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1.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Estimating the stability of census-based racial/ethic classifications: the case of Brazil.
Author: de Carvalho JA; Wood CH; Cristina F; Andrade D
Source: Population Studies. 2004;58(3):331-343.
Abstract: This study presents a method of estimating the degree to which people change their racial/ethnic identity from one census enumeration to another. The technique is applied to the classification of skin colour in Brazil (white, black, brown, yellow). For the period 1950-80, the findings show a deficit of 38 per cent in the black category and a gain of 34 per cent in the brown category, suggesting that a large proportion of individuals who declared themselves black in 1950 reclassified themselves as brown in 1980. Estimates for 1980-90, adjusted for the effects of international migration, reveal a similar pattern, although the magnitude of colour reclassification may have declined somewhat during the 1980s. Procedures to determine the stability of racial/ethnic identity produce data useful to recent policy initiatives that rely on demographic censuses to measure changes in the status of minority groups in less developed countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | CENSUS | RACE RELATIONS | POPULATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MEASUREMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Statistics | Political Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Migration | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 279178

3.
Title: Factors influencing the time taken to initiate women's marriage after menarche in Tamil Nadu.
Author: Sheela J
Source: Demography India. 2001 Jan-Jun;30(1):115-25.
Abstract: This paper studies the factors influencing the time taken to initiate marriage after menarche for woman (TIM) in order to understand why the period is shorter/longer among various sub-groups of the population. Data were collected from 600 ever-married women of the Salem district of Tamil Nadu state during June-October 1998. The sample consists of 200 women each from three communities: Adi Dravida (scheduled caste), Vanniar (most backward caste) and Kongu Vellala Gounder (backward caste) who were selected from 6 villages (300 rural sample) and 3 wards from Salem City (300 urban sample). Overall, it is highlighted that caste background and educational status of the woman had significant effects on the TIM, irrespective of place of residence and marriage cohort. Findings also suggest that the overall educational status of women and their fathers have played a highly significant role in influencing the TIM.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | CASTE | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | EVER MARRIED | MARRIAGE AGE | MENARCHE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Menstruation | Reproduction
Document Number: 168053

4.
Title: Women's empowerment and demographic behaviour: perspectives on rural and urban women.
Author: Murthy MS; Dhanalakshmi N
Source: In: Reproductive health of humankind in Asia and Africa: a global perspective. Vol. 2, edited by Kuttan Mahadevan, Gao Ersheng, Yu Jing Yuan, R. Jayasree, A.K.M. Nurun Nabi. Delhi, India, B.R. Publishing Corporation, 2000. :549-60.
Abstract: This document summarizes a study that explores the relationship between empowerment and demographic behavior of poor women in rural and urban areas of Tirupati, India. It describes programs dedicated for women's empowerment and development.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 170406

5.
Title: Fertility tempo and quantum: an empirical test of major theories with data from four FFS-countries.
Author: Di Giulia P; Lesthaeghe R; Moors G; Pinnelli A
Source: Brussels, Belgium, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Interface Demography, 1999. 15 p. (IPD-Working Paper 1999-2)
Abstract: This study examined 4 hypotheses that explain children ever born (CEB) and early and late childbearing in Belgium, Germany (former Federal Republic), Italy, and Hungary. Theories pertain to female economic autonomy, relative economic deprivation, ideational change, and union instability. Data were obtained from the Fertility and Family Survey for Belgium in 1991, for Germany in 1992, for Italy in 1995-96, and for Hungary in 1993. Explanatory factors include higher education, white-collar or professional job, willingness to make sacrifices for advancing career, blue-collar partner, lower secondary female education, ever employment, first housewife, frequency of Sunday church attendance, importance of God, early home leaving and/or divorce, multiple partnerships, and residence. Italy had the latest mean age at first birth. Women with higher education and/or a professional career were the last to bear children. Sacrificing for a career postponed first birth. The earliest starts were among well educated women who chose to be housewives. Problems in the parental family led to greater risk of early motherhood. Urbanity lowered the risk of early starts. CEB were higher among women who did not start careers as professionals and who chose to be housewives from the start. Among ever-employed women, those aged 30-39 years with a blue-collar partner had lower fertility, except in Hungary. Economic deprivation theory is only supported in Germany and Italy. The net affects of family disruption on CEB were strongest in Belgium and Italy. CEB was positively associated with fertility in Belgium and Germany.
Language: English
Keywords:
BELGIUM | FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | ITALY | HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | TIME FACTORS | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | THEORETICAL MODELS | WOMEN'S STATUS | POVERTY | SOCIAL CHANGE | DIVORCE | FIRST BIRTH | FERTILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Population Decrease | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Pregnancy History
Document Number: 140391

6.
Title: Fertility differentials by religion in Kerala: a period parity progression ratio analysis.
Author: Alagarajan M; Kulkarni PM
Source: DEMOGRAPHY INDIA. 1998 Jan-Jun;27(1):213-27.
Abstract: This study relied on parity progression ratios (PPRs) in order to examine differences in fertility in Kerala state, India. Data were obtained from the 1991-92 National Fertility and Health Survey (NFHS) in Kerala among three districts: Ernakulam, Palakkad, and Malappuram. Multiple Classification Analysis was used to consider whether differences were related to socioeconomic factors, religion, or parity. Fertility decline has not been uniform among the three major religious groups. Fertility decline among Muslims has been modest; most women proceed to a 4th child. Hindus and Christians stop childbearing after the 2nd child. Religious-fertility differences may be explained by socioeconomic status (SES), particularized theological, and minority status hypotheses. PPRs indicate that differences by religion are large. Muslims had much higher fertility. There were also strong effects from education, standard of living (based on Roy and Jayachandran's methods, 1996), and Malabar region in the north. Religious differences persisted despite controls for SES. PPRs during 1968-91 for progressions up to 4th parity indicated a clear declining trend on the progression to 3rd and higher births. PPRs to the 1st birth declined only slightly for Hindus and Muslims. PPRs to the 2nd birth declined for only Hindus, increased for Muslims, and were irregular for Christians. PPRs to the 3rd and 4th parities were quite steep among Hindus during 1987-91, fairly steep among Christians, and moderate for Muslims. Muslims lagged about 10 years behind Hindus and 5-10 years behind Christians. Differences followed patterns for contraceptive use.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | RELIGION | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Parity
Document Number: 137989

