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Title: Family Health International's Site Identification and Development Initiative (SIDI).
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2009]. [3] p. (Research Briefs on HIV Prevention)
Abstract: Successful HIV prevention research requires the participation of tens of thousands of women and men at risk for HIV infection. Ultimately, success hinges on the development of multiple international research sites. To increase the number and readiness of such sites, Family Health International (FHI) began the Site Identification and Development Initiative (SIDI) in July 2006.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | PROGRESS REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | HIV PREVENTION | INCIDENCE | NEEDS | USAID | GOALS | STANDARDS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331712

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Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health.
Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva)
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5
Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331421

Title: Pediatric emergency and critical care in low-income countries.
Author: Baker T
Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2009 Jan;19(1):23-7.
Abstract: The United Nations' Millennium Development Goal 4 is to reduce the global under-five mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015. Achieving this goal requires substantial strengthening of health systems in low-income countries. Emergency and critical care services are often one of the weakest parts of the health system and improving such care has the potential to significantly reduce mortality. Introducing effective triage and emergency treatments, establishing hospital systems that prioritize the critically ill and ensuring a reliable oxygen delivery system need not be resource intensive. Improving intensive care units, training health staff in the fundamentals of critical care concentrating on ABC - airway, breathing, and circulation - and developing guidelines for the management of common medical emergencies could all improve the quality of inpatient pediatric care. Integration with obstetrics, adult medicine and surgery in a combined emergency and critical care service would concentrate resources and expertise.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | EMERGENCY SERVICES | INFANT HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases
Document Number: 330534

Peer Reviewed

Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis.
Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42.
Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior
Document Number: 340114

Peer Reviewed

Title: Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals for South Africa: challenges and priorities.
Author: Chopra M; Lawn JE; Sanders D; Barron P; Abdool Karim SS; Bradshaw D; Jewkes R; Abdool Karim Q; Flisher AJ; Mayosi BM; Tollman SM; Churchyard GJ; Coovadia H
Author: Lancet South Africa team
Source: Lancet. 2009 Sep 19;374(9694):1023-31.
Abstract: 15 years after liberation from apartheid, South Africans are facing new challenges for which the highest calibre of leadership, vision, and commitment is needed. The effect of the unprecedented HIV/AIDS epidemic has been immense. Substantial increases in mortality and morbidity are threatening to overwhelm the health system and undermine the potential of South Africa to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However The Lancet's Series on South Africa has identified several examples of leadership and innovation that point towards a different future scenario. We discuss the type of vision, leadership, and priority actions needed to achieve such a change. We still have time to change the health trajectory of the country, and even meet the MDGs. The South African Government, installed in April, 2009, has the mandate and potential to address the public health emergencies facing the country--will they do so or will another opportunity and many more lives be lost?
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POLITICAL FACTORS | LEADERSHIP | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Planning | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs
Document Number: 342958

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A global fund for the health MDGs?
Author: Cometto G; Ooms G; Starrs A; Zeitz P
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1500-2.
Abstract: The world is off track to achieve the health-related targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Maternal mortality has stagnated for two decades, child mortality is not declining fast enough, HIV/AIDS still infects people faster than the pace of antiretroviral treatment roll-out, and inequalities are widening within and across countries. Addressing these crises will require increased funding and more efficient spending. The next Board meetings of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance, scheduled for May and June, respectively, present an opportunity to tackle these issues. We propose that the exceptional approach created for the fight against AIDS should be expanded: the entire global health agenda must adopt a rights-based approach, which in some countries requires challenging the model of national financial autonomy. We therefore recommend that the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance gradually move towards becoming a global fund for all the health MDGs, which will require substantially greater resources to address the broader mandate. As a first step the next Global Fund and GAVI Alliance board meetings should expand the review of their architecture to provide greater support to national health plans, including co-financing non-disease-specific human resources for health. A global fund for the health MDGs would eventually allow the delivery of prevention and treatment services for specific diseases through revamped general health services, reducing transaction costs and streamlining the global health architecture. Such radical, yet rational, action is our best chance of meeting-or at least making significant progress toward-the health-related MDG targets by 2015.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | WHO | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 341099

