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Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India)
Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331561

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Title: Delivering services and influencing policy: health care professionals join forces to improve maternal, newborn, and child health.
Author: Health Care Professional Association Writing Group
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Jun;105(3):271-4.
Abstract: This article reviews the major activities of health care professional organizations (HCPAs), and emphasizes the role they can play in advocating for women and children and influencing maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) programs and policies. The ICM/FIGO joint effort to prevent postpartum hemorrhage and the 40-year partnership between the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Indian Health Service (IHS) are highlighted as examples of how and why HCPAs should assume a leadership role in advocacy work. The action-oriented multicountry HCPA workshops organized by the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (PMNCH) and the international HCPAs are also described. These capacity building workshops are aimed at strengthening the ability of HCPAs to organize, coordinate activities, and become more involved in program and policy development.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CAPACITY BUILDING | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | ANTENATAL CARE | HEALTH POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341372

Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008).
Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p.
Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights
Document Number: 331363

Title: Global action for health system strengthening: Policy recommendations to the G8 Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening.
Author: Japan Center for International Exchange. Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening
Source: Tokyo, Japan, Japan Center for International Exchange, 2009. 131 p.
Abstract: On January 16, 2009, a high-level working group on global health convened by the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) released a report to the Japanese government outlining measures that the G8 countries should take to set them on a path toward fulfilling their existing commitments to contributing to an overall improvement in the health of individuals and communities around the world. The Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contributions (the "Takemi Working Group") is chaired by Japan's former Senior Vice Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare Keizo Takemi and directed by JCIE President Tadashi Yamamoto. The Japanese government will pass the report to the Italian government, encouraging them to put these recommendations on the agenda of the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy. The report includes chapters by an international team of researchers and advisors on three specific building blocks of health systems-health financing, health information, and the health workforce-that are generally acknowledged to be critical components of any strong health system. While each paper offers specific recommendations for improvements that can be made in each individual building block, they also come to several common conclusions: 1.) While there is still a dire need for more resources-financial, human, and knowledge resources-in the global health field, there is also a critical need to use existing resources more efficiently and more effectively. Recognizing that the current global financial environment will make it even more difficult to secure the resources needed to make health systems work better for everyone, the paper writers recommend complementing the quest for more resources with creative thinking on ways to achieve better health outcomes with the resources we already have. 2.) The human security concept, which has become a pillar of Japan's foreign policy, is identified as a promising approach that can be adopted globally for strengthening health systems. Human security's emphasis on the wellbeing of individuals and communities is very much in line with the ultimate goal of health system strengthening: improving people's health and making health services available to all so that they can be healthy, productive members of society. Human security also responds to the complexity of health system strengthening with its focus on integrating community empowerment with protection strategies and its recognition of the dynamic way in which health is interconnected with many other human security challenges. 3.) In all areas of health system strengthening, donor countries tend to tell their partners in developing countries how they should behave and make decisions. This can lead to confusion, with contradicting instructions often coming from multiple donors and even from single donors, and loss of motivation for stakeholders in partner countries to take ownership of processes to improve their own health sectors. Contributing to this challenge, capacity for making informed decisions on health is often weak, further discouraging domestic decision making in planning and management of health systems. The paper writers all recommend that donor countries invest in capacity building for health sector decision making at the national and local levels and, at the same time, encourage stakeholders in partner countries to drive their own planning and implementation processes. 4.) Finally, the paper writers all recommend that the G8 follow through on its commitment to accountability by establishing an annual review of its activities and accomplishments within each of these three building blocks. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH POLICY | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INFORMATION SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information | Health Services
Document Number: 328416

Title: Laboratory logistics handbook: A guide to designing and managing laboratory logistics systems.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jun. 83 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: The importance of quality laboratory services is indisputable. The expansion of programs for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria requires strong and supportive laboratory services. For antiretroviral therapy (ART) in particular, there has been a growing recognition of this importance, given the number of laboratory tests required to effectively diagnose and monitor AIDS treatment. The need to improve laboratory services for all of these disease programs provides an opportunity to strengthen laboratories in health systems overall so they can accommodate the needs of the communities they serve. This document describes the function and organization of laboratory services and the commodities needed for laboratory services, and it discusses supply chain considerations for management of laboratory commodities.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | LABORATORY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | STANDARDS | QUALITY CONTROL | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331659

10.

