1.  Title: Maternal and perinatal outcome in teenage pregnancies in Sudan. Author: Adam GK; Elhassan EM; Ahmed AM; Adam I Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May;105(2):170-1. Abstract: Pregnancy and childbirth in teenage women pose special risks for both mother and baby. As well as significant medical, nutritional, social, and economic risks, teenage pregnancy is associated with increased risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and death in the neonatal or postnatal periods. There is a paucity of literature regarding the maternal and perinatal outcome of teenage pregnancies in Sudan, Africa. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of anemia, operative delivery, and perinatal complications (mainly low birth weight) among primiparous teenagers with a singleton delivery compared with a similar group of women aged 20-24 years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ANEMIA | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Parental Age | Age Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341382 |
| 2. Title: Consanguinity and reproductive wastage in the Palestinian Territories. Author: Assaf S; Khawaja M; DeJong J; Mahfoud Z; Yunis K Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2009 Mar;23(2):107-15. Abstract: Many studies have found that consanguinity poses a threat to child mortality and health and can also pose a threat to offspring survival before birth. However, there are conflicting findings with some studies having found no increased risk on offspring survival associated with consanguinity. Data from a population-based survey conducted in 2004 in the Palestinian Territories was used to assess the risk of consanguinity on offspring survival. The analysis was conducted on 4418 women aged 15-49 who were asked whether or not they had experienced a stillbirth or a spontaneous abortion. These two outcomes were combined together for the analysis of reproductive wastage. Multivariable negative binomial regression was conducted to calculate the incidence risk ratios (IRR) for each region in the Palestinian Territories separately. The strongest risk factors for reproductive wastage, after controlling for other variables, were found to be consanguinity, age and parity with age presenting the highest IRRs. Standard of living, locality type, education level, women's employment and past intrauterine device use were not found to be significant risk factors for reproductive wastage. In the West Bank only first cousin level of consanguinity was found to be significant and 'hamola' level (or from same family clan) lost its significance after adjusting for other variables. In the Gaza Strip both the first cousin and 'hamola' levels of consanguinity were significant and presented almost equal IRRs of 1.3. In conclusion, consanguinity was found to be a significant risk factor for reproductive wastage. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | FETAL DEATH | MATERNAL AGE | CONSANGUINITY | RISK FACTORS | CHILD MORTALITY | Evaluation | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Genetics | Biology | Health Document Number: 331057 |
| 3. Title: Perinatal mortality and morbidity in a nationwide cohort of 529,688 low-risk planned home and hospital births. Author: de Jonge A; van der Goes BY; Ravelli AC; Amelink-Verburg MP; Mol BW; Nijhuis JG; Bennebroek Gravenhorst J; Buitendijk SE Source: BJOG. 2009 Aug;116(9):1177-84. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity between planned home and planned hospital births, among low-risk women who started their labour in primary care. DESIGN: A nationwide cohort study. SETTING: The entire Netherlands. POPULATION: A total of 529,688 low-risk women who were in primary midwife-led care at the onset of labour. Of these, 321,307 (60.7%) intended to give birth at home, 163,261 (30.8%) planned to give birth in hospital and for 45,120 (8.5%), the intended place of birth was unknown. METHODS: Analysis of national perinatal and neonatal registration data, over a period of 7 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to control for differences in baseline characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intrapartum death, intrapartum and neonatal death within 24 hours after birth, intrapartum and neonatal death within 7 days and neonatal admission to an intensive care unit. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between planned home and planned hospital birth (adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals: intrapartum death 0.97 (0.69 to 1.37), intrapartum death and neonatal death during the first 24 hours 1.02 (0.77 to 1.36), intrapartum death and neonatal death up to 7 days 1.00 (0.78 to 1.27), admission to neonatal intensive care unit 1.00 (0.86 to 1.16). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that planning a home birth does not increase the risks of perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity among low-risk women, provided the maternity care system facilitates this choice through the availability of well-trained midwives and through a good transportation and referral system. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | PERINATAL MORTALITY | CHILDBIRTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Parental Age | Age Factors Document Number: 342276 |
| 4. Title: Previous abortion and risk of pre-term birth: a population study. Author: Freak-Poli R; Chan A; Tucker G; Street J Source: Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2009 Jan;22(1):1-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This population study was undertaken to determine whether previous abortion is an independent risk factor for pre-term birth and to calculate population-attributable risks for risk factors. METHODS: All South Australian first singleton births in 1998-2003 (n = 42 269) were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, comparing pre-term births with term births. RESULTS: Risk factors for pre-term birth were found to be: being indigenous, single, a smoker [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.17-1.41], age 40 years or older, reproductive technology assistance, threatened miscarriage, antepartum haemorrhage, urinary tract infection, pregnancy hypertension and suspected intra-uterine growth restriction. A previous spontaneous abortion was of borderline statistical significance, whereas a previous induced abortion (AOR 1.25, 1.13-1.40) was an independent risk factor. A dose-response relationship was found with increasing number of previous spontaneous or induced abortions. Population-attributable risks were highest for pregnancy hypertension (12.4%) and antepartum haemorrhage (9.2%). Smoking and previous induced abortion had risks of 4.