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Towards a sexual ethics of rights and responsibilities.
Author: Dixon-Mueller R; Germain A; Fredrick B; Bourne K
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):111-119.
Abstract: Sexual rights as human rights encompass individual freedoms and social entitlements. Both depend for their realisation on equally important social responsibilities on the part of individuals, couples, families, other social institutions, and the State. The principle that all persons must understand their own sexual rights and responsibilities and respect the equal rights of others - particularly those of their sexual partners - informs our interpretation of the ethical basis of sexual behaviours. We propose a conceptual framework for defining a sexual ethics of equal rights and responsibilities pertaining to five dimensions of sexual behaviour: 1) sexual relationships and the right to choose one�s partner; 2) sexual expression and the right to seek pleasure; 3) sexual consequences and the right to cooperation from one�s partner; 4) sexual harm and the right to protection; and 5) sexual health and the right to information, education and health services. We suggest that the ethical principles presented here pertaining to sexual partnerships should be incorporated into sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health services, and social policies aimed at promoting the health and rights of all persons regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity and other personal or group identities.
Spanish Abstract: Los derechos sexuales como derechos humanos abarcan libertades individuales y derechos sociales. La realizaci�n de ambos depende de responsabilidades sociales de igual importancia por parte de particulares, parejas, familias, otras instituciones sociales y el Estado. El principio de que todas las personas deben comprender sus propios derechos y responsabilidades sexuales y respetar la igualdad de derechos de los dem�s, particularmente de las parejas sexuales, influye en nuestra interpretaci�n de la base �tica de los comportamientos sexuales. Proponemos un marco conceptual para definir la �tica sexual de la igualdad de derechos y responsabilidades concernientes a cinco dimensiones del comportamiento sexual: 1) relaciones sexuales y el derecho de escoger su pareja; 2) expresi�n sexual y el derecho de buscar placer; 3) consecuencias sexuales y el derecho a la cooperaci�n de la pareja; 4) da�o sexual y el derecho a la protecci�n; y 5) salud sexual y el derecho a la informaci�n, educaci�n y servicios de salud. Sugerimos que los principios �ticos aqu� presentados concernientes a las parejas sexuales se incorporen en la educaci�n sexual, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y las pol�ticas sociales destinadas a promover la salud y los derechos de cada persona independientemente de su sexo, estado civil, orientaci�n sexual, religi�n, etnia y otras identidades personales o de grupo.
French Abstract: Les droits sexuels en tant que droits de l�homme englobent les libert�s individuelles et les prestations sociales. La r�alisation de ces deux types de droits d�pend de responsabilit�s sociales aussi importantes de la part des individus, des couples, des familles, d�autres institutions sociales et de l��tat. Notre interpr�tation du fondement �thique des comportements sexuels est bas�e sur le principe selon lequel tous les individus doivent comprendre leurs responsabilit�s et leurs droits sexuels, et respecter l��galit� des droits de l�autre, en particulier leurs partenaires sexuels. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour d�finir une �thique sexuelle d��galit� des droits et des responsabilit�s touchant cinq dimensions du comportement sexuel : 1) les relations sexuelles et le droit de choisir son partenaire ; 2) l�expression sexuelle et le droit de rechercher le plaisir ; 3) les cons�quences sexuelles et le droit � la coop�ration du partenaire ; 4) les atteintes sexuelles et le droit � la protection ; et 5) la sant� sexuelle et le droit � des services d�information, d��ducation et de sant�. Nous recommandons que les principes �thiques pr�sent�s ici sur les partenariats sexuels soient int�gr�s dans l��ducation sexuelle, les services de sant� g�n�sique et les politiques sociales de promotion de la sant� et des droits de toutes les personnes, quels que soient leur sexe, leur �tat civil, leur orientation sexuelle, leur religion, leur origine ethnique et autres identit�s personnelles ou collectives.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | ETHICS | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health | Education | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342020

13.

Title: Pulse oximetry: technology to reduce child mortality in developing countries.
Author: Duke T; Subhi R; Peel D; Frey B
Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2009 Sep;29(3):165-75.
Abstract: The causes of hypoxaemia in children include the commonest causes of childhood illness: pneumonia and other acute respiratory infections, and neonatal illness, particularly sepsis, low birthweight, birth asphyxia and aspiration syndromes. The systematic use of pulse oximetry to monitor and treat children in resource-poor developing countries, when coupled with a reliable oxygen supply, improves quality of care and reduces mortality. Oximetry also has a well established role in surgery and anaesthesia, but in many countries children undergo surgery without the safety of oximetry monitoring. This article reviews pulse oximetry, its technical basis and its application to the medical management of childhood illness to reduce mortality in developing countries. We propose that, as a part of the work towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4, there should be a concerted global effort to make pulse oximetry and a reliable oxygen source available in all health facilities where seriously ill children are managed.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | MANAGEMENT | GOALS | CHILDREN | PNEUMONIA | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TREATMENT | Organization and Administration | Planning | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342531

14.