7.
Title: Racial and ethnic differences in girls' sexual, marital, and birth expectations.
Author: East PL
Source: JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY. 1998 Feb;60(1):150-62.
Abstract: This study examined the nature, extent, and socioeconomic determinants of racial and ethnic differences in adolescent girls' desires about their future life course in the US. Data were obtained from a sample of girls in the 6th-8th grades who were attending one of 4 public junior high schools in suburban Southern California. The sample included Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Southeast Asians; it also included 436 mothers and 574 girls. Findings from multiple classification analysis with controls for age indicate that girls of different race and ethnicity had different socioeconomic characteristics. Race and ethnicity had a significant effect on girls' schooling/job aspirations and role-timing scores, after controls for socioeconomic factors and age. Whites had the strongest desire to have children. Blacks perceived that they had the greatest risk of nonmarital births. Regression analyses reveal that for all, except Hispanic girls, older age and pessimistic job expectations were positively related to sexual activity intent. For Hispanic girls, low marriage and first birth age for their mothers and low family income were positively related to sexual activity intent. Positive school and job aspirations for all girls were linked with a later desired age at first birth. A high perceived likelihood of a nonmarital birth was related to low family income for Hispanics and Whites, with mothers' low educational attainment for Blacks, and with a history of Assistance for Families with Dependent Children payments for Asians. For all girls, except Hispanics, positive desires for school and jobs were related to low perceived risk of a nonmarital birth. One limitation of the study was the very small sample size among Asians.
Language: English
Keywords:
CALIFORNIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | ASIANS | BLACKS | WHITES | LIFE CYCLE | REPRODUCTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE AGE | PERCEPTION | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Psychological Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors
Document Number: 133283

8.
Title: Religious differentials in fertility in India: an assessment of the characteristics hypothesis.
Author: Kulkarni PM; Alagarajan M; Sivakami M
Source: [Unpublished] 1998. Presented at the International Conference on Population Issues on the Eve of 21st Century and 21st Annual Conference of the Indian Association for the Study of Population, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, February 9-12, 1998. [2], 26 p.
Abstract: Fertility differentials by religion have existed in India for some time. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), among the major religions, fertility is higher among Muslims followed by Hindus, Christians, and Sikhs. This paper examines the characteristics hypothesis, that is, whether fertility differentials by religion are caused by variations in socioeconomic characteristics. The analysis has been carried out for 14 major states, which have large populations of at least two religions. The data from the NFHS are subjected to multiple classification analysis for this purpose and differentials by religion are computed after adjusting for the effects of education, work status, and residence. The results show that Hindu-Christian, Hindu-Sikh, Hindu-Buddhist fertility differentials are quite small in all the states where such comparisons have been made. However, the Hindu-Muslim differentials in marital fertility are notable and persist even after adjusting for other socioeconomic factors. The results thus suggest that Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials are primarily associated with religion as such and not caused by variations in characteristics. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | RELIGION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors
Document Number: 167916

9.
Title: Infant and child mortality in India.
Author: Pandey A; Choe MK; Luther NY; Sahu D; Chand J
Source: Mumbai, India, International Institute for Population Sciences, 1998 Dec. 99 p. (National Family Health Survey Subject Reports No. 11)
Abstract: This study examined patterns and determinants of infant and child mortality (IM/CM) in India. Analysis relied on Cox hazard regression models and multiple classification of neonatal and postneonatal mortality (NM/PM) and CM. Estimates are given for specific states. Data were obtained from the 1992-93 National Family and Health Survey among a sample of 89,777 ever-married women aged 13-49 years. The child sample included children born in December 1979 or later (163,316 children) and children born in the preceding 4 years (55,571 children). Findings indicate that IM declined 23% during 1981-90. CM declined 34%. IM of children born during the 12 years preceding the survey was 88/1000 live births; CM was 121/1000. Many states had excess male mortality in the neonatal period but excess female mortality during childhood, especially in northern states. When socioeconomic factors were accounted for, the significant unadjusted effects were maternal literacy, access to a flush or pit toilet, household head's religion, caste or tribe, and economic level of the household. Adjusted NM increased with birth order. Adjusted PM and CM rose with increasing birth order. Third order births had the lowest IM. Higher mortality of first births was related to mother's young age. Maternal age at childbirth at second and higher birth orders was related to mortality in a U-shaped pattern. CM was higher among children born with a short birth interval (SBI), children who were born after an SBI, and children with an older sibling who died.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | BIRTH HISTORY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Mortality | Economic Factors | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 139151