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Among indigenous women, 51% of whom smoked, 16.4% of pre-term birth could be attributed to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: A previous induced abortion and smoking during pregnancy (particularly among indigenous women) are preventable risk factors for pre-term birth. Their population-attributable risks are likely to be under-estimates from under-reporting. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | PREVALENCE | ABORTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | PREMATURE BIRTH | RISK FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | MATERNAL AGE | PREECLAMPSIA | Oceania | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Parental Age | Age Factors Document Number: 330718 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of biological fertility in predicting family size. Author: Joffe M; Key J; Best N; Jensen TK; Keiding N Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1999-2006. Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is plausible that a couple's ability to achieve the desired number of children is limited by biological fertility, especially if childbearing is postponed. Family size has declined and semen quality may have deteriorated in much of Europe, although studies have found an increase rather than a decrease in couple fertility. METHODS: Using four high-quality European datasets, we took the reported time to pregnancy (TTP) as the predictor variable; births reported as following contraceptive failure were an additional category. The outcome variable was final or near-final family size. Potential confounders were maternal age when unprotected sex began prior to the first birth, and maternal smoking. Desired family size was available in only one of the datasets. RESULTS: Couples with a TTP of at least 12 months tended to have smaller families, with odds ratios for the risk of not having a second child approximately 1.8, and for the risk of not having a third child approximately 1.6. Below 12 months no association was observed. Findings were generally consistent across datasets. There was also a more than 2-fold risk of not achieving the desired family size if TTP was 12 months or more for the first child. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available data quality, family size appears to be predicted by biological fertility, even after adjustment for maternal age, if the woman was at least 20 years old when the couple's first attempt at conception started. The contribution of behavioural factors to this result also needs to be investigated. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST PREGNANCY INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL AGE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Pregnancy Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior Document Number: 342795 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability of intrapartum HIV counselling and testing in Cameroon. Author: Kongnyuy EJ; Mbu ER; Mbopi-Keou FX; Fomulu N; Nana PN; Tebeu PM; Tonye RN; Leke RJ Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2009;9:9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the acceptability of intrapartum HIV testing and determine the prevalence of HIV among labouring women with unknown HIV status in Cameroon. METHOD: The study was conducted in four hospitals (two referral and two districts hospitals) in Cameroon. Labouring women with unknown HIV status were counselled and those who accepted were tested for HIV. RESULTS: A total of 2413 women were counselled and 2130 (88.3%) accepted to be tested for HIV. Of the 2130 women tested, 214 (10.1%) were HIV positive. Acceptability of HIV testing during labour was negatively associated with maternal age, parity and number of antenatal visits, but positively associated with level of education. HIV sero-status was positively associated with maternal age, parity, number of antenatal visits and level education. CONCLUSION: Acceptability of intrapartum HIV testing is high and the prevalence of HIV is also high among women with unknown HIV sero-status in Cameroon. We recommend an opt-out approach (where women are informed that HIV testing will be routine during labour if HIV status is unknown but each person may decline to be tested) for Cameroon and countries with similar social profiles. Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | CHILDBIRTH | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY | ANTENATAL CARE | CLINIC VISITS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Parental Age | Age Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Measurement Document Number: 331239 |
| 7. Title: Adolescent childbearing in Nicaragua: a quantitative assessment of associated factors. Author: Lion KC; Prata N; Stewart C Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):91-96. Abstract: Data from the 2001 Nicaragua Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine the sexual and reproductive behavior of 3,142 females ages 15-19. Age at sexual debut and age at first birth were assessed using life table analysis, and the impacts of various factors on these measures were then examined in Cox proportional hazard models. Among sexually active females, current use of modern contraceptives was examined using logistic regression analysis. Rural residence, rising levels of education, and greater wealth were associated with older age at sexual debut. Having had first sex before age 15 was associated with an increased risk of having an earlier first birth, whereas having first had sex at age 16 or later was associated with a decreased risk. Among sexually active females, current use of a modern method was positively associated with being married or in a stable union and with having given birth, and negatively associated with lacking health care autonomy and wanting a baby within two years. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | FIRST BIRTH | MATERNAL AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Parental Age | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 339885 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of change in maternal age composition on the incidence of Caesarean section and low birth weight: analysis of delivery records at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania, 1999-2005. Author: Muganyizi PS; Kidanto HL Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2009 Jul 21;9(1):30. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Previous studies on change in maternal age composition in Tanzania do not indicate its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to establish temporal changes in maternal age composition and their impact on annual Caesarean section (CS) and low birth weight deliveries (LBWT) at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. METHODS: We conducted data analysis of 91,699 singleton deliveries that took place in the hospital between 1999 and 2005. The data were extracted from the obstetric data base. Annual proportions of individual age groups were calculated and their trends over the years studied. Multiple logistic analyses were conducted to ascertain trends in the risks of CS and LBWT. The impact of age composition changes on CS and LBWT was estimated by calculating annual numbers of these outcomes with and without the major changes in age composition, all others remaining equal. In all statistics, a p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The proportion of teenage mothers (12-19 years) progressively decreased over time while that of 30-34 years age group increased. From 1999, the risk of Caesarean delivery increased steadily to a maximum in 2005[adjusted OR=1.7; 95%CI (1.6-1.8)] whereas that of LBWT declined to a minimum in 2005 (adjusted OR=0.76; 95% CI (0.71-0.82). The current major changes in age trend were responsible for shifts in the number of CS of up to 206 cases per year. Likewise, the shift in LBWT was up to 158 cases per year, but the 30-34 years age group had no impact on this. CONCLUSIONS: The population of mothers giving birth at MNH is progressively becoming older with substantial impact on the incidence of CS and LBWT. Further research is needed to estimate the health cost implications of this change. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATERNAL AGE | CESAREAN SECTION | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | INCIDENCE | HOSPITALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Health Facilities | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 342290 |
| 9. Title: Continuation of breastfeeding: is this a problem in Southeast Iran? Author: Rakhshani F; Mohammadi M Source: Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009 Jun;4(2):97-100. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite widespread knowledge about breastfeeding benefits for mothers and neonates, duration of breastfeeding is decreasing in most countries. Many factors have an effect on continuation of breastfeeding. This study was designed to evaluate duration of breastfeeding and its associated factors in rural and urban children. METHODS: In a historical cohort study, health files of 1,264 Iranian children under 3 years old were selected by the multistage sampling method in the Zabol district, located in southeast Iran. Two lists of rural and urban health centers based on their distance were prepared, and by systematic sampling technique three centers were selected in each list. Tables, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and median and mean O SD values were used for data description; log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard model were applied for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 5.6 +/- 1.3 months, and the mean duration of any breastfeeding was 20.8 +/- 4.69 months. All children had started breastfeeding at birth. Breastfeeding continuation at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was 98%, 92%, 76%, and 0.97%, respectively. Maternal age, mother's job, education level, living area, child's birth weight, child's birth rank, birth intervals, and age of onset of supplementary food had a significant relationship with breastfeeding continuation. CONCLUSIONS: Some risk factors for breastfeeding continuation were found, and it is suggested that more attention be paid to them in education programs by the health system. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | BIRTH WEIGHT | BIRTH INTERVALS | BIRTH ORDER | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341958 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors for inadequate prenatal care use in the metropolitan area of Aracaju, Northeast Brazil. Author: Ribeiro ER; Nery AM; Bettiol H; Lima DD; Almeida ML; de Souza L; Silva AA; Gurgel RQ Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):31. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of prenatal care is to promote good maternal and foetal health and to identify risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in an attempt to promptly manage and solve them. Although high prenatal care attendance is reported in most areas in Brazil, perinatal and neonatal mortalities are disproportionally high, raising doubts about the quality and performance of the care provided. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the adequacy of prenatal care use and the risk factors involved in inadequate prenatal care utilization in the metropolitan area of Aracaju, Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A survey was carried out with puerperal women who delivered singleton liveborns in all four maternity hospitals of Aracaju. A total of 4552 singleton liveborns were studied. The Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, modified according to the guidelines of the Prenatal Care and Birth Humanization Programme, was applied. Socioeconomic, demographic, biological, life style and health service factors were evaluated by multiple logistic regression. Results: Prenatal care coverage in Aracaju was high (98.3%), with a mean number of 6.24 visits. Prenatal care was considered to be adequate or intensive in 66.1% of cases, while 33.9% were considered to have inadequate usage. Age < 18 to 34 years at delivery, low maternal schooling, low family income, two or more previous deliveries, maternal smoking during pregnancy, having no partner and prenatal care obtained outside Aracaju were associated with inadequate prenatal care use. In contrast, private service attendance protected from inadequate prenatal care use. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care coverage was high. However, a significant number of women still had inadequate prenatal care use. Socioeconomic inequalities, demographic factors and behavioural risk factors are still important factors associated with inadequate prenatal care use. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MOTHERS | ANTENATAL CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TOBACCO USE | MATERNAL AGE | BREAST EXAM | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 342289 |