Title: The right to contraception and the wrongs of restrictive services.
Author: Edouard L
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 1;
Abstract: Rights come with responsibilities for individuals, service providers, and purveyors. The operationalization of the right to contraception, for universal access to a wide range of effective methods, necessitates very different but complementary interventions. A rights-based approach should aim to respect, protect, and fulfill rights. The wishes of individuals concerning childbearing necessitate informed choice, access to services, and lack of prejudice. Equity should be addressed through the strengthening of health systems, especially primary health care, with emphasis on the needs of underserved populations. Official pronouncements on population issues necessitate commitments. A philosophy of rights is particularly useful for service implementation, including the introduction of new contraceptive methods, by addressing the responsibilities of duty bearers and the claims of right holders. With the rights to and overwhelming health benefits of contraception, it is imperative to reverse the wrongs of limited reproductive health services.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | SEXUALITY | HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341047

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: How to contain generalized HIV epidemics? A plea for better evidence to displace speculation.
Author: Gisselquist D; Potterat JJ; St Lawrence JS; Hogan M; Arora NK; Correa M; Dinsmore WW; Mehta G; Millogo J; Muth SQ; Okinyi M; Ounga T
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jul;20(7):443-6.
Abstract: In the worst generalized HIV epidemics in East and Southern Africa, from one-quarter to three-quarters of women aged 15 years can expect to be living with HIV or to have died with AIDS by age 40 years. This disaster continues in the face of massive HIV prevention programmes based on current inexact knowledge of HIV transmission pathways and risks. To stop this disaster, both the public and public health experts need better information about the specific factors that allow HIV to propagate so extensively in countries with generalized epidemics. This knowledge could be acquired by tracing HIV infections to their source - especially tracing HIV infections in women of all ages, and tracing unexplained HIV infections in children with HIV-negative mothers.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | GOALS | NEEDLE PIERCING | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Planning | Organization and Administration | Risk Behavior | Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342830

16.

Title: Family planning and economic well-being: new evidence from Bangladesh.
Author: Gribble J; Maj-Lis V
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 May. 4 p.
Abstract: A new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau looks at the effects of long-term investment in an integrated family planning and maternal and child health program. Drawing on research and data that spans more than 30 years, the evidence reinforces the importance of sustained investment in reproductive health programs, showing that families in communities where the program was implemented became wealthier and healthier than families who lived in other, similar communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | HOUSEHOLDS | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | INCOME | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Diseases
Document Number: 328046

17.
Title: Emergency maternal and child health training courses and advocacy to achieve millennium development goals in a poorly resourced country; challenges and opportunities.
Author: Hafeez A; Zafar S; Qureshi F; Mirza I; Bile K; Southall DP
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Apr;59(4):243-6.
Abstract: Our three years' experience of Essential Surgical Skills-Emergency Maternal and Child Health (ESS-EMCH) Programme in Pakistan suggests that despite a compromised healthcare delivery system, a tangible improvement in the management of emergencies in pregnancy, the neonate and children can be achieved by adopting a novel but robust mechanism of effective advocacy along with provision of innovative, evidence based and high quality training for healthcare staff.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | GOALS | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | IMPLEMENTATION | EMERGENCY SERVICES | QUALITY CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Training Programs | Education | Programs | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341536

18.

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Directing diarrhoeal disease research towards disease-burden reduction.
Author: Kosek M; Lanata CF; Black RE; Walker DG; Snyder JD; Salam MA; Mahalanabis D; Fontaine O; Bhutta ZA; Bhatnagar S; Rudan I
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Jun;27(3):319-31.
Abstract: Despite gains in controlling mortality relating to diarrhoeal disease, the burden of disease remains unacceptably high. To refocus health research to target disease-burden reduction as the goal of research in child health, the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative developed a systematic strategy to rank health research options. This priority-setting exercise included listing of 46 competitive research options in diarrhoeal disease and their critical and quantitative appraisal by 10 experts based on five criteria for research that reflect the ability of the research to be translated into interventions and achieved disease-burden reduction. These criteria included the answerability of the research questions; the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention resulting from the research; the maximal potential for disease-burden reduction of the interventions derived from the research; the affordability, deliverability, and sustainability of the intervention supported by the research; and the overall effect of the research-derived intervention on equity. Experts scored each research option independently to delineate the best investments for diarrhoeal disease control in the developing world to reduce the burden of disease by 2015. Priority scores obtained for health policy and systems research obtained eight of the top 10 rankings in overall scores, indicating that current investments in health research are significantly different from those estimated to be the most effective in reducing the global burden of diarrhoeal disease by 2015.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | DIARRHEA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CHILD HEALTH | GOALS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Health | Planning | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation
Document Number: 341924