10.
Title: Determinants of age at first marriage in south India: an analysis of NFHS data.
Author: Sheela J; Audinarayana N
Source: [Unpublished] 1998. Presented at the International Conference on Population Issues on the Eve of 21st Century and 21st Annual Conference of the Indian Association for the Study of Population, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, February 9-12, 1998. [2], 15 p.
Abstract: This paper aims to examine the determinants of age at first marriage of ever- married women (11, 876, aged 25-49) using the National Family Health Survey, 1992-93 data for South India as a whole. Results based on Multiple Classification Analysis show that year of marriage, educational status of women, and state of residence have played a greater role in determining the age at first marriage of women, in that order. The influences of religion-caste, childhood place of residence, and consanguinity on age at marriage of women, although found to be in an expected direction, seem to be very small. (author's, modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 167919

11.
Title: The effect of status of women on fertility in an urban setting of Tamil Nadu.
Author: Audinarayana N
Source: INDIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK. 1997 Oct;58(4):542-56.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between women's status and fertility among women from a small town in Tamil Nadu, India. The survey was conducted in 1991-92, among a sample of 300 randomly selected married couples who had at least one child at the time of the survey. The setting was Sulur Town, Coimbatore District. Women's status is measured as consultation of women for finalizing marriage, control over jewels brought from the natal family, the extent of sex-segregated interaction, the extent of restrictions imposed on women by husbands to do certain activities, and the extent of women's participation in decision-making on household affairs. Bivariate and multivariate analysis and Multiple Classification Analysis were performed in the analysis of patterns of children ever born (CEB). 94% of the sample were Hindus. 71% were of a backward class. 44% had studied up to the high school level, 28% had studied up to the middle school level, and 8% had only studied up to primary level. 9% had completed college. 63% lacked any income generating activities. 42.7% had a monthly income under Rs. 1500. The average income was Rs. 1840. All five women's status measures were significantly correlated with CEB. All predictor variables of women's status and duration of marriage explained the variation in CEB. 10.5% of the variance was explained by women's control over jewels. Women who brought jewels from their natal family had fewer children (1.68) than women without such control (2.36) and women who had not brought jewels (2.20). Sex-segregated interactions, from more to less restrictive, were related to 2.50-1.74 children.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 131521

12.
Title: Health and development: intersectoral linkages in India.
Author: Narayana KV
Source: Jaipur, India, Rawat Publications, 1997. 197 p.
Abstract: This book posits an intersectoral linkage between socioeconomic development and health, and empirically tests the theory with data for 15 states in India. Data were obtained from the censuses of 1961, 1971, and 1981, for rural areas only. The measures of health status included the infant mortality rate, the crude mortality rate, and the life expectancy at birth. Relative level of development was determined by health care, education, women's status, infrastructure, agriculture, industry, and economic development measures. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to construct composite indices of development. The aim was to describe the relationships, rather than to establish the dynamics of interrelationships. Chapter 1 discusses health status. Chapter 2 reviews major studies on factors affecting health status in developed and developing countries including medical technology, public health improvement, and integrated socioeconomic development. Chapter 3 conceptualizes the dynamic relationship between health status, health care services, and socioeconomic development. Chapter 4 identifies approaches to measuring development. The remaining 3 chapters discuss empirical tests. Health status was highly correlated with sectoral indices of development in each of 3 decades. The association was low in 1961, and subsequently increased. The provision of health care is correlated with health status, but at a low level compared to the socioeconomic components of development. Improvement in health status requires an integrated approach to deal with socioeconomic problems such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and poor health.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | THEORETICAL MODELS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology
Document Number: 133623

13.
Title: Child survival in rural areas.
Author: Prasad NR
Source: New Delhi, India, Anmol Publications, 1997. [5], 196 p.
Abstract: This book examines maternal and child health (MCH) service practices, family planning (FP), and the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on child survival in rural Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh in southeastern India. Chapters 1 and 2 include a literature review and study methodology. Chapter 3 is a profile of study villages. Chapter 4 describes the use of MCH services, while Chapter 5 discusses MCH influence on child survival. Chapter 6 discusses acceptance of FP in Andhra Pradesh and Chapter 7 offers a summary and conclusions. Warangal is located in Telangana region, which is the most backward region in the western part of the state. The region has 37.7% of total state population and its highest infant mortality rate of 99/1000 live births. Interviews were conducted during July-October 1993, among a sample of 838 women who had 2900 births in the preceding 3 years. Only 247 villages out of the 1002 sample villages had medical facilities. Findings indicate that over 91% were Hindus. Land holdings were small. The mean age at marriage was 15.2 years, and over 92% were married by 19 years. About 67% received some prenatal care. About 45% of women received folic acid and iron tablets. Younger women tended to use health facilities. About 64% of women avoided some foods during pregnancy. About 22% of deliveries were attended by trained medical staff. Over 82% of women took their children to well-baby clinics. Educated mothers and Hindu mothers tended to use postnatal clinic child care. About 75% preferred qualified private doctors for treatment. The logistic regression indicates that prenatal care and immunization significantly increased child survival chances. Safe drinking water, annual income, age at delivery, and children ever born were the significant demographic variables. Income and infrastructure increased child survival. Multiple classification analyses revealed that education, religion, and caste were the key variables in acceptance of FP.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | FIVE-YEAR PLANS | INFANT MORTALITY CHANGES | RURAL POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population | Development Planning | Economic Factors | Infant Mortality | Population Characteristics | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 131279

