to contribute to half of the world's projected population increase. China and India will most likely remain the only countries with populations over 1 billion, and probably no others will come close to this level. India's population is a staggering 1.15 billion at present. This population explosion is detrimental not only for India but also for the entire world. It is important therefore to evaluate the various factors that have caused the increase, if one is to arrive at any long-term solutions. The study by Anita Raj and colleagues, in The Lancet today, on the prevalence of child marriage in young women in India and its effect on fertility and fertility control, assesses one such important factor. Even today, 44.5% of marriages in India occur before the wife is aged 18 years, and are associated with high fertility and other disadvantages, such as multiple unwanted pregnancies. Marriage at such ages has enormous adverse implications, not just for women's health and empowerment in general, but also for humankind in the long term. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341630

14.

15.
Title: Towards an EU-wide regularisation scheme.
Author: Strang A
Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):63-64.
Abstract: The RU immigration framework is presently based on the idea that there are two types of irregular migrants: persecuted refugees (legal) and economic immigrants (illegal). This presumption informs a policy that aggravates stigmatisation and criminalisation of refugees and migrants alike. In reality, both 'types' of migrants usually originate from countries characterised by chronic poverty, violent conflict, political instability and socio-economic deprivation which generate both refugee-producing conditions as well as other modes of (de facto) forced migration to places of greater political and economic stability. The author presents an argument for regularization and suggests policy improvements to adminster labour migration.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRATION POLICY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 340192

16.

Title: China's excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey.
Author: Zhu WX; Lu L; Hesketh T
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b1211.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To elucidate current trends and geographical patterns in the sex ratio at birth and in the population aged under 20 in China and to determine the roles played by sex selective abortion and the one child policy. DESIGN: Analysis of household based cross sectional population survey done in November 2005. SETTING: All of China's 2861 counties. Population 1% of the total population, selected to be broadly representative of the total. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Sex ratio defined as males per 100 females. RESULTS: 4 764 512 people under the age of 20 were included. Overall sex ratios were high across all age groups and residency types, but they were highest in the 1-4 years age group, peaking at 126 (95% confidence interval 125 to 126) in rural areas. Six provinces had sex ratios of over 130 in the 1-4 age group. The sex ratio at birth was close to normal for first order births but rose steeply for second order births, especially in rural areas, where it reached 146 (143 to 149). Nine provinces had ratios of over 160 for second order births. The highest sex ratios were seen in provinces that allow rural inhabitants a second child if the first is a girl. Sex selective abortion accounts for almost all the excess males. One particular variant of the one child policy, which allows a second child if the first is a girl, leads to the highest sex ratios. CONCLUSIONS: In 2005 males under the age of 20 exceeded females by more than 32 million in China, and more than 1.1 million excess births of boys occurred. China will see very high and steadily worsening sex ratios in the reproductive age group over the next two decades. Enforcing the existing ban on sex selective abortion could lead to normalisation of the ratios.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | ONE CHILD POLICY | ABORTION | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX RATIO | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION PROJECTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Estimation Techniques
Document Number: 331270 Notification

17.

18.

19.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) projects in India.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [90] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2006, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked the Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University (IRH) to resume the role of providing technical assistance for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), which IRH had developed under a previous project. In light of the weak state of LAM programs worldwide, IRH developed and pilot tested strategies to reinvigorate LAM. This included emphasizing LAM's potential to serve as a gateway to other family planning methods, simplifying messages to clients, and streamlining training and counseling for LAM. To pilot IRH's approach to LAM, IRH engaged in programs to integrate LAM in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, and India. This report focuses on the experience in India. IRH worked with three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India to incorporate LAM into their programs. These organizations were World Vision in Uttar Pradesh, URMUL Seemant in Rajasthan, and People's Rural Education Movement (PREM) in Orissa. All three organizations offered LAM through community level workers as part of a basket of family planning methods. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COUNSELING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327638

20.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Mali country report, 2006-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [16] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Mali, a large, landlocked country in western sub-Saharan Africa, has high fertility and low contraceptive use. Only 8% of married women use any method of contraception, with 6% using modern methods. Its approximately 13 million people are mainly Muslim (90%), and 80% live in rural areas with limited access to family planning services. The total fertility rate was seven children per woman in 2006, compared to an average of five in Africa. The government of Mali (GOM) actively promotes family planning and contraceptive security as part of improving quality of life. Unlike other countries in the AWARENESS Project, the GOM committed to national integration of the Standard Days Method� (SDM) without undertaking a pilot study. A relative newcomer to the AWARENESS Project, Mali began implementing project activities in 2006, utilizing the SDM and LAM as an approach to repositioning family planning. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CAPACITY BUILDING | AWARENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Program Sustainability | Knowledge
Document Number: 327639

21.