20.

Title: Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: diversity across Africa in educational outcomes.
Author: Lloyd CB; Hewett PC
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 27 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 14)
Abstract: This paper explores inequalities in education across sub-Saharan Africa. Although we mainly focus on primary school completion rates, attention is also given to literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we explore cross-country variations in primary school completion rates, gender and wealth gaps in education, and literacy rates in relation to one another and in relation to cross-country variations in national income per capita. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion rates and retained literacy. Although cross-country variation in primary school completion rates can be partially explained by variation in national per capita income, the same cannot be said for literacy rates. Even the poorest countries have significant variation in achieved literacy, suggesting that learning can occur even in resource-poor environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering: in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015, and poor learning outcomes are frequently widespread. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | LITERACY | GOALS | INCOME | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331434

21.

Title: Does health aid matter?
Author: Mishra P; Newhouse D
Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2009 Jun 13;
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between health aid and infant mortality, using data from 118 countries between 1973 and 2004. Health aid has a beneficial and statistically significant effect on infant mortality: doubling per capita health aid is associated with a 2 percent reduction in the infant mortality rate. For the average country, this implies that increasing per capita health aid by US$1.60 per year is associated with 1.5 fewer infant deaths per thousand births. The estimated effect is small, relative to the 2015 target envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals. It implies that achieving the MDG target through additional health aid alone would require a roughly 15-fold increase in current levels of aid.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | HEALTH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | FOREIGN AID | INFANT MORTALITY | GOALS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 342295

22.

Title: Family-Friendly Workplace: A model for estimating the cost savings of implementing family-friendly policies.
Author: Plosky WD; Winfrey B
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jan. 21 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model is designed to engage individuals and groups from diverse institutions in all sectors to make workplaces more family-friendly. The FFW model will help reproductive health advocates and employers of women understand the benefits and costs of implementing policies that support women in their reproductive years. Users of the model may be human resource departments of medium-sized and large companies, family planning advocates, maternal health advocates or groups representing women in the workplace.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | WOMEN | WORKPLACE | FAMILY POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY | WORKPLAN | MATERNITY BENEFITS | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Reproduction | Planning | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 331541

23.

Title: Reproductive and sexual health rights: 15 years after the International Conference on Population and Development [editorial]
Author: Serour GI
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 8;:[2] p.
Abstract: For the past 15 years, the World Report on Women's Health has been published in the International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (IJGO) every 3 years to mark the occasion of the FIGO World Congress. The topic of the 2006 World Report was promoting partnerships to improve access to women's reproductive and sexual health. It is fitting that, following the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994, the 2009 World Report addresses reproductive and sexual health rights 15 years after this significant conference took place. Despite some of the progress made in achieving reproductive and sexual health rights in many countries, many agenda items from the ICPD Programme of Action remain unfinished, and these are now emphasized in the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4, 5, and 6. The WHO Reproductive Health Research division has indicated that the core elements for improvement include improving prenatal, delivery, post partum, and newborn care; providing high-quality services for family planning including infertility services; eliminating unsafe abortion; combating sexually transmitted infections including HIV, reproductive tract infections, cervical cancer, and other gynecological morbidities; and promoting sexual health. It identified 6 areas of action including strengthening the capacity of health systems, improving the information base for priority settings, mobilizing political will, creating supportive legislation and regulatory frameworks, and strengthening, monitoring, evaluation, and accountability. The 2009 World Report provides the reader with a comprehensive and concise overview of what has been achieved in women's reproductive and sexual health rights since the ICPD, unmet needs, obstacles, and the feasible actions in the countdown to 2015 as outlined in the ICPD Programme of Action and the health-related MDGs. The July 2008 Summit Declaration of the G8 countries called for reproductive health to be "widely accessible," for closer links between HIV/AIDS and family planning programs, and strengthening of health systems. It is hoped that the latest global economic crisis will not negatively impact the commitments of rich countries to reproductive and sexual health programs in low-resource countries to reduce mortality and improve the quality-of-life of women and newborns around the world. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | WHO | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Policy | Planning
Document Number: 341456