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

11.

Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter]
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331346 Notification

12.
Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health.
Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva)
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5
Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331421

13.

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

14.

Title: Promoting health and equity: Evidence, policy and action: Cases from the Western Pacific Region.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Source: Manila, Philippines, WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2009 Mar. [173] p.
Abstract: Recent years have seen a growth in the evidence base on policies and actions to promote health equity. Despite efforts, however, the evidence shows that inequalities are increasing rather than decreasing in many countries. This may partly be due to faulty policy decisions. There is clearly need for a better evidence-based approach on health policies to achieve equity. At the same time, understanding is inadequate on how policy-makers can best make use of the growing evidence base on promoting equity in health. There is a need for stronger links between evidence and health policy-making and implementation. To respond in part to this need, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office convened the High Level Meeting on Promoting Health Equity: Evidence, Policy and Action from 16-18 October 2007 in Phnom Penh, hosted by the Royal Government of Cambodia, to provide an opportunity to exchange experiences and identify ways to promote the more systematic use of equity research in health policy and action. Health ministers and other stake holders engaged in the evidence-to-policy process were invited to submit case studies that illustrate the process. This book compiles the nine cases presented at the meeting. An introductory chapter comprises a synthesis of the cases and the lessons learned from them.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | CHINA | VIETNAM | NEW ZEALAND | MALAYSIA | MONGOLIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | TUBERCULOSIS | CAPACITY BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Asia, Eastern | Oceania | Developed Countries | Asia, Northern | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 331453

15.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

16.

Title: Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Mar;11(1):29-36.
Abstract: This study investigated the association of the Wealth Index of married women in Egypt with a number of gender and reproductive health issues found in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey. The data from a subsample of 5249 currently married women from a total of 19,474 was examined using logistic regression analysis. The women's lowest wealth quintile predicted the intention to continue female genital cutting for their daughters, exposure to physical and sexual marital violence, not being empowered in household decisions, having a higher number of children, having an unintended last child, mothers' maltreatment of their children, the perception of a lack of health-care providers or drugs as an obstacle to receiving care, and not being covered by health insurance. The association of poverty with the aforementioned adverse health outcomes are discussed. Physicians should understand the effect of poverty on health and endeavour to influence policy-makers to reduce the poverty burden on health.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342089

17.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Ghana.
Author: Akitobi E; Leahy E; Nerquaye-Tetteh J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 30 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Ghana. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331428

18.
Title: [Vulnerabilities in the use of contraceptive methods among youth: intersections between public policies and healthcare] Vulnerabilidades no uso de metodos contraceptivos entre adolescentes e jovens:
Author: Alves CA; Brandao ER
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):661-70.
Abstract: This article discusses the moments of vulnerability in the utilization of contraceptive methods in the affective-sexual relations in adolescence and youth. The analyzed material consists of 17 semi-structured interviews with young people between 18 and 24 years (9 females and 8 males) of the middle-class of the city of Rio de Janeiro that had passed though at least one episode of pregnancy during adolescence. We also discuss the recent implementation of public policies focused on the sexuality and reproductive health of adolescents and the position of health professionals with respect to this subject within the scope of the Program of Integrated Healthcare for Women, Children and Adolescents (PAISMCA/SES-RJ). The results of the study show discontinuities in the use of contraceptive methods due to the strong gender hierarchy in the relationships between adolescents and the absence of appropriate sexual education in the family and school environments. There is little space for dealing with the sexual questions of the young in health services and schools. There are also cultural barriers that make it difficult for the society to approach the subject in a less prejudicial way, thus turning sexual initiation into a process full of silence and moral disapproval.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330130

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe.
Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17.
Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy
Document Number: 341476

20.

Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana.
Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38.
Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 330296

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV testing rates and outcomes in a South African community, 2001-2006: implications for expanded screening policies.
Author: April MD; Walensky RP; Chang Y; Pitt J; Freedberg KA; Losina E; Paltiel AD; Wood R
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51(3):310-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Revised World Health Organization recommendations seek to increase HIV testing. We assessed the need for expanded testing in South Africa by examining current testing and treatment trends among a high prevalence population. METHODS: We determined the numbers of adults receiving HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment (ART) during 2001-2006 using testing registers linked to patient records from 2 health care facilities believed responsible for virtually all HIV services available to the population. We evaluated annual population testing rates using census population counts; proportions of clients testing seropositive (yield); CD4 counts and World Health Organization stage at diagnosis; and ART initiation rates. RESULTS: HIV testing rates rose from 4% in 2001 to 20% in 2006 (P < 0.001) and were highest among pregnant females receiving provider-initiated testing. Yield for first-time testers decreased from 47% in 2001 to 28% in 2006; annual incidence of seroconversion among initially HIV-negative retesters was 1.9%. Median CD4 counts and World Health Organization stage distributions for newly diagnosed clients remained stable. HIV-infected clients receiving ART within 6 months of eligibility increased from 0% in 2001 to 68% in 2006 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Population testing and ART initiation rates rose dramatically during 2001-2006. Yet, yield remained high, and HIV-infected persons continued to receive late diagnoses. These findings highlight the continuing need for expanded testing and linkage to care.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA LINKAGE | STATISTICAL STUDIES | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SCREENING | HEALTH POLICY | CENSUS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics | Measurement
Document Number: 342149

22.

Title: Philani program: a case study of an integrative approach of empowerment and social and economic development.
Author: Austin SA; Mbewu N
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):148-60.
Abstract: This article reports a case study of a South African nongovernmental organization's role in implementing maternal and child health care services for families in Khayelitsha, an informal township in the Western Cape. The township is an extremely poor community with high unemployment and many other social indicators of high need. The case study explores how services were enhanced to respond to the service needs of children and families. The role of economic development as a means of empowering the mothers is examined within the context of nongovernmental organization services. The implications of developing services that integrate social and economic development are discussed as a model for social work practice in the United States.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy
Document Number: 341952

23.

Title: Worldwide: Incentives for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment.
Author: Beith A; Eichler R; Weil D
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :237-56.
Abstract: Many tuberculosis programs incorporate material (food) and financial performance-based incentives for patients, providers, or both. Findings from a combination of rigorous evaluations and data from routine program monitoring suggest that performance incentives can improve both case detection and treatment adherence. Performance incentives applied to tuberculosis contain lessons for treatment of other extended-duration and chronic conditions.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | INCENTIVES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | EVALUATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition
Document Number: 331459

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Second-trimester abortions and sex-selection of children in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Author: Belanger D; Oanh KT
Source: Population Studies. 2009 Jul;63(2):163-71.
Abstract: Because sex-selective abortions are generally conducted during the second term of the pregnancy, timing of abortion can be used as an indirect way of studying sex-selection by abortion. We examined the likelihood of having a first-trimester vs. second-trimester abortion among a group of 885 married women who had an abortion in an obstetric hospital in Hanoi in 2003. In the absence of sex-selection by abortion, the number and sex of living children should not affect the timing of abortion. Results indicate that women with more children, particularly those with more daughters or without a son, were more likely to undergo a second-term abortion than a first-term abortion. We estimate that, in 2003, 2 per cent of all abortions to women with at least one living child were intended to avoid the birth of a female.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SONS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX RATIO | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Reproductive Technologies | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342945 Notification

25.

26.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Pregnancy outcome of migrant women and integration policy: a systematic review of the international literature.
Author: Bollini P; Pampallona S; Wanner P; Kupelnick B
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(3):452-61.
Abstract: Immigrant mothers in developed countries often experience worse pregnancy outcomes than native women. Several epidemiological studies have described the pregnancy outcome of immigrant women in European receiving countries, with conflicting results. The present systematic review makes a quantitative synthesis of available evidence on the association between pregnancy outcomes and integration policies. We reviewed all epidemiological studies comparing the pregnancy outcome of native versus immigrant women in European countries from 1966 to 2004 and retained 65 for analysis, from 12 host countries. Overall, as compared to native women, immigrant women showed a clear disadvantage for all the outcomes considered: 43% higher risk of low birth weight, 24% of pre-term delivery, 50% of perinatal mortality, and 61% of congenital malformations. The risks were clearly and significantly reduced in countries with a strong integration policy. This trend was maintained even after adjustment for age at delivery and parity. On the basis of an analysis of naturalisation rates, five countries in our sample could be categorised as having a strong policies promoting the integration of immigrant communities. The mechanisms through which integration policies may be protective include the increased participation of immigrant communities in the life of the receiving society, and the decreased stress and discrimination they may face. The results of this study highlight a serious problem of equity in perinatal health across European countries. Immigrant women clearly need targeted attention to improve the health of their newborn, but a deep societal change is also necessary to integrate and respect immigrant communities in receiving societies.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | PREGNANCY | MIGRATION | ANTENATAL CARE | HEALTH POLICY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331051