Title: Looking to the future: Improving family planning access and quality in Rwanda.
Author: IntraHealth International. Capacity Project
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2008 Feb. [2] p. (Voices No. 16)
Abstract: In geographically small and densely populated Rwanda, "there's an imbalance between population growth and economic development," says Dr. Camille Munyangabe. As the national representative for family planning on the Maternal and Child Health Task Force at the Ministry of Health, he is dedicated to meeting this challenge. "The population is far too numerous for the country's capacity to sustain them geographically-not enough land-and economically-the level of poverty is unacceptable," he explains. "That's why the State puts such an emphasis on family planning," Dr. Munyangabe continues. Rwanda's population policy calls for an increase in modern contraceptive prevalence from 7% in 2003 to 60% in 2015 and 80% in 2020. "To this end, we formed a special partnership with USAID and IntraHealth International, which implements the Capacity Project as lead partner and covers 11 districts out of 30." (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326283

22.

Title: Repositioning family planning: Guidelines for advocacy action. Le repositionnement de la planification familiale: Directives pour actions de plaidoyer.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for Africa; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]. Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE]; Academy for Educational Development [AED]. Africa's Health in 2010
Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], 2008. 64 p. Also available in French: http://www.prb.org/pdf08/familyplanningadvocacytoolkit_FR.pdf
Abstract: Countries throughout Africa are engaged in an important initiative to reposition family planning as a priority on their national and local agendas. Provision of family planning services in Africa is hindered by poverty, poor access to services and commodities, conflicts, poor coordination of the programmes, and dwindling donor funding. Although family planning enhances efforts to improve health and accelerate development, shifting international priorities, health sector reform, the HIV/AIDS crisis, and other factors have affected its importance in recent years. Traditional beliefs favouring high fertility, religious barriers, and lack of male involvement have weakened family planning interventions. The combination of these factors has led to low contraceptive use, high fertility rates in many countries, and high unmet needs for family planning throughout the region. Family planning advocates must take action to change this situation. Family planning, considered an essential component of primary health care and reproductive health, plays a major role in reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and transmission of HIV. It contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the targets of the Health-for-All Policy for the 21st century in the Africa Region: Agenda 2020. In recognition of its importance, the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa developed a framework (2005-014) for accelerated action to reposition family planning on national agendas and in reproductive health services, which was adopted by African ministers of health in 2004. The framework calls for increase in efforts to advocate for recognition of "the pivotal role of family planning" in achieving health and development objectives at all levels. This toolkit aims to help those working in family planning across Africa to effectively advocate for renewed emphasis on family planning to enhance the visibility, availability, and quality of family planning services for increased contraceptive use and healthy timing and spacing of births, and ultimately, improved quality of life across the region. It was developed in response to requests from several countries to assist them in accelerating their family planning advocacy efforts.
French Abstract: Les pays Africains se sont engag�s � prendre l'initiative importante de repositionner la planification familiale comme une priorit� de leurs agendas nationaux et locaux. La fourniture de services de planification familiale en Afrique est entrav�e par la pauvret�, l'acc�s limit� aux biens et services, les conflits, la mauvaise coordination des programmes et la diminution du financement des donateurs. Bien que la planification familiale permette de renforcer les efforts d�ploy�s pour am�liorer la sant� et acc�l�rer le d�veloppement, le changement des priorit�s internationales, la r�forme du secteur de la sant�, la crise du VIH/SIDA ainsi que d'autres facteurs, ont tous affect� son importance au cours de ces derni�res ann�es. Les croyances traditionnelles favorisant une fertilit� �lev�e, les barri�res religieuses et le manque d'implication masculine ont aussi affaibli le niveau d'activit�s de planification familiale. La combinaison de ces facteurs a conduit � une baisse de l'utilisation de contraceptifs, � une croissance des taux de fertilit� dans de nombreux pays et � une augmentation des besoins non satisfaits en planification familiale dans toute la r�gion.1 Les d�fenseurs de la planification familiale se doivent de prendre des mesures pour rem�dier � cette situation. La planification familiale, consid�r�e comme une composante essentielle des soins de sant� primaire et de sant� de la reproduction, joue un r�le important dans la r�duction des taux de morbidit� et de mortalit� maternelles et n�onatales, ainsi que de la transmission du VIH/SIDA. Elle contribue � la r�alisation des Objectifs du Mill�naire pour le D�veloppement (OMD) et des objectifs de la Politique de la Sant� pour Tous au 21�me si�cle: Agenda 2020. Reconnaissant son importance, le bureau r�gional pour l'Afrique de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sant� (OMS) a d�velopp� un Cadre visant � acc�l�rer l'action (2005-2014) en faveur du repositionnement de la planification familiale au coeur des agendas nationaux et dans les services de sant� de la reproduction, action qui a �t� adopt�e par les ministres africains de la sant� en 2004. Ce cadre exige un regain d'efforts en faveur de la reconnaissance du �r�le central de la planification familiale� pour atteindre les objectifs de sant� et de d�veloppement � tous les niveaux. Cette trousse � outils a �t� d�velopp�e en r�ponse aux demandes d'aide de plusieurs pays pour accro�tre leurs efforts de plaidoyer en faveur de la planification familiale.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MANUAL | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | INFLUENTIALS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ADVOCACY | USAID | WHO | FAMILY PLANNING | LEADERSHIP | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PRIVATE SECTOR | MASS MEDIA | NEWS COVERAGE | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | UN | International Agencies | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328215