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Men who have sex with men and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Smith AD; Tapsoba P; Peshu N; Sanders EJ; Jaffe HW
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jul 17;
Abstract: Globally, men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to bear a high burden of HIV infection. In sub-Saharan Africa, same-sex behaviours have been largely neglected by HIV research up to now. The results from recent studies, however, indicate the widespread existence of MSM groups across Africa, and high rates of HIV infection, HIV risk behaviour, and evidence of behavioural links between MSM and heterosexual networks have been reported. Yet most African MSM have no safe access to relevant HIV/AIDS information and services, and many African states have not begun to recognise or address the needs of these men in the context of national HIV/AIDS prevention and control programmes. The HIV/AIDS community now has considerable challenges in clarifying and addressing the needs of MSM in sub-Saharan Africa; homosexuality is illegal in most countries, and political and social hostility are endemic. An effective response to HIV/AIDS requires improved strategic information about all risk groups, including MSM. The belated response to MSM with HIV infection needs rapid and sustained national and international commitment to the development of appropriate interventions and action to reduce structural and social barriers to make these accessible.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Africa | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Programs
Document Number: 342229

25.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: International health policy and stagnating maternal mortality: is there a causal link?
Author: Unger JP; Van Dessel P; Sen K; De Paepe P
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):91-104.
Abstract: This paper examines why progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 on maternal health appears to have stagnated in much of the global south. We contend that besides the widely recognised existence of weak health systems, including weak services, low staffing levels, managerial weaknesses, and lack of infrastructure and information, this stagnation relates to the inability of most countries to meet two essential conditions: to develop access to publicly funded, comprehensive health care, and to provide the not-for-profit sector with needed political, technical and financial support. This paper offers a critical perspective on the past 15 years of international health policies as a possible cofactor of high maternal mortality, because of their emphasis on disease control in public health services at the expense of access to comprehensive health care, and failures of contracting out and public�private partnerships in health care. Health care delivery cannot be an issue both of trade and of right. Without policies to make health systems in the global south more publicly-oriented and accountable, the current standards of maternal and child health care are likely to remain poor, and maternal deaths will continue to affect women and their families at an intolerably high level.
Spanish Abstract: En este art�culo se examinan las razones por las que los avances hacia el Objetivo 5 de Desarrollo del Milenio respecto a la salud materna parecen haberse estancado en gran parte del sur global. Arg�imos que adem�s de la existencia, ampliamente conocida de sistemas de salud d�biles, con servicios deficientes, n�mero reducido de personal, debilidades administrativas y falta de infraestructura e informaci�n, este estancamiento est� relacionado con la incapacidad de la mayor�a de los pa�ses para satisfacer dos condiciones esenciales: crear acceso a servicios de atenci�n integral de la salud financiados por el sector p�blico y brindar al sector sin fines de lucro el apoyo pol�tico, t�cnico y financiero que necesita. Este art�culo ofrece un punto de vista cr�tico sobre los �ltimos 15 a�os de pol�ticas internacionales de salud como un posible cofactor de las altas tasas de mortalidad materna, debido a su �nfasis en el control de enfermedades en servicios de salud p�blica a expensas del acceso a la atenci�n integral de la salud, as� como a los fracasos de subcontrataci�n y alianzas entre los sectores p�blico y privado de salud. La prestaci�n de atenci�n de salud no puede ser un asunto tanto de comercio como de derecho. Sin pol�ticas para lograr que los sistemas de salud del sur est�n m�s orientados hacia el p�blico y sean m�s responsables, los niveles actuales de atenci�n materno-infantil probablemente continuar�n siendo deficientes, y las muertes maternas continuar�n afectando intolerablemente a las mujeres y sus familias.
French Abstract: Pourquoi les progr�s vers l'OMD 5 relatif � la sant� maternelle semblent-ils stagner dans la plupart des pays du Sud ? Les auteurs de l'article avancent qu'en plus des faiblesses largement reconnues des syst�mes de sant�, notamment les d�ficiences des services, l'insuffisante dotation en personnel, les lacunes de la gestion, ainsi que le manque d'infrastructure et d'information, cette stagnation est due � l'incapacit� de la plupart des pays � rencontrer deux conditions essentielles : �largir l'acc�s � des soins de sant� globaux et financ�s par l'�tat, et doter le secteur non lucratif d'un soutien politique, technique et financier cruellement n�cessaire. L'article propose une perspective critique sur les politiques sanitaires internationales des 15 derni�res ann�es comme corr�lat possible de la mortalit� maternelle �lev�e, en raison de l'accent que ces politiques placent sur la lutte contre les maladies dans les services de sant� publique, aux d�pens de l'acc�s � des soins de sant� globaux, et le manque de recours aux services ext�rieurs et aux partenariats public-priv� dans la sant�. Les soins de sant� ne peuvent relever � la fois du commerce et du droit � la sant�. Sans politiques qui orienteront les syst�mes de sant� du Sud vers une logique sociale et les rendront plus comptables de leurs activit�s, les normes actuelles des soins de sant� maternelle et infantile risquent de rester m�diocres, et les d�c�s maternels continueront de toucher les femmes et leurs familles � un niveau intol�rable.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | POLITICAL FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342018