14.
Title: The quality of family planning services in two low-income districts of Istanbul.
Author: Turan JM; Bulut A; Nalbant H
Source: NUFUSBILIM DERGISI / TURKISH JOURNAL OF POPULATION STUDIES. 1997;19:3-24.
Abstract: This study examined quality of care (QOC) among a sample of 378 women from two low-income communities (Sefakoy and Halkali in Kucukcekmece District) in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1992. Data were obtained from questionnaires and site visits with structured checklists. Istanbul's TFR was 2.2 in 1990, but fertility varies within the city by socioeconomic factors. The growth rate is 4.5%. Sefakoy has had a home visitor project since 1991 that trains community women to serve as family planning counselors and providers. Halkali has a few government family planning service sites, but no home visit program. The sample of women had a mean age of 31.5 years. 66% had completed primary school. 90% were housewives. The Sefakoy women scored significantly higher on the SES index. Among ever users, the most recently used contraceptive method included 41.5% for the IUD, 29.9% for condoms, and 18.0% for the pill. 38.0% of current users relied on an IUD, 19.4% used condoms, and 14.6% used withdrawal. Over 85% reported joint decisions for fertility issues. Findings indicate that trained women from the community are competent to deliver high-quality family planning information and counseling. In contrast, doctors and nurses in health settings scored low on the QOC index. The highest QOC scores were found among community workers and private doctors. Multivariate analysis reveals that women with more education reported better information and counseling. Quality scores varied by type of family planning method. The best information and counseling occurred among women who accepted the pill, followed by spermicides, the IUD, and condoms. Constraints to public family planning services were limited hours of operation, inadequate training, limited method choice, supply problems, limited IEC, inadequate record keeping, and lack of proper equipment and procedures for assuring infection control.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services Evaluation | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 131813

15.
Title: Inter-generational changes in birth intervals in Kerala.
Author: Nair SN; Nair PS
Source: DEMOGRAPHY INDIA. 1996 Jul-Dec;25(2):221-38.
Abstract: This study determines the patterns of birth intervals in Kerala state in India among two cohorts of women. Data were obtained from two comparable surveys conducted in the suburban area of Trivandrum during 1971-72 and 1990. Hazard models were used to reduce the problems with truncated birth interval data. Birth timing relies on open and closed birth interval data. Multiple classification analysis (MCA) is used to determine the effect of socioeconomic factors on birth intervals. The proportion of women experiencing a third birth declined from 56.38% to 27.90% between 1971-72 and 1990. For both cohorts, the proportion of women not having a birth was high for the first 20 months of marriage. In 1990, all women had their first birth within 4 years of marriage. In 1971-72, all women had their first birth within 8 years of marriage. Z-values confirmed that there were significant differences in the timing of first births between the two periods. The mean age of marriage remained the same over time. 41% of women in 1971-72 and 32% of women in 1990 had their first birth within the first 19 months, but the proportion of women having a second birth within 36 months was greater in 1990. First birth intervals (FBIs) did not vary much by religious group. The small differences between religious groups in FBIs narrowed after controlling for the educational status of couples and marriage age. Differences by educational status were small, but there was greater variation by education in 1990. Multivariate analysis reveals that there were no substantial differences in FBI between religious groups and educational levels. Women differed significantly in progressing to the second birth. MCA shows very slight differences in the second birth interval by religion and education. Findings suggest that the proportion of women in the future having three live births will be very low. Education had strong effects on the third birth interval.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SURVEYS | BIRTH INTERVALS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Economic Factors
Document Number: 126463

16.
Title: Contraceptive use in India, 1992-93.
Author: Ramesh BM; Gulati SC; Retherford RD
Source: Mumbai, India, International Institute for Population Sciences, 1996 Oct. xvi, 107 p. (National Family Health Survey Subject Reports No. 2)
Abstract: This report provides an analysis of the determinants of contraceptive use in India based on data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey. This volume in organized into chapters on methodology, knowledge of contraception, ever use, current use, sources of supply, intended use, exposure to mass media, interspousal communication on and attitudes toward family planning, multivariate analysis of the determinants of contraceptive use among currently married, nonpregnant women with three living children, and conclusions. The survey was conducted among currently married women aged 13-49 years. Knowledge was universal, except in Nagaland. Current contraceptive use was 41%, 6% of which was represented by modern temporary methods. First use occurred after a mean number of 2.8 children. Only 7% first used contraception when they had no living children. Contraceptive prevalence varied by state and ranged from 13% in Nagaland to 63% in Kerala. 75% of contraceptors relied on sterilization. The median age for sterilization was 26.6 years. 79% used government sources to obtain contraception. Almost 33% of women who intended to use contraception desired a temporary modern method. Logistic analysis reveals that urban-rural differences in contraceptive use nationally and in most states were reduced, when education was controlled. Urban use was higher because of the higher levels of education among urban women. Contraceptive use increased with the number of living sons, only up to two sons. Even after residence and education were controlled, Muslims had much lower contraceptive prevalence in the nation and most states, with the exception of Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. Education and residence explained about 50% of the effect of caste on contraception. Exposure to mass media had a large effect on use, which was reduced by about 33% after controls for education and residence. Use of health services had a positive effect on use, but the size of effect varied by state beginning at zero.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | SEX PREFERENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ISLAM | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | WOMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 119870

