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8.
Title: Understanding the effects of personal and school religiosity on the decision to abort a premarital pregnancy.
Author: Adamczyk A
Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Jun;50(2):180-95.
Abstract: Although much research has examined the relationship between religion and abortion attitudes, few studies have examined whether religion influences abortion behavior. This study looks at whether individual and school religiosity influence reported abortion behavior among women who become pregnant while unmarried. Hierarchical Logistic Models are implemented to analyze two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings show that personal religiosity is unrelated to reported abortion behavior. However, conservative Protestants appear less likely to obtain abortions than mainline Protestants, Catholics, and women of non-Christian faiths. Regardless of personal religious affiliation, having attended a school with a high proportion of conservative Protestants appears to discourage abortion as women enter their twenties. Conversely, women from private religious high schools appear more likely to report obtaining an abortion than women from public schools.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREGNANCY | UNMARRIED | RELIGION | ABORTION | CATHOLICISM | CHRISTIANITY | DECISION MAKING | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Reproduction | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342236 Notification

9.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Second-trimester abortions and sex-selection of children in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Author: Belanger D; Oanh KT
Source: Population Studies. 2009 Jul;63(2):163-71.
Abstract: Because sex-selective abortions are generally conducted during the second term of the pregnancy, timing of abortion can be used as an indirect way of studying sex-selection by abortion. We examined the likelihood of having a first-trimester vs. second-trimester abortion among a group of 885 married women who had an abortion in an obstetric hospital in Hanoi in 2003. In the absence of sex-selection by abortion, the number and sex of living children should not affect the timing of abortion. Results indicate that women with more children, particularly those with more daughters or without a son, were more likely to undergo a second-term abortion than a first-term abortion. We estimate that, in 2003, 2 per cent of all abortions to women with at least one living child were intended to avoid the birth of a female.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SONS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX RATIO | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Reproductive Technologies | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342945 Notification

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Potential acceptability of microbicides in HIV prevention in stable marital relationships in Malawi.
Author: Bisika T
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):115-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The XVII International Conference on AIDS held in Mexico City in August 2008 emphasised the importance of dual prevention using both vaccines and microbicides in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Microbicides are important because they constitute one of the potentially important female-controlled methods of HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention, especially in Malawi where the use of the female condom has not yet been fully embraced. METHODS: A qualitative study utilising focus group discussions was used to assess the acceptability of the microbicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9) as part of the ongoing Preparatory AIDS Vaccine Evaluation (PAVE) studies. RESULTS: The study observed that men oppose the use of N-9, and that although women consider themselves at risk for HIV they caution against the unintended consequence of altering the vaginal environment with the use of microbicides, which can interfere with the men's preference for dry sex. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Although N-9 did not produce the desired results, these can inform the development of other promising microbicide candidates. The study concludes that it is important to pay attention to how new microbicides are formulated rather than just concentrating solely on an individual product's effectiveness.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | MICROBICIDES | NONOXYNOL-9 | HUSBAND-WIFE COMPARISONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Spermicidal Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Comparative Studies | Studies
Document Number: 341651

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual and marital trajectories and HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi.
Author: Boileau C; Clark S; Bignami-Van Assche S; Poulin M; Reniers G; Watkins SC; Kohler HP; Heymann SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i27-i33.
Abstract: Objective: To explore how sexual and marital trajectories are associated with HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi. Methods: Retrospective survey data and HIV biomarker data for 926 ever-married women interviewed in the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project were used. The associations between HIV infection and four key life course transitions considered individually (age at sexual debut, premarital sexual activity, entry into marriage and marital disruption by divorce or death) were examined. These transitions were then sequenced to construct trajectories that represent the variety of patterns in the data. The association between different trajectories and HIV prevalence was examined, controlling for potentially confounding factors such as age and region. Results: Although each life course transition taken in isolation may be associated with HIV infection, their combined effect appeared to be conditional on the sequence in which they occurred. Although early sexual debut, not marrying one's first sexual partner and having a disrupted marriage each increased the likelihood of HIV infection, their risk was not additive. Women who both delayed sexual debut and did not marry their first partner are, once married, more likely to experience marital disruption and to be HIV-positive. Women who marry their first partner but who have sex at a young age, however, are also at considerable risk. Conclusions: These findings identify the potential of a life course perspective for understanding why some women become infected with HIV and others do not, as well as the differentials in HIV prevalence that originate from the sequence of sexual and marital transitions in one's life. The analysis suggests, however, the need for further data collection to permit a better examination of the mechanisms that account for variations in life course trajectories and thus in lifetime probabilities of HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HIV INFECTIONS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DIVORCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Behavior | Marriage | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 340104