28.

Title: The global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: current status and future perspectives.
Author: Vitoria M; Granich R; Gilks CF; Gunneberg C; Hosseini M; Were W; Raviglione M; De Cock KM
Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2009 Jun;131(6):844-8.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are 3 major global public health threats and cause substantial morbidity, mortality, negative socioeconomic impact, and human suffering. Despite the significant increase in financial support and recent progress in addressing these 3 diseases, important obstacles and unmet priorities remain. Disease-specific interventions have had a considerable impact on improving health systems. However, despite considerable investment, weak health systems, inadequate human resources, and poor laboratory infrastructure continue to be major obstacles to expanding health services. Health system strengthening should be addressed in an integrated approach that includes HIV-, tuberculosis-, and malaria-specific interventions. Investment in strategic information and public health laboratory network capacity strengthening are key actions to expand services to successfully address those diseases in heavily impacted countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | MALARIA | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | INTERVENTIONS | GOALS | OBSTACLES | HUMAN RESOURCES | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Parasitic Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning
Document Number: 341769

29.

Title: Intimate relations: Sex, lives and poverty. A resource for policy makers and programmers working in population and development.
Author: Asia-Pacific Alliance
Source: [Bangkok, Thailand], Asia-Pacific Alliance, 2008. [47] p.
Abstract: The New Zealand Coalition of the Asia Pacific Alliance, advancing the ICPD agenda proudly presents a new resource: Intimate Relations: Sex, Lives and Poverty. This resource has been created as a tool to highlight how sexual and reproductive health is crucial to achieve quality development (or more specifically, the MDGs). With a Pacific flavour, the resource highlights the issues and provides a set of questions to guide policy-makers and programmers in thinking about sexual and reproductive health in all that they do.
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | GOALS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | FOREIGN AID | EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Planning | Programs | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331849

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessment of the health system and policy environment as a critical complement to tracking intervention coverage for maternal, newborn, and child health.
Author: Countdown Working Group on Health Policy and Health Systems
Source: Lancet. 2008 Apr 12;371(9620):1284-1293.
Abstract: In 2008, the Countdown to 2015 initiative identified 68 priority countries for action on maternal, newborn, and child health. Much attention was paid to monitoring country-level progress in achieving high and equitable coverage with interventions effective in reducing mortality of mothers, newborn infants, and children up to 5 years of age. To have a broader understanding of the environment in which health services are delivered and health outcomes are produced is essential to increase intervention coverage. Programmes to address MNCH rely on health systems to generate information needed for effective decisions and to achieve the expected outcomes. Governance and leadership are needed throughout the process not only to create policies and implement them but also to assure quality and efficiency of care, to finance health services sufficiently and in an equitable way, and to manage the health workforce. We present a systematic approach to assess the wider health system and policy environment neededto achieve positive outcomes for maternal, newborn, and child health. We report on results from 13 indicators and show gaps in policy adoption as well as weaknesses in other health system building blocks. We identify areas for future action in measurement of key indicators and their use to support decision making. We hope that this information will provide an additional dimension to the discussions on feasible and sustainable solutions to accelerate progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5, both at the global level but most importantly in individual countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | EXPENDITURES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs
Document Number: 326155


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