17.
Title: "The number and quality of children": education and marital fertility in early twentieth-century Iowa.
Author: Smith DS
Source: JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY. 1996 Winter;30(2):367-92.
Abstract: This study examined the role of education in the transition to low fertility in Iowa (US) in the early part of the 20th century. Data were obtained from a sample of 8503 ever married women from the 1910 census. The sample reflected 4 of the 8 cities with populations over 25,000 persons (Des Moines, Dubuque, Cedar Rapids, and Council Bluffs) and 10 rural areas. In 1910, over 33% of women aged over 65 years had 7 or fewer years of schooling and around 8% had some high school education. 18.3% of women aged under 25 years had less than 8 years of schooling and 26.3% had some high school education. Husbands' educational levels were similar to wives' levels. Wives in families in the highest income group were more educated than wives in other income groups. Women of southern birth or origin had less schooling. The best educated came from New England or were religiously affiliated in that region. The index of fertility indicated a curvilinear relationship between age and fertility. The index of completed fertility increased from younger to older women. The index for controlled fertility declined from younger to older women. Findings suggest parity-specific control. Education was inversely correlated with fertility. Women with 7 or less years of schooling had a children ever born (CEB) index of 8.45, which was 41% higher than among high school educated women. Very few women with high levels of education had large families. The CEB index was 49% higher for farm tenants compared to spouses of middle class husbands. The CEB index was 7.75 for women in rural places, 6.21 for women in towns, and 6.14 for women in cities. The highest fertility was among poorly educated Catholic and Lutheran women whose mothers were born in Europe, and who married farm tenants. Multiple classification analysis revealed that place of residence and socialization affected fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY DECLINE | EDUCATION | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology
Document Number: 130397

18.
Title: Demographic and sociocultural factors influencing contraceptive use in Uganda.
Author: Agyei WK; Migadde M
Source: JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE. 1995 Jan;27(1):47-60.
Abstract: Data from the 1988/89 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey was used to examine contraceptive knowledge, attitude, and usage among 3055 currently married Ugandan women. An estimated 20% of total population were not included in the sample due to areas of civil disorder. Greater knowledge about contraception was found among women with a secondary or higher education, among women with three or more surviving children, among urban women, and among women with husbands absent. Catholic women had less knowledge than Protestants and Muslims. More favorable attitudes toward contraceptive use were found among women aged 20 years and older. Women with a secondary or higher education were more likely to approve of contraceptive use. The Bantu, Nilo-hamites, and Hamites highly approved of contraception compared to Lilotics. Approval was greater among women who desired no more children. Women whose husbands lived away from home were more likely to approve of contraceptive use. 26.4% of women who had never had a child die had ever practiced family planning. 21.6% who had experienced a loss of a child had ever practiced family planning. Women who had married at the age of 20 years and older were more likely to have practiced family planning. Contraceptive use was 26.2% among women with three or more surviving children. 19.0% of women with no surviving children used contraceptives. Higher contraceptive use was associated with higher educational level, ethnicity (Banti and Nilo-hamite), women with husbands absent, and urban women. In the multiple classification analysis, findings showed that knowledge of contraceptive methods was strongly predicted by a woman's ethnic origin, educational attainment, discussion of family planning with a partner, place of residence, and age at first marriage. Significant determinants of approval of contraceptive use included husband-wife discussion of family planning, a woman's ethnic origin, educational level, fertility preference, religious affiliation, and number of surviving children. Ever use of contraception was significantly related to having secondary or higher education, ever discussed family planning with a spouse, urban residence, and the desire to stop childbearing. Traditional method use was related to women with no or only primary education. 22.0% of men in Kampala and 11.0% of rural men had ever used condoms, but only 8.4% used condoms as a prevention for AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | CURRENTLY MARRIED | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Fertility
Document Number: 103242

19.
Title: The status of women and the social context of reproduction.
Author: Jensen AM
Source: JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1995 Jan-Feb;7(1):61-79.
Abstract: Two societies in Kenya are used to illustrate variations in the emphasis on childbearing and the roles of women. This study examines the interaction of the roles of women with fertility and contraceptive use. Bungoma in western Kenya is characterized as a large Christian Bukusu society, which has high benefits attached to childbearing and low, but increasing, costs of childbearing. The Kwale of Coast Province are largely Muslim Digo, who have lower benefits and higher costs of childbearing. Reference is made to the evidence from studies of fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa and the support for fertility decline in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Kenya. The decline in these three countries is described as resulting from higher levels of education of women, lower levels of infant mortality, and higher levels of contraceptive use. There is a consensus that the status of women and contraceptive use are the primary explanations for fertility decline in Kenya. The study areas reflect a comparison between two distinct roles for women. A 27% fertility decline occurred during the 1970s and 1980s in Coast Province with low fertility levels of 5.4 children per woman compared to a 5% decline in Western Province with fertility of 8.1. The national fertility rate is 6.7. Contraceptive prevalence is 15% in Coast Province and 10% in Western Province, which is under the national rate of 18%. Child mortality levels in both provinces are higher than the national average of 91/1000. Multiple classification analysis (MCA) shows the average number of births to be 4.87 among the Digo and 6.68 among the Bukusu. MCA shows that female education is associated with lower fertility in Muslim Kwale and with higher fertility in Christian Bungoma. Child mortality is the second most important factor in both regions. Subfecundity is a major, negative influence on the number of births. One conclusion from the case studies is that child mortality is one of the strongest barriers toward use of contraceptives. The Coast Province is described as one where the extent of fertility may be overestimated but future fertility decline is probable due to modernization. Fertility declines in Western Province are not plausible without changes in women's dependence on children and changes in the strong cultural institutions defending high fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN'S STATUS | FERTILITY DECLINE | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | VALUE ORIENTATION | CHILD | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior
Document Number: 109429