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bove R; Valeggia C
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(1):21-9.
Abstract: In this paper we review the literature on the association between polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that polygyny is an example of "co-operative conflict" within households, with likely implications for the vulnerability of polygynous women to illness, and for their access to treatment. We begin with a review of polygyny and then examine vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs, including HIV) and differential reproductive outcomes. Polygyny is associated with an accelerated transmission of STIs, both because it permits a multiplication of sexual partners and because it correlates with low rates of condom use, poor communication between spouses, and age and power imbalances among other factors. Female fertility is affected by the interplay between marital rank, household status, and cultural norms in polygynous marriages. Finally, we present areas which have received only cursory attention: mental health and a premature, "social" menopause. Although data are scarce, polygyny seems to be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, particularly around stressful life events. It is our hope that the examples reviewed here will help build a framework for mixed method quality research, which in turn can inform decision makers on more appropriate, context-dependent health policies.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | FERTILITY | POLYGYNY | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331194

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Family composition and remarriage in pre-transitional Italy: a comparative study.
Author: Breschi M; Fornasin A; Manfredini M; Zacchigna M
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):277-296.
Abstract: It is well known that timing and intensity of remarriage were strictly dependent upon dempgraphic, socio-economic, cultural and legislative factors specific to each community. Thus, the aim of this paper is to compare the extent to which such factors may affect the remarriage patterns of three pre-transitional Italian populations that were different in many respects. By using micro-level data of the sharecropping communities of Casalguidi and Madregolo and the Alpine village of Treppo Carnico, we highlighted similarities and differences in the respective remarriage patterns, in particular, the far lower intensity in the mountain community with respect to the sharecropping ones. Our findings show that along with differences in the demographic system, household structure and land tenure, normative elements concerning widows and the dotal system could part explain the differentials we found.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | REMARRIAGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | LAND TENURE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 339898

15.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Marital and reproductive behavior in Italy after 1995: bridging the gap with Western Europe?
Author: Castiglioni M; Dalla Zuanna G
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):1-26.
Abstract: Despite a delay of 20-25 years, when it comes to cohabitation, Italy has now begun to resemble other Western countries. In addition, the increase in legal separations has accelerated since 1995, although their number still remains far from that observed in countries such as the USA, the UK, and France. Finally, Italy's fertility decline has come to a halt: the cohort of women born in the early 1970s will likely have the same TFR as those born in the mid-1960s (around 1.55). Moreover, in the Centre-North areas, period TFR rose from 1.1 in 1995 to 1.35 children per woman 10 years later. The territorial diffusion of cohabitation, legal separation, out-of-wedlock births, and fertility recovery overlaps closely with that of the decline in births during the first half of the twentieth century. A similar geographical pattern has been observed for the diffusion of school enrolment, industrialization, secularization, and (during the last 20 years) foreign immigration.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEPARATION | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY CHANGES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331294

16.