23.

Title: ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Saleem S
Source: Reproductive Health. 2008;5:4.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: The ICPD agenda of reproductive health was declared as the most comprehensive one, which had actually broadened the spectrum of reproductive health and drove the states to embark upon initiatives to improve reproductive health status of their populations. However, like all other countries, Pakistan also seems to have shifted focus of its policies and programs towards achieving MDGs. As a result, concepts highlighted in the ICPD got dropped eventually. In spite of specific goals on maternal and child mortalities in MDGs and all the investment and policy shift, Pakistan has still one of the highest maternal mortality ratios among developing countries. Lack of synchronized efforts, sector wide approaches, inter-sectoral collaboration, and moreover, the unmet need for family planning, unsafe abortions, low literacy rate and dearth of women empowerment are the main reasons. Being a signatory of both of the international agendas (ICPD and MDGs), Pakistan needed to articulate its policies to keep the balance between the two agendas. There are, however, certainly some common grounds which have been experimented by various countries and we can learn lessons from those best practices. An inter-sectoral cooperation and sector wide approaches would be required to achieve such ambitious goals set out in ICPD-Program of Action while working towards MDGs. There is a need of increasing resource allocation, strengthening primary health care services and emergency obstetric care and motivating the human resource employed in health sector by good governance. These endeavors should lead to formulate evidence based national policies, reproductive health services which are affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable and finally a responsive health system.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | UN | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328036

24.

Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies.
Author: Boonstra HD
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12.
Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities
Document Number: 323168 Notification

25.

Title: Health reform, population policy and child nutritional status in China.
Author: Bredenkamp C
Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population Department, 2008 Apr. 21 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4587)
Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of child nutritional status in seven provinces of China during the 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of two areas of public policy, namely health system reforms and the one child policy. The empirical relationship between income and nutritional status, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by access to quality healthcare and being an only-child, is investigated using ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects, and instrumental variables models. In the preferred model - a fixed effects model where income is instrumented - the author find that being an only-child increases height-for-age z-scores by 0.119 of a standard deviation. The magnitude of this effect is found to be largely gender and income neutral. By contrast, access to quality healthcare and income is not found to be significantly associated with improved nutritional status in the preferred model. Data are drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey.(author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EVALUATION INDEXES | HEALTH SURVEYS | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ONLY CHILD | ONE CHILD POLICY | CHILD NUTRITION | HEALTH POLICY | INCOME | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | NUTRITION INDEXES | BODY HEIGHT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Nutrition | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 326307

26.