20.
Title: A cross-national study of quality of life factors associated with patterns of elderly disablement.
Author: Lamb VL
Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 6-8, 1995. [2], 30, [15] p.
Abstract: Data from the World Health Organization's Health and Social Aspects of Aging Project were used to examine patterns of disablement in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, Burma, Korea, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Functional disabilities were measured by activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and physical performance items. Emotional limitations measures were obtained from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Other explanatory variables included sociodemographic factors, personal assessment of functioning, and social supports. A Grade of Membership (GOM) analytic procedure (multiple classification analysis) was used to determine clusters of disability profiles and the relationship with covariates. Analysis was based on 6 types of disability. Type I was the most emotionally healthy. Type II was borderline depressive and functionally healthy, and type III was the opposite. Type IV was severely depressed and had some functional difficulties. Type V had mobility problems, weakness, and unhappiness. VI was frail emotionally and physically. Type I, II, and III were the youngest of the elderly. Type V and VI were the oldest. Type I was more likely to be male. Higher female probability was among type V and type III. Males were more likely to be type VI. Females were the most likely to be severely depressed. Widowhood was closely associated with type III and VI. The never married and separated or divorced were most likely to be severely depressed. Married was most closely associated with type I. Illiteracy was associated with type IV, type V, and type V. High morale and positive self-assessment were associated with type I. The more disabled had low morale scores. Reported availability for help was related to health and frailty. Having no living children and no confident had higher probabilities associated with type VI. The pattern of disabilities by level of development did not follow expectations.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | OLDER ADULTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | MENTAL HEALTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Health | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 104944

21.
Title: Is there a new conservatism that will bring back the old family? Ideational trends and the stages of family formation in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands, 1981-1990.
Author: Lesthaeghe R; Moors G
Source: Brussels, Belgium, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Centrum voor Sociologie, Interuniversity Programme in Demography, 1995. 18 p. (IPD-Working Paper 1995-1) Paper prepared for the European Population Conference, Milan, 4-8 September, 1995.
Abstract: Principle components analysis of life course events in France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands revealed that religiosity, civil and sexual morality, and traditional family orientations were negatively associated with cohabitation and positively related to earlier parenthood and more than two children. The findings were weaker among younger cohorts. In the study period of 1981-90, attachment to religious and moral issues remained the same or increased to slightly stronger family orientations. The 1961-72 cohort has not continued the trend toward less family orientation. Measures of the political right were found, as expected, to be negatively associated with cohabitation, but, unexpectedly, were found to be positively associated with postponed parenthood and "less progression to larger family sizes" for men. Inglehart's materialism, which was construed to mean preoccupation with economic and physical security and not conspicuous consumption, was a significant predictor of earlier parenthood and, for women, a progression toward more than two children. Factor III (intolerance of ethnic minorities, authority in work, and conventional life style) and Factor IV (Inglehart's materialism) changed for all cohorts. Movement was in the direction of politically right orientations, more consumerism, and less Maslowian materialism. Few differences between cohorts born after 1930 were evident. The evidence suggested that ideational shifts and reversals in religiosity, civil and sexual morality, and traditional family values have not yet been exhibited. These shifts were also subject to economic conditions, which were not accounted for in the analysis. It is likely that the variety in forms of family formation will continue, but the radical shift in orientations was over: stability in diversity will probably best describe family formation patterns.
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | FRANCE | BELGIUM | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE CYCLE | RELIGION | ETHICS | POLITICAL FACTORS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Family Research | Family and Household | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 103302

22.
Title: Re-examining social structure for demographic transition: population in the development process.
Author: Ahmed T
Source: [Unpublished] 1994 Jan. [75] p.
Abstract: Multivariate principal component analysis was used to define 7 distinct social groups in Pakistan that varied by level of economic well-being, life style, and living standard. Three affluent groups were beneficiaries of development, and the remaining 4 social groups were socially marginalized and deprived. It is argued that policy approaches that focus on building an elite class and that expect social adaptation among other population groups will continue to result in lowered women's status, inequalities, and poverty. Analysis of demographic transition in Pakistan must incorporate the influence of social class on fertility and contraceptive usage. Policies and programs must increase access to the poor and marginalized. Instead of implementing population programs in strategically selected socioeconomic areas, population programs should focus in areas with great social inequalities. Programs should reduce unwanted pregnancies and change the demand for children. Programs should include community participation, flexibility, and decentralization. Social inequalities are the most extreme in the central Punjab and in some rural Sindh. This paper outlines some theories and methods of examining social inequalities and their impact on demographic transition, identifies trends in fertility by region and social group, and offers alternative development models for reducing fertility and improving the standard of living. It is important to understand the nature of the process that produces poverty rather than simply describing characteristic differences. Developing countries that have experienced colonization have large populations feeling a pervasive sense of helplessness and mistrust that interferes with the acceptance of new behavior or attitudes.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | OBSTACLES | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 116092

23.
Title: Religion fertility differentials in Shewa, central Ethiopia.
Author: Berhanu B
Source: JOURNAL OF FAMILY WELFARE. 1994 Mar;40(1):22-9.
Abstract: Multiple classification analysis (MCA) of census data on Shewa province in Ethiopia revealed differences in fertility by religious affiliation. Muslims had lower fertility than a combination of Catholics, Protestants, or Orthodox Christians in rural Shewa and total Shewa. This finding was not supported by prior studies. The explanation for the different results may be in the influences of socioeconomic or demographic factors. In this study, the fertility differences by religious group were small, and religion had low beta values for all Shewa, rural, and urban areas. Analysis that accommodates socioeconomic differences and other important predictor factors might show greater convergence among religious groups. Shewa is centrally located and includes the capital city of Addis Ababa. In 1984, about 20% of the total Ethiopian population resided in Shewa. The crude birth rate in 1984 was 45/1000 population, and the total fertility rate was 7.7 children per woman. The region is comprised of 30 ethnic groups: about 23.4% are Muslims and about 75% are Christian groups (Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Catholics). Data were obtained from the 5% sample of women aged 15-49 years of the Population and Housing Census for 1984. Fertility was measured as surviving children ever born. The sample included about 62% Orthodox Christians, 30% Protestants, 6% Catholics, and 2% Muslims, and only seven ethnic groups. ANOVA methods were used to examine the interaction effects between variables. Urban Muslim women were found to have higher urban fertility. Lower fertility was found among women engaged in the labor force and with increased education for all religious groups. Protestants in the adjusted MCA had the highest fertility for all women and among rural women. Orthodox Christians had the lowest fertility. The MCA model accounted for more than 33% of the variance in fertility in total Shewa and in urban and rural areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | RELIGION | FERTILITY | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 098129