28.
Title: Conflicting policies in China's fight against HIV/AIDS.
Author: Burki T
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;9(2):84.
Abstract: The police and security forces are hampering Chinese efforts to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, according to a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report published on Dec 9. "The government has expanded prevention and treatment programmes for drug users" said Joe Amon, HIV/AIDS programme director at HRW, "but at the same time, police are detaining drug users trying to access these services, and putting drug users in so-called drug rehabilitation centres where they are provided no drug dependency treatment". The report focuses on Guangxi province in southern China, but noted that the issues with which it dealt "stem from national laws and policies". HRW claim that police routinely wait outside methadone clinics and pharmacies to arrest suspected drug users. By placing them in mandatory confinement, the report says, the Chinese authorities were discouraging intravenous drug users from engaging with voluntary drug treatment programmes. HRW commented that the rehabilitation centres-which have a country wide population of over 340 000-"subject drug users to abusive, inhuman, and degrading treatment. They not only fail to provide HIV prevention and treatment to drug users, but facilitate its spread". The report added that HIV-positive detainees do not have their CD4 count monitored. According to official figures, there are roughly 700 000 cases of HIV/AIDS in China, and between 3 and 6 million drug users. Unsafe injection practices are a major source of HIV transmission, accounting for nearly half of new cases. "China has been very open-minded in rolling out drug substitution policies" Joseph Schumacher (University of Alabama, USA) told TLID. Since 2000, over 500 methadone clinics have been established in the country. Several nongovernmental organisations run needle exchange programmes. "More NGOs are opening and making voluntary HIV testing and counselling available", Schumacher pointed out. In China, drug addiction is widely regarded as an offence against society. The rehabilitation centres-some of which are known as "re-education through labour" centres-are emblematic of this. Schumacher suggests adjusting their function. "Instead of using these camps or re-education programmes as punishment", he says "integrate evidence-based therapies into the programmes. Use them more as treatment than as incarceration". In a related story, researchers report that improper care and the overuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs, throughout the country, have propelled Chinese rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis to almost twice the global average. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICE | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330595

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis.
Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42.
Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior
Document Number: 340114

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The national response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Peru: accomplishments and gaps--a review.
Author: Caceres CF; Mendoza W
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S60-6.
Abstract: In Peru, after the first case of AIDS was reported in 1983, nearly 20,000 AIDS cases have been notified to date and between 20,000 and 79,000 persons are estimated to be living with HIV. Despite a relatively low HIV prevalence in the general population, the epidemic has importantly mobilized social actors and economic resources and has helped articulate a very active field within the Peruvian health sector. In recent years, the country has become the largest recipient of HIV funding from the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in Latin America, for which a substantial national counterpart has been committed. Peru's predictable selection as one of the 12 focal countries for the 5-year impact evaluation of the Global Fund suggested that an analysis of the response to the HIV epidemic in Peru may provide significant lessons on the possibilities of international aid in the AIDS field, particularly in the Latin American context. This article presents an analysis of the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the nature of the response articulated by the State and civil society in Peru, based on the Universal Access Principles proposed by World Health Organization, UNAIDS, and others. Relying on a number of recent secondary sources, we focus not only on the impact of the epidemic on morbidity and death but also on the changes in society as a whole, particularly in social movements and their dynamic relationship with the State. We start with an epidemiological overview and move to describe the role of social actors in response to the epidemic and then propose a framework for the analysis of the scope and limitations of the national response and elaborate on potential courses of action that may lead to strengthen accomplishments and resolve remaining gaps.
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MORBIDITY | DEATH RATE | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | EPIDEMIOLOGY | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 341319


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