Title: Male perceptions on female sterilization: a community-based study in rural central India.
Author: Char A; Saavala M; Kulmala T
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):131-138.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Use of modern contraceptive methods has increased fourfold in India since the 1970s, characterized by a predominance of female sterilization. There has been considerable investigation about women's choice of female sterilization, but little from the male perspective. METHODS: Seven focus group discussions were conducted among 58 men currently married to women aged 15-45, followed by a cross-sectional survey among 793 men currently married to same-aged women. Bivariate analysis was used for the survey data, and content analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULTS: Men's primary source of reproductive health information was mass media, although they expressed interest in getting information through discussion with knowledgeable sources. Men understood family planning and contraception to be two separate issues: Men viewed "family planning" as synonymous with female sterilization, whereas they saw "contraception" as referring to spacing methods, knowledge of which was limited. Thirty-four percent of men reported that their wives had been sterilized; 79% of men who did not rely on any permanent method said they wanted their wives to be sterilized. In focus group discussions, most men reported themselves as their family's sole decision maker about reproductive health; however, only one-third of survey respondents did so. CONCLUSION: Men are interested in acquiring family planning information, but lack knowledge about available information sources, which hampers their ability to make informed family planning choices. Family planning service providers and program planners need to be aware of males' knowledge and perceptions pertaining to family planning, and make appropriate modifications to communication strategies.
Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El uso de m�todos anticonceptivos modernos se ha cuadruplicado en India desde los a�os setenta y se ha caracterizado por el predominio de la esterilizaci�n femenina. Ha habido considerables esfuerzos de investigaci�n sobre la elecci�n de la esterilizaci�n femenina que hacen las mujeres, pero existen pocos estudios desde la perspectiva masculina. M�todos: Siete sesiones de grupos focales se condujeron con 58 hombres actualmente casados con mujeres en edades de 15-45 a�os, seguidas por una encuesta transversal aplicada a 793 hombres actualmente casados con mujeres del mismo grupo de edad. Se us� an�lisis bivariado para los datos de la encuesta y an�lisis de contenido para los datos cualitativos. Resultados: Para los hombres, la fuente primaria de informaci�n sobre salud reproductiva fue los medios masivos, aunque ellos expresaron inter�s en obtener informaci�n a trav�s de charlas con gente informada en el tema. Los hombres encuestados entendieron la planificaci�n familiar y la anticoncepci�n como dos temas separados: los hombres percibieron la "planificaci�n familiar" como sin�nimo de esterilizaci�n femenina, mientras que se refirieron a la "anticoncepci�n" como m�todos de espaciamiento, cuyo conocimiento fue limitado. Treinta y cuatro por ciento de los hombres reportaron que sus esposas hab�an sido esterilizadas; 79% de los hombres que no depend�an de alg�n m�todo permanente dijeron que quer�an que sus esposas fueran esterilizadas. En las sesiones de grupo, la mayor�a de los hombres se identific� como el �nico tomador de decisiones en su familia respecto a la salud reproductiva; sin embargo, solamente un tercio de los hombres encuestados se identific� de esa forma. Conclusi�n: Los hombres est�n interesados en obtener informaci�n sobre planificaci�n familiar, pero desconocen las fuentes disponibles que pueden consultar, lo cual limita su capacidad para tomar decisiones informadas sobre planificaci�n familiar. Los prestadores de servicios y planificadores de programas de planificaci�n familiar deben estar conscientes del conocimiento y percepciones de los hombres en relaci�n con la planificaci�n familiar, y realizar las modificaciones apropiadas a sus estrategias de comunicaci�n.
French Abstract: Contexte: La pratique de la contraception moderne a quadrupl� en Inde depuis les ann�es 1970. Elle se caract�rise par une pr�dominance de la st�rilisation f�minine. De nombreuses �tudes ont �t� men�es sur le choix f�minin de la st�rilisation. La perspective masculine n'est en revanche gu�re connue. M�thodes: Sept r�unions de groupe ont �t� organis�es avec 58 hommes mari�s � des femmes de 15 � 45 ans. Une enqu�te transversale a ensuite �t� men�e aupr�s de 793 hommes mari�s � des femmes de la m�me tranche d'�ge. L'analyse bivari�e a �t� utilis�e pour les donn�es d'enqu�te, et l'analyse de contenu pour les donn�es qualitatives. R�sultats: Pour les hommes, les m�dias repr�sentent la principale source d'information sur la sant� g�n�sique. Ils expriment cependant un certain int�r�t � s'informer par discussion aupr�s de sources comp�tentes. Les hommes voient dans la planification familiale et la contraception deux questions distinctes: la �planification familiale� est pour eux synonyme de st�rilisation f�minine, tandis que la �contraception� d�signe les m�thodes d'espacement, au sujet desquelles ils ne sont gu�re inform�s. Trente-quatre pour cent des hommes ont d�clar� que leur femme �tait st�rilis�e; 79% de ceux qui n'avaient pas eu recours � une m�thode permanente ont indiqu� d�sirer que leur femme se fasse st�riliser. Lors des discussions de groupe, la plupart des hommes se sont d�clar�s les seuls d�cideurs de leur famille en mati�re de sant� g�n�sique, par rapport � un tiers seulement des r�pondants � l'enqu�te. Conclusion: Les hommes d�sirent s'informer sur la planification familiale mais ils ignorent les sources d'information disponibles, ce qui entrave leur aptitude � op�rer des choix �clair�s en la mati�re. Les prestataires de services et les planifi- cateurs de programmes de planification familiale doivent �tre sensibles aux connaissances et aux perceptions masculines et ajuster en cons�quence leurs strat�gies de communication.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INFORMATION SOURCES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Information
Document Number: 343003

17.
Title: Effects of female literacy on family size.
Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S
Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7.
Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 340190

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage?
Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342845

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal intimate partner violence is associated with HIV and other STIs among married Rwandan women.
Author: Dude AM
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb 10;:1-11.
Abstract: HIV is a health problem in Rwanda, where the adult HIV prevalence is 3.1% (WHO 2008 in Online database of HIV/AIDS epidemiological data, found at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas); the majority of those infected are women (UNAIDS 2008 in http://data.unaids. org/pub/Report/2008/rwanda_2008_country_progress_ report en.pdf). Prior studies indicate that intimate partner violence is frequently associated with increased HIV risk in women, often because men who abuse their wives also exhibit riskier sexual behaviors (Silverman et al. in JAMA 300:703-710 2008. Population-based data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey indicate that women with few, if any, other sexual risk factors who have experienced sexual, physical, or emotional abuse within their marriages are 1.61-3.46 times as likely to test positive for HIV, and 2.14-4.11 times more likely to report another STI. These findings confirm prior clinical studies that indicate that intimate partner violence is a correlate of HIV/STIs in Rwanda. Further research is needed to determine whether Rwandan men that abuse their wives have higher baseline rates of HIV/STI infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EVALUATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nuptiality | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 340206

21.

Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia.
Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 341413

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High HIV prevalence detected in 2006 and 2007 among men who have sex with men in China's largest municipality: an alarming epidemic in Chongqing, China.
Author: Feng L; Ding X; Lu R; Liu J; Sy A; Ouyang L; Pan C; Yi H; Liu H; Xu J; Zhao J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):79-85.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Data from many large cities in China show HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) increasing dramatically over the recent years, making HIV transmission among MSM in China a growing concern. To facilitate targeted HIV prevention among MSM in Chongqing, surveys were conducted to examine HIV prevalence and its associated factors in 2006 and in 2007. METHODS: Surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in 3 districts of Chongqing at venues and cruising areas where MSM frequent. Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted on demographic, behavioral, and biological data. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 19.7% in 2006 and 26.5% in 2007 among recruitees from bathhouses and saunas, more than 2 times higher than recruitees from other venues for both years. HIV prevalence increased from 10.4% in 2006 to 12.5% in 2007. HIV prevalence was more than 20% among those older than 40 years of age, much higher than HIV prevalence in younger age groups. HIV prevalence among married MSM was 15.9% in 2006 and 20.9% in 2007, compared with nonmarried MSM at 7.6% in 2006 and 9.2% in 2007. DISCUSSION: Urgent attention for prevention services is required to address the overall high HIV prevalence among MSM in the city, with special focus on subgroups as older, married MSM, and those recruited from bathhouses and saunas.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMICS | SYPHILIS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342907

23.

Title: Individual versus household migration decision rules: gender and marital status differences in intentions to migrate in South Africa.
Author: Gubhaju B; De Jong GF
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):31-61.
Abstract: This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own-future" versus alternative "household well-being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARITAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341299

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Polygynous marital structure and child survivorship in sub-Saharan Africa: some empirical evidence from Ghana.
Author: Gyimah SO
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):334-42.
Abstract: Although studies have found children in married families to have better health outcomes than those in other family types, this strand of research implicitly views marriage as monolithic and, by default, monogamous as found in western industrialized societies. In polygynous cultures, there is a need to make a distinction between polygynous and monogamous families, because these marital arrangements might imply varying levels of parental support necessary for optimum child outcomes. Using pooled children's data from the 1998 and 2003 (N=4938) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, this study investigates the effects of polygynous marital structure on child survivorship and assesses whether the effect is uniform over the entire childhood period. In models that did not allow for age-specific effects of polygyny, children in polygynous marriages were found to have an elevated risk of death. Further analysis revealed that only older children experienced the survival disadvantages associated with polygyny.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | POLYGYNY | MARRIAGE | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life
Document Number: 331179

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Beyond Monogamy: Opportunities to Further Reduce Risk for HIV Infection Among Married Zimbabwean Women with only One Lifetime Partner.
Author: Hageman KM; Dube HM; Mugurungi O; Gavin LE; Hader SL; St Louis ME
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 14;
Abstract: The main objective of this paper was to identify HIV risk factors at the individual, partner, and partnership levels among married, lifetime monogamous women in a nationally representative sample of Zimbabweans aged 15-29 years. Cross-sectional data were collected through individual survey interviews among 1,286 women who provided blood for HIV testing. The HIV prevalence among these women was high (21.8%). HIV risk increased with female age, within-couple age difference of more than 5 years, the husband having children with other women, and the respondent being 'extremely likely' to discuss monogamy in the next 3 months with her husband. The latter suggests that women were attempting to communicate their concerns while unaware that they were already HIV positive. HIV risk largely appears related to the partner's past and present sexual behavior, resulting in limited ability for married women to protect themselves from infection. Overall, lifetime monogamy offers insufficient protection for women.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Health | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342546