24.
Title: Determinants of racial fertility differentials in some urban areas of South Africa.
Author: Chimere-Dan O
Source: JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE. 1994 Jan;26(1):55-63.
Abstract: Between September 1991 and February 1992, a pilot survey was conducted among 379 Blacks from randomly selected households in Soweto and Mamelodi; among 270 Whites from Parktown, Westcliff, and Orange Grove; and among a racially-mixed population in Pretoria-Witwatersrand, South Africa. Data from this survey were used to examine the different patterns of fertility in the period five years before the survey and to identify proximate determinants of fertility for all women and ever married women. The dependent variable was relative total fertility, or the number of children a woman aged 15-39 years would have had if the typical patterns was followed. Independent factors were marital status, years of schooling completed, current work status, current contraceptive usage, and size of family desired. Age was considered a covariate. Findings indicate that marital and total fertility was twice as high for Blacks as for Whites. All teenage births were among Blacks and did not involve marriage. The peak childbearing age was 30-34 years for Whites and 25-29 years for Blacks. Childbearing ceased at 40 years for Whites and continued for Blacks into the late 40s. Multiple classification analysis revealed an inverse relationship between marital and work status and fertility and a positive relationship with desired family size. Fertility rose with Black educational attainment, while White middle-level education was associated with higher fertility. Nonmarital fertility was zero for Whites and 2.0 for Blacks. Mean age at first marriage was 21.2 years for Whites and 22.5 years for Blacks. Postpartum amenorrhea and abstinence were longer by 2.5 and 2.8 months, respectively, for Blacks. The abortion rate was 15% regardless of ethnicity. 68.5% used contraception, and use was related to fertility. Fertility and fertility differences are considered a product of inequalities and differences in socioeconomic status.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | URBAN POPULATION | BLACKS | WHITES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RACE RELATIONS | URBANIZATION | PILOT PROJECTS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Political Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Studies | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 092661

25.
Title: Attitudes toward abortion and capital punishment: prolife, prochoice, seamless garment, and inconsistency.
Author: Hertel BR
Source: In: Abortion politics in the United States and Canada: studies in public opinion, edited by Ted G. Jelen and Marthe A. Chandler. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1994. :161-84.
Abstract: In 1983, Cardinal Joseph Bernadin identified as the "seamless garment" those who held a consistent ethical view of the preservation of life. In this study, four topologies on abortion and capital punishment were identified as follows: pro-abortion and pro-capital punishment (pro-death), anti-abortion and anti-capital punishment (seamless garment advocates), pro-abortion and anti-capital punishment (political liberals), and anti-abortion and pro-capital punishment (political conservatives). The aim is to find a suitable profile for explaining consistency of values on capital punishment and abortion. Data were obtained from the General Social Surveys between 1987 and 1991 and 1972 and 1991. A prolife stance was determined by opposition to abortion in any of the extreme cases (mother's life, rape, defect). A prochoice stance was determined by support for abortion in at least two of the three nonextreme circumstances (single, economics, unwanted child). Preliminary analysis included cross tabulations and unstandardized regression coefficients for the four groups plus those for and against the death penalty but without an abortion preference. Multiple classification analysis was used to control for interaction between gender and marital status and other demographic and socioeconomic factors including race. The findings indicated that the largest population includes those who are prochoice and White (almost 50%). Blacks, who are prochoice, are more than but almost equal to the proportion of prolife supporters. 80% of Whites and 51% of Blacks support capital punishment. Blacks are three times as likely to align with the seamless garment position (16% versus 5.8%). Political conservatives (anti-abortion and pro-death penalty) have twice as much support among Whites (37.4% versus 21.3%). About 30% of both Blacks and Whites have no abortion preference. The survey findings between 1987 and 1991 showed a general tendency toward consistency on life issues, but weak relationships specifically between abortion and capital punishment. There is a significant growth in support for capital punishment, abortion and suicide for someone with an incurable disease for both races. Those who support both capital punishment and abortion were found to be male, married, nonsouthern, urban, rather well educated, employed full time, and Republican (mainstream American). This position is held by a large White Catholic population and few church attenders. The role of religion is in need of more careful examination.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | ATTITUDES | ABORTION | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | VALUE ORIENTATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | RELIGION | ETHICS | BLACKS | WHITES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population | Economic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 100966 Notification