| 11. Title: Socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality. Author: Shah N; Hossain N; Shoaib R; Hussain A; Gillani R; Khan NH Source: Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - -Pakistan. 2009 Feb;19(2):95-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality in a tertiary teaching hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit III, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from April 2005 to May 2008. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and four consecutive maternal deaths were reviewed. Data regarding age, parity, sociodemographic characteristics, booking status, referral source, cause of death and the three delays was collected on structured proformas, analyzed by the statistical software, SPSS version 13, and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The projected maternal mortality ratio was 1650/100,000 live births. The mean age was 28+/-6.2 years and median parity was two. Seventy-one women (68%) were uneducated, 65 (62.5%) belonged to lower socioeconomic class and 60 (58%) had received no antenatal care. Ninety-eight women (94%) had one or more delays, with 70 (71%) having the first delay, 73 (74%) having the second delay and 47 (48%) the third delay. The most frequent reasons for first, second and third delays were lack of awareness in 88.5% women, long distance in 39.7% women and difficulty in getting blood in 49% women respectively. CONCLUSION: The very high maternal mortality ratio suggests lack of access of women to quality healthcare facilities. A majority of these women suffered first and second delays in their management, which could be due to their poor sociodemographic factors. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | HOSPITALS | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Parental Age | Age Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341161 |
| 12. Title: Socio-economic factors associated with delivery assisted by traditional birth attendants in Iraq, 2000. Author: Siziya S; Muula AS; Rudatsikira E Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Apr 2;9(7):5 p. Abstract: Background: Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) are likely to deliver lower quality maternity care compared to professional health workers. It is important to characterize women who are assisted by TBAs in order to design interventions specific to such groups. We thus conducted a study to assess if socio-economic status and demographic factors are associated with having childbirth supervised by traditional birth attendants in Iraq. Methods: Iraqi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for 2000 were used. We estimated frequencies and proportions of having been delivered by a traditional birth attendant and other social characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between having been delivered by a TBA and wealth, area of residence (urban versus rural), parity, maternal education and age. Results: Altogether 22,980 women participated in the survey, and of these women, 2873 had delivery information and whether they were assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) or not during delivery. About 1 in 5 women (26.9%) had been assisted by TBAs. Compared to women of age 35 years or more, women of age 25-34 years were 22% (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI [1.08, 1.39]) more likely to be assisted by TBAs during delivery. Women who had no formal education were 42% (AOR = 1.42, 95%CI [1.22, 1.65]) more likely to be delivered by TBAs compared to those who had attained secondary or higher level of education. Women in the poorest wealth quintile were 2.52 (AOR = 2.52, 95%CI [2.14, 2.98]) more likely to be delivered by TBAs compared to those in the richest quintile. Compared to women who had 7 or more children, those who had 1 or 2 were 28% (AOR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.59, 0.87]) less likely to be delivered by TBAs. Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that having delivery supervised by traditional birth attendants was associated with young maternal age, low education, and being poor. Meanwhile women having 1 or 2 children were less likely to be delivered by TBAs. These factors should be considered in the design of interventions to reduce the rate of deliveries assisted by TBAs in favour of professional midwives, and consequently reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rates and other adverse events. Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | CHILDBIRTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | MATERNAL AGE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 341882 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: How Increased Contraceptive Use has Reduced Maternal Mortality. Author: Stover J; Ross J Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jul 31; Abstract: It is widely recognized that family planning contributes to reducing maternal mortality by reducing the number of births and, thus, the number of times a woman is exposed to the risk of mortality. Here we show evidence that it also lowers the risk per birth, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), by preventing high-risk, high-parity births. This study seeks to quantify these contributions to lower maternal mortality as the use of family planning rose over the period from 1990 to 2005. We use estimates from United Nations organizations of MMRs and the total fertility rate (TFR) to estimate the number of births averted-and, consequently, the number of maternal deaths directly averted-as the TFR in the developing world dropped. We use data from 146 Demographic and Health Surveys on contraceptive use and the distribution of births by risk factor, as well as special country data sets on the MMR by parity and age, to explore the impacts of contraceptive use on high-risk births and, thus, on the MMR. Over 1 million maternal deaths were averted between 1990 and 2005 because the fertility rate in developing countries declined. Furthermore, by reducing demographically high-risk births in particular, especially high-parity births, family planning reduced the MMR and thus averted additional maternal deaths indirectly. This indirect effect can reduce a county's MMR by an estimated 450 points during the transition from low to high levels of contraceptive use. Increases in the use of modern contraceptives have made and can continue to make an important contribution to reducing maternal mortality in the developing world. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Mortality | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 342297 |