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation.
Author: Hoem JM; Kostova D; Jasilioniene A; Muresan C
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):239-255.
Abstract: Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be traces of the SDT in these countries. The details vary by country; in particular, latter-day developments in union formation patterns did not start at the same time in all countries, but in our assessment it began everywhere before communism fell, that is, before the societal transition to a market economy got underway in 1990.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | EUROPE | ROMANIA | HUNGARY | BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DATA ANALYSIS | MARRIAGE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe, Central | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Marriage Patterns
Document Number: 339896

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual partnerships in britain: characteristics differ by gender and predict likelihood of condom use.
Author: Hollander D
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):64-5.
Abstract: Men and women in Britain report many differences in the characteristics of their heterosexual partnerships, and some differences in partnership characteristics are reflected in the likelihood of risky behavior. For example, men are more likely than women to have casual partners, and they are less likely than women to have partners of roughly their own age. Condom use is more likely in casual partnerships than within marriage; even so, the level of use in casual relationships suggests that many men and women are inadequately protected against the risk of STD infection. Additionally, condom use the first time a couple has sex is more likely if the partners are about the same age than if the male is five or more years older than the female. In nearly one-quarter of men's new partnerships, but only one in 10 of women's, first sex with a new partner occurs within 24 hours after the couple's meeting. These are among the findings of an analysis based on data from Britain's 1999-2001 National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles.1 The survey was based on a stratified probability sample of more than 11,000 British residents aged 16-44, who participated in face-to-face interviews and computer-assisted self-interviews. A total of 9,598 respondents reported having had at least one heterosexual partner in the past year; investigators used data on this subsample to study partnership formation, and they employed logistic regression to assess associations between partnership characteristics and condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330702

28.

Title: Condom use among married women at risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Qin QR; Li LH; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 13;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with condom use among married women in rural China, and provide evidence for implementing education strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV. METHODS: A total of 737 sexually active married rural women who were aged between 18 and 49 years and had heard of AIDS were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed in 8 villages of Anhui province, China. RESULTS: The rate of condom use was only 5.4%.There were no significant differences in sexual behavior and condom use between married women whose husbands were away as migrant workers and the wives of nonmigrant men, except in knowledge of free condom sources. Significant factors associated with condom use included age, level of education, knowledge about condoms, training about condoms, sources of condoms, and husbands' attitude toward condoms. CONCLUSIONS: More educational interventions are needed to increase condom knowledge and promotion, especially among less educated women and married women left behind by migrant husbands.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | MIGRANT WORKERS | SPOUSE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341460

29.

Title: Long-term follow-up of a peer-led HIV/AIDS prevention program for married women in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3;
Abstract: Women are infected with HIV at increasing rates worldwide, and the incidence of new AIDS cases has been rising faster for women than for men. In China, rural married women may become infected with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when their husbands return home after working in cities. Studies have demonstrated that many married rural women know little about condom use or STIs, and that their low level of knowledge puts them at risk. Since HIV is mainly sexually transmitted and there is neither an effective vaccine nor a cure for HIV/AIDS, the most important way to control HIV/AIDS is to decrease high-risk sexual behavior by improving women's HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. In 2007 and 2008, we conducted a follow-up study with 737 married women in North Anhui, China, to evaluate the long-term effects of a peer education program for married women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PEER EDUCATORS | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Education | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341463

30.

Title: Contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge of Hong Kong Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy.
Author: Ip WY; Sin LL; Chan DS
Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2009 Jul 8;
Abstract: Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore contraceptive practice, the level of knowledge and self-efficacy of contraception among Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy and to determine the relationships between these variables. Background. The construct of self-efficacy can be employed as a theory to design a nursing intervention to prevent sexually active women from unplanned pregnancy. Only a few western studies have investigated the relationships between self-efficacy and contraception behaviour yet none targeted at the Chinese population. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Methods. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sample of 117 eligible Chinese females completed all the questionnaires, which included the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale and Contraceptive Knowledge Scale. Results. The findings in this study suggested that younger, unmarried women at the lower income group, who adopted male condoms are at risk for unplanned pregnancy. The sample demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge and self-efficacy in contraception. However, no significant relationship was found between contraceptive self-efficacy and knowledge (p>0.05). Conclusions. Contraceptive obstacles were revealed by participants' moderate level of contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge. The relationship between contraceptive knowledge of specific methods and contraceptive self-efficacy need further exploration in future studies. Relevance to clinical practice. The dominant use of male condoms by the sample of this study sheds light on future direction in the development of educational programmes and contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SELF-PERCEPTION | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342217


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