26.
Title: Religious affiliation and fertility in Liberia.
Author: Kollehlon KT
Source: JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE. 1994 Oct;26(4):493-507.
Abstract: This study of fertility differentials by religious group in Liberia found that socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of women explained fertility differences much more than did religious affiliation. Demand for children was a high six children per woman. Data were obtained from the 1986 Liberian Demographic and Health Survey in a sample of 5239 currently married women aged 15-49 years. Multiple classification analysis was used to examine differences in fertility among Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, traditional, and "other" women. Without any controls, fertility differences were small: 0.44 between Catholic and Muslim, 0.64 between Protestant and Muslim, 0.36 between Protestant and traditional, and 0.16 between Catholic and traditional. When controls (sex while breast feeding, knowledge of contraceptive methods, approval of family planning, husband approval of family planning, partner discussion of family planning, marital duration, marriage age, ideal number of children, and education) were introduced, Catholic-Muslim fertility differences amounted to 0.14, Protestant-Muslim to 0.06, Protestant-traditional to 0.16, and Catholic-traditional to -0.04. This pattern, except for Catholic-traditional differences, was repeated for urban areas. The explained variance in the additive models was 0.524 and, in the interactive models with female education as the interaction term, the variance explained was 0.525. There were large differences by parity among religious groups, with Muslim women having the most children at older ages and the highest percentage with no children at the youngest ages. Catholic women were primarily urban and had the highest levels of education, while traditional women had the lowest levels. "Other" women were mostly rural. Mean age at marriage was similar among all religious groups. Polygyny was highest among Muslim women, and divorce was highest among Catholic women. Contraceptive use was highest among Catholic women (20%) and lowest among traditional (3.1%) and Muslim (2.8%) women. Christians had the highest mean number of children ever born and surviving, and Muslims had the lowest. These findings are more consistent with the characteristic hypothesis.
Language: English
Keywords:
LIBERIA | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY | RELIGION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POSTPARTUM ABSTINENCE | BREASTFEEDING | PARITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Abstinence | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 099539

27.
Title: The structure of attitudes toward body issues in the American and Canadian populations: an elementary analysis.
Author: Simpson JH
Source: In: Abortion politics in the United States and Canada: studies in public opinion, edited by Ted G. Jelen and Marthe A. Chandler. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1994. :145-60.
Abstract: This analysis of political views of controversial social issues relating to the human body in the US and Canada explored the possibility that single issue politics have been replaced by quasi ideological politics of the body. Analysis was based on data obtained from the 1984 Canadian National Election Study and the 1984 General Social Survey in the US. The four body-oriented issues were abortion, homosexual rights, capital punishment, and pornography. Although Johnson and Tamney raised the question of ethical consistency, the apparent disparity between opposition to abortion and support for capital punishment is taken as an affinity. Survey responses indicated that 59% of US citizens support gay people teaching in a college, while only 39% of Canadians agree. 70% of US citizens and 65% of Canadians favor the death penalty. 37% of US citizens believe in legal abortion on demand, while 69% of Canadians think that a pregnant woman should have the power to make the decision to abort. 74% of Canadians believe in censorship of pornographic magazines and movies, and 40% of US citizens say there should be laws restricting distribution of pornography at all ages. The cross classification analysis found that US citizens are more sharply divided on body politics than Canadians. US citizens are split on issues of gay rights, abortion, and pornography and are consistently in favor of capital punishment. Canadians are conservative on capital punishment and censorship, liberal on abortion, and split on gay rights. Converse developed an operational measure showing that ideologically-based belief systems are not widely prevalent in the US population. Simpson built a model of consistent conservative or liberal positions on a set of issues. The test of quasi-ideological postures or ideological postures would be a factor analysis or cross classification analysis in a latent structure analysis, as proposed by McCutcheon and Eliason. This methodology is employed in determining the best fit to two models. There is no attempt made to adjust the data for incomparability or validity of questions.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | ATTITUDES | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | ABORTION | CONSERVATISM | LIBERALISM | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis
Document Number: 100965 Notification

28.
Title: Family formation in contemporary urban China: a state-action model.
Author: Wu W
Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1994. xi, 258 p. (Order No. 9508273) Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1994.
Abstract: This dissertation is organized around chapters that 1) review theories of state-society relationships, 2) describe the sociopolitical context of China and Shanghai, 3) discusses the research strategy, and 4) report the findings of the analyses. The aim is to examine through event history analyses, multiple classification analyses (MCA), and discrete time hazard models marital transitions by cohort and sociodemographic characteristics. The timing and sequencing of adult transitions are described and causal explanations are tested. Data are obtained from the urban sample of the 1988-89 Shanghai Life History Survey. Actions such as the state-imposed migration restrictions during the 1950s-80s, the school closings, the sending of urban youth to rural areas (rustification), and the late-marriage policies dramatically affected Shanghai. MCA findings indicate that educational experiences and migration decisions reflected a high cohort specific pattern. Post-1940 cohorts (1948-55) were the most exposed to the state rustification programs and had educational deficits. The timing of marriage and childbearing showed similar patterns over time. The least educated married earlier. Later cohorts married later. Less educated men started work earlier than less educated women. Later cohorts of women were more like later male cohorts due to the closing gap in educational and employment opportunities. The 1948-55 cohort had a greater delayed transition to marriage and to work. The 1956-63 cohort had a later work transition but a faster pace of transition than the 1940-47 and the 1948-55 cohorts. The 1956-63 cohort experienced earlier marriages than preceding cohorts. During intense state intervention (1962-79) marriages were delayed. During relaxed state control (1980-88), increased marriage postponement stopped for women and was reversed for men. Rustification programs contributed to delays in marriage, particularly for women. Education's effect on marital transition was time dependent. Employment history and rural birth had a positive effect on marriage (earlier marriage).
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | THEORETICAL MODELS | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | COHORT ANALYSIS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | MODERNIZATION | MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL CHANGE | EDUCATION | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family Research | Demographic Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Policy
Document