Title: U.S. global HIV prevention policy: still time to get it right.
Author: Cohen SA
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Fall;11(4):2-6.
Abstract: Over the summer, the United States strongly recommitted itself to fighting AIDS in the developing world. After months of wrangling earlier in the year, President Bush and congressional conservatives found a way to agree with congressional progressives on legislation renewing the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).The former agreed to a much steeper increase in the financial promise to the effort to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria than they had wanted originally. In exchange, the latter made significant policy concessions, particularly around HIV prevention. Without doubt, the new PEPFAR is improved in many ways. It bolsters its previous treatment focus with an increased emphasis on care and support services for people living with HIV. In addition, the new law allows for somewhat greater prevention efforts overall, as well as some increased flexibility in how to allocate those funds. Yet, the new law's fundamental prevention policy remains fraught with proscriptions and prescriptions that will continue to hamper PEPFAR's ability to be as responsive as it could and should be to local needs in terms of supporting the most effective interventions. Also, the U.S. HIV prevention agenda is greatly weakened by ignoring the well-established interrelationships between reproductive health services and HIV prevention and AIDS treatment programs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | FOREIGN AID | LEGISLATION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV
Document Number: 323172

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing fortunes: Analysis of fluctuating policy space for family planning in Kenya.
Author: Crichton J
Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2008;23:339-350.
Abstract: Policies relating to contraceptive services (population, family planning and reproductive health policies) often receive weak or fluctuating levels of commitment from national policy elites in Southern countries, leading to slow policy evolution and undermining implementation. This is true of Kenya, despite the government's early progress in committing to population and reproductive health policies, and its success in implementing them during the 1980s. This key informant study on family planning policy in Kenya found that policy space contracted, and then began to expand, because of shifts in contextual factors, and because of the actions of different actors. Policy space contracted during the mid-1990s in the context of weakening prioritization of reproductive health in national and international policy agendas, undermining access to contraceptive services and contributing to the stalling of the country's fertility rates. However, during the mid-2000s, champions of family planning within the Kenyan Government bureaucracy played an important role in expanding the policy space through both public and hidden advocacy activities. The case study demonstrates that policy space analysis can provide useful insights into the dynamics of routine policy and programme evolution and the challenge of sustaining support for issues even after they have reached the policy agenda. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327983

28.

Title: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa.
Author: Dabash R; Roudi-Fahimi F
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Gynuity Health Projects)
Abstract: Unsafe abortion is one of the most neglected public health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where an estimated one in four pregnancies are unintended--wanting to have a child later or wanting no more children. Many women with unintended pregnancies resort to clandestine abortions that are not safe. According to the World Health Organization, around 1.5 million abortions in MENA in 2003 were performed in unsanitary settings, by unskilled providers, or both. Complications from those abortions accounted for 11 percent of maternal deaths in the region. Abortion is one of the oldest medical practices, evidence of which dates back to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abortion techniques used by Egyptian pharaohs were documented in the ancient Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.). It is believed that during the Middle Ages, abortion techniques were adopted and accepted by Western Europe and later diffused across the globe. Today, medical and scientific advances have made abortion a safe procedure when offered under medical supervision and with high standards of care. Yet each year, thousands of women in the developing world die and millions more are left with temporary or permanent disabilities because of unsafe abortion. This policy brief explores the public health concerns surrounding abortion in MENA and discusses ways to make it both rarer and safer.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 323117 Notification

29.

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Rates of induced abortion in Iran: The roles of contraceptive use and religiosity.
Author: Erfani A; McQuillan K
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Jun;39(2):105-110.
Abstract: Iran has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility in recent decades, but limited access to legal abortion continues to lead many women whose pregnancies are unwanted or mistimed to undergo clandestine, unsafe abortions. No official data on the abortion rate in Iran have been collected, however. This study uses the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey to estimate the abortion rate for the country as a whole and for specific regions, and to explore the role of contraceptive use and religiosity in explaining regional variations in abortion rates. We estimate the total abortion rate for the country to be 0.26 abortions per married woman, and the annual general abortion rate to be 7.5 abortions per 1,000 married women aged 15-49. We find that the negative effect of modern contraceptive use on the abortion rate is 31 percent greater than the negative effect of religiosity, and we highlight the implications of these findings for policies on reproductive health and family planning. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | ISLAM | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 326973 Notification


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