| 14. Title: Predictors of breast-feeding in a developing country: results of a prospective cohort study. Author: Al-Sahab B; Tamim H; Mumtaz G; Khawaja M; Khogali M; Afifi R; Nassif Y; Yunis KA Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2008 Dec;11(12):1350-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Data on the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding remain scarce in Lebanon. Moreover, no study has previously addressed the effect of the paediatrician's sex on breast-feeding. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding at 1 and 4 months of infant age while exploring the potential role of the sex of the paediatrician. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Predictors of breast-feeding significant at the bivariate level were tested at 1 and 4 months through two stepwise regression models. SETTING: Infants were enrolled through the clinics and dispensaries of 117 paediatricians located in Beirut, Lebanon, and its suburbs. SUBJECTS: A total of 1,320 healthy newborn infants born between August 2001 and February 2002 were prospectively followed during the first year.FINDINGS: Breast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months were 56.3 % and 24.7 %, respectively. Early discharge, high parity and religion were significantly associated with higher breast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months of age. Maternal age proved significant only at 1 month, while maternal working status and sex of the paediatrician were significant at 4 months. A novel finding of our study was the positive effect of female paediatricians on breast-feeding continuation until 4 months of age (OR = 1.49; 95 % CI 1.03, 2.15). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding rates are low at 1 and 4 months of infant age in Beirut. Further research to investigate the interactions between female physicians and lactating mothers in maintaining breast-feeding in other populations is warranted. The results constitute the basis for designing interventions targeting policy makers, health professionals and mothers. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PHYSICIANS | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | MULTIPARITY | RELIGION | MATERNAL AGE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age Document Number: 330027 |
| 15. Title: Subclinical mastitis is common among Ghanaian women lactating 3 to 4 months postpartum. Author: Aryeetey RN; Marquis GS; Timms L; Lartey A; Brakohiapa L Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008 Aug;24(3):263-267. Abstract: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an asymptomatic inflammation of mammary tissue and has been associated with lactation failure, suboptimal growth in early infancy, and increased risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV via breast milk. A rapid survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of SCM among lactating Ghanaian women between 3 and 4 months postpartum. Bilateral breast milk samples were obtained from 117 lactating women in Manya Krobo, Ghana and analyzed for sodium (Na) and potassium (K). An elevated sodium/potassium ratio (Na/K) above 1.0 was considered indicative of SCM. Overall, SCM prevalence was observed among 45.3% of the women. About 30% of the women had unilateral SCM. Na/K was associated with maternal age. The high SCM prevalence in Manya Krobo suggests the need for lactation support to reduce SCM and the risk of poor infant outcomes. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | HIV TRANSMISSION | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HUMAN MILK | LACTATION | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | MATERNAL AGE | INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | BREASTFEEDING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Puerperium | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Transmission | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 308024 |
| 16. Title: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and its relationship with hormonal contraceptive methods [letter] Author: Ashrafunnessa; Kamal M Source: Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2008 Apr;34(1):33-5. Abstract: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and constitutes about 21- 35% of the female cancer in different areas of India and Bangladesh. It develops slowly from preinvasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered as a major risk factor for its development3. Several studies found a significant association of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) with cervical cancer and the risk increased with duration of use4. Case-control studies concluded that the risk of cervical carcinogenesis increased with duration of use and the risk declined with time since last use5. Influence of some of the hormonal contraceptive methods in developing CIN was assessed among a married women population in Gynecological Outpatient Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CERVICAL CANCER | HPV | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INJECTABLES | MATERNAL AGE | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Studies | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 329034 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors for low birthweight in the public-hospitals at Peshawar, NWFP Pakistan. Author: Badshah S; Mason L; McKelvie K; Payne R; Lisboa PJ Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8(197):[24] p. Abstract: Low birthweight is a widely used indicator of newborn health. This study investigates the association of birthweight less than 2.5kg (LBW) with a wide range of factors related to geodemographics, maternal health and pregnancy history in public hospitals at Peshawar, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan. It is noted that that Low birthweight may arise for two different reasons, one related to gestational age and the other corresponding to births that are small for gestational age (SGA). Data on geo-demographics, maternal health indicators, pregnancy history and outcome scores for newborn babies and their families (n=1039) were collected prospectively between August and November 2003 in a cross-sectional survey of four public hospitals in Peshawar, NWFP-Pakistan. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were used to investigate the factors affecting incidence of LBW, by multivariate logistic regression. Gestational age was included as an explanatory variable therefore the additional covariates identified by model selection are expected to account for SGA. The main geo-demographic risk factors for SGA identified in this study, controlling for gestational age of less than 37 weeks, are maternal age, nationality and consanguinity. Presentation with anaemia and the history of previous abortion/miscarriage were also found to be significant independent factors. The adjusted odds ratio for gestational age showed the largest effect in explaining the incidence of LBW. The next highest odds ratio was for maternal age below 20 years. The explanatory model included two pairwise interactions, for which the predicted incidence figures for LBW show an increase among the Tribal area with presentation of anaemia, and among full term babies with their mothers having a previous history of abortion/miscarriage. In addition to gestational age, specific factors related to geo-demographics (maternal age, consanguinity and nationality), maternal health (anaemia) and pregnancy history (abortion/miscarriage) were significantly associated with the incidence of LBW observed at the four hospitals surveyed in Peshawar. These results indicate that cultural factors can adversely affect the incidence of SGA in this area of Pakistan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INFANT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL AGE | MATERNAL HEALTH | CONSANGUINITY | ANEMIA | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREGNANCY HISTORY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Parental Age | Health | Genetics | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 327024 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Neighborhood influences on the association between maternal age and birthweight: A multilevel investigation of age-related disparities in health. Author: Cerda M; Buka SL; Rich-Edwards JW Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):2048-2060. Abstract: It was hypothesized that the relationship between maternal age and infant birthweight varies significantly across neighborhoods and that such variation can be predicted by neighborhood characteristics. We analyzed 229,613 singleton births of mothers aged 20-45 years from Chicago, USA in 1997-2002. Random coefficient models were used to estimate the between-neighborhood variation in age-birthweight slopes, and both intercepts- and-slopes-as-outcomes models were used to evaluate area-level predictors of such variation. The crude maternal age-birthweight slopes for neighborhoods ranged from a decrease of 17 g to an increase of 10 g per year of maternal age. Adjustment for individual-level covariates reduced but did not eliminate this between-neighborhood variation. Concentrated poverty was a significant neighborhood-level predictor of the age-birthweight slope, explaining 44.4% of the between-neighborhood variation in slopes. Neighborhoods of higher economic disadvantage showed a more negative age-birthweight slope. The findings support the hypothesis that the relationship between maternal age and birthweight varies between neighborhoods. Indicators of neighborhood disadvantage help to explain such differences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | INFANT | MATERNAL AGE | BIRTH WEIGHT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NEIGHBORHOOD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325893 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of parity and advanced maternal age on obstetric outcome. Author: Chan BC; Lao TT Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Sep;102(3):237-241. Abstract: Objectives: To examine the effect of parity on obstetric outcome in women aged 40 years or older. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 16 427 singleton pregnancies delivered between 1998 and 2001 was studied. Obstetric outcomes in women aged 40 years or older versus women younger than 40 years were compared for both nulliparous and multiparous women. Results: Of the 15 727 pregnancies (95.7%) that satisfied the inclusion criteria, 606 (3.9%) were in women aged 40 years or older. Advanced age was independently associated with cesarean delivery, birth and spontaneous preterm labor before 37 weeks, and low birth weight neonates in nulliparous women, but only with preterm birth before 37 weeks and cesarean delivery in multiparous women. Conclusion: Obstetric outcome in women aged 40 years or older was influenced by parity. Cesarean delivery and preterm birth before 37 weeks were independently associated with older age irrespective of parity. Advanced age is a risk factor for preterm birth. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PARITY | PREMATURE BIRTH | MATERNAL AGE | CESAREAN SECTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 308279 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Paternal age and adverse birth outcomes: Teenager or 40+, who is at risk? Author: Chen XK; Wen SW; Krewski D; Fleming N; Yang Q Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1290-1296. Abstract: Most previous studies on the effect of paternal age have focused on the association of advanced paternal age with congenital anomalies. The objective of this study was to determine whether paternal age is associated with the risk of adverse birth outcomes, independent of maternal confounders. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 2 614 966 live singletons born to married, nulliparous women aged 20-29 years between 1995 and 2000 in the USA. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to estimate the independent effect of paternal age on adverse birth outcomes. Compared with infants born to fathers aged 20-29 years, infants fathered by teenagers (less than 20 years old) had an increased risk of preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.20], low birth weight (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.19), small-for-gestational-age births (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.22), low Apgar score (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.27), neonatal mortality (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49) and post-neonatal mortality (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.82). Advanced paternal age (greater than or equal to 40 years) was not associated with the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Teenage fathers carry an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes that is independent of maternal confounders, whereas advanced paternal age is not an independent risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | INFANT | PATERNAL AGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | RISK FACTORS | PREMATURE BIRTH | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | INFANT MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Biology | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326849 |
| 21. Title: Maternal, perinatal and infant outcome of spontaneous pregnancy in the sixth decade of life. Author: Donoso E; Carvajal JA Source: Maturitas. 2008 Apr 20;59(4):381-386. Abstract: Pregnancy in the older woman is a well-known risk factor for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality in women 50 or more years old. Methods: A retrospective population based study (1990-2004) evaluating spontaneously pregnant Chilean women more than 50 years old (217 live or stillbirths) compared to women 20-34 years old (2,817,742 neonates, control group). The comparison was performed using Chi Square with Yates's correction or exact Fisher test as appropriate. The risk analysis was performed by odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%). Results: Women over 50 had a significantly greater risk of fetal (OR: 3.7; CI 95%: 1.2-10.5), neonatal (OR: 10.4; CI 95%: 5.7-18.7), post-neonatal (OR: 9.5; CI 95%: 4.6-19.1) and infant death (OR: 10.5; CI 95%: 6.6-16.7). There were no differences between groups in the incidences of low and very low birth weight. Conclusion: Pregnancy over 50 years of age entails a very high risk of fetal, neonatal and early childhood death. Unprotected sexual life for these women should be considered only after evaluation of their potential fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | MATERNAL AGE, 35 AND OVER | RISK ASSESSMENT | FETAL DEATH | PREVALENCE | INFANT MORTALITY | NEONATAL MORTALITY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Maternal Age | Parental Age | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Measurement Document Number: 327386 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Age at menarche and first pregnancy among psychosocially at-risk adolescents. Author: Dunbar J; Sheeder J; Lezotte D; Dabelea D; Stevens-Simon C Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1822-4. Abstract: The author's sought to determine which factors influence the association between menarche and conception among adolescent study participants (n = 1030), who demonstrated an earlier age of menarche than did national samples. Age at first sexual intercourse (coitarche) mediated the relationship between age at menarche and first pregnancy among White girls, whereas gynecologic age at coitarche (age at coitarche minus age at menarche) and age at menarche explained the timing of the first pregnancy among Black and Hispanic girls. Pregnancy prevention interventions to delay coitarche should also include reproductive education and contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | AGE FACTORS | MENARCHE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Menstruation | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Biology | Parental Age | Sex Behavior Document Number: 328527 |
| 23. Title: Duration of breast-feeding and the risk of childhood allergic diseases in a developing country. Author: Ehlayel MS; Bener A Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 2008 Jul-Aug;29(4):386-91. Abstract: Exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) seems to reduce risk of allergies in the western countries, but there are few reports from developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of EBF on the development of allergic diseases and eczema in a developing country. This is a cross-sectional survey done at the well-baby clinics of 11 primary health centers, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. A multistage sampling design was used and a representative sample of 1500 children (0-5 years old) and mothers (18-47 years old) were surveyed between October 2006 and September 2007. Of them, 1278 mothers (85.2%) participated in the study. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire assessing breast-feeding and allergic diseases was completed by mothers bringing children for immunization. Questionnaire included allergic rhinitis, wheezing, eczema, type and duration of breast-feeding, parental smoking habits, number of siblings, family income, maternal education, and parental allergies. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were performed for statistical analysis. More than one-half of the infants (59.3%) were on EBF. Length of breast-feeding was associated with maternal age. Prevalence of eczema (19.4%), allergic rhinitis (22.6%), and wheezing (12.7%) were significantly less frequent in those with prolonged (>6 months) compared with short-term fed infants. The association between EBF and eczema tended to be similar in children with a positive family history of atopy (p < 0.001) and eczema (p < 0.001) compared with those without. In children of developing countries, prolonged breast-feeding reduces the risk of developing allergic diseases and eczema even in the presence of maternal allergy, where it might be a practical, effective preventive measure. Language: English Keywords: QATAR | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | ALLERGIC REACTION | ECZEMA | TOBACCO USE | RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY | MATERNAL AGE | Developed Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Health | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Population Dynamics | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Dermatitis | Behavior | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Parental Age Document Number: 329232 |
24.  Peer Reviewed Title: The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a "Poldermodel" society. Author: Fokkema T; de Valk H; de Beer J; van Duin C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(21):743-794. Abstract: The Netherlands has seen a considerable decline of the period total fertility rate and delayed childbearing, just like all other European countries. The drop in fertility, however, has not been as sharp as in many other regions of Europe. The period total fertility rate in the Netherlands has stabilized since the late 1970s at around 1.6 children per woman, and it has even risen slightly since 1995. In addition, although the Netherlands has one of the oldest first-time mothers, completed fertility is still rather high compared to other European countries, suggesting a strong "catching up" of births by women in their thirties. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the main driving forces behind specific fertility trends in the Netherlands. Among other factors, it focuses on changing patterns of home leaving and union formation, declining partnership stability, and the growing acceptability and use of contraception. The chapter also looks at prolonged education, rising labor-force participation of women, economic uncertainties, the growing migrant population, and family policies. Data allowing, and to the extent possible, we examine the effects of these factors on decision-making about parenthood and the timing of childbearing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL AGE | FAMILY SIZE | DIVORCE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 327728 |
| 25. Title: Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African demographic surveys. Author: Garenne M Source: Human Biology. 2008 Oct;80(5):473-82. Abstract: Variations of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) were investigated using maternity history data collected in demographic surveys conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-three countries were covered, totaling about 2.0 million births. The average SRB was 1.034 and varied by ethnicity, birth order, and maternal age. The effect of maternal age was significant for younger mothers (12-19 years old) and older mothers (40-49 years old), with a decline in sex ratios with increasing maternal age in both cases. The effect of birth order was significant only for the 20-39-year-old women, with a decline in sex ratio with increasing birth order. These two effects were similar for the three main population groups identified: populations from southern, eastern, and central Africa (SRB = 1.015), populations from West Africa and Sahelian countries (SRB = 1.040), and populations from Nigeria and Ethiopia (SRB = 1.087). In contrast, no effect of marital duration was found. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | SEX RATIO | MATERNAL AGE | BIRTH HISTORY | BIRTH ORDER | MARRIAGE DURATION | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 341686 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of the fertility transition on birth seasonality in the Netherlands. Author: Haandrikman K; Van Wissen LJ Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):655-672. Abstract: Synchronous with the decline in fertility that took place in the post-war period in the Netherlands, patterns of birth seasonality changed as well. In this paper seasonal fluctuations in fertility in the Netherlands are examined using population register data for the period 1952 to 2005. The peak in births has changed from spring to summer and subsequently to August/September, thereby shifting from the European to the American pattern. The seasonal shift can be attributed to parity-specific changes. Before the transition, birth seasonality did not differ much between the different parities. In the transition period from higher to low fertility, differences between parities increased which persist up to today. At present, the overall seasonality pattern is determined by first births. Moreover, birth seasonality varies by maternal age. The findings stimulate the discussion on the role of planning as a cause of birth seasonality. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION REGISTER | SEASONAL VARIATION | PARITY | MATERNAL AGE | PLANNING | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Organization and Administration Document Number: 308343 |
| 27. Title: Fertility rates following vasectomy reversal: importance of age of the female partner. Author: Hinz S; Rais-Bahrami S; Kempkensteffen C; Weiske WH; Schrader M; Magheli A Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2008;81(4):416-20. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Literature regarding the influence of maternal age on pregnancy rates with male partners who have undergone vasectomy reversal is sparse. With the tendency towards delayed childbirth, the increased use of vasectomy as means of family planning, and advances in reproductive techniques, this issue is very important for patient counseling. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of maternal age on pregnancy rates following vasectomy reversal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 212 patients who underwent vasectomy reversal by a single surgeon (W.H.W.). Patient characteristics of the male and the female partner were evaluated using the Fisher exact test and predictors of pregnancy were identified using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the male patients was 40.4 years and the mean age of their female partners was 31.3 years. The postoperative vas patency rate was 93.4%, which resulted in a pregnancy rate of 72.2%. In univariate and multivariable analysis, the age of the female partner (p = 0.014 univariate and p = 0.010 multivariable) and Silber score (p = 0.028 univariate and p = 0.024 multivariable) were predictive of pregnancy following vasectomy reversal with age of the female partner >40 years being associated with lower pregnancy rates compared to those Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | VASECTOMY | VAS REANASTOMOSIS | FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL AGE | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Sterilization Reversal | Reversible Sterilization | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Population Characteristics Document Number: 341438 |
| 28. Title: First birth in Russia: Everyone does it -- young. Author: Kesseli K Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:41-62. Abstract: Until the early 1990s, the common characteristics of Russian fertility were early and almost universal marriage and childbearing. In this article I examine the impact of cohort on first birth. I follow Russian women (based on self-reported ethnicity) born between 1930 and 1986 by applying event history techniques to the Russian Generation and Gender Survey (GSS). The results show that first birth took place earlier in women s lives cohorts born from the 1930s to the 1960s cohort. Among younger women, the trend is opposite, but it is too early to speak of a strong postponement effect. Differences in first-birth risk between cohorts are due to differences in marriage and cohabitation patterns. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | WOMEN | COUPLES | MATERNAL AGE | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parental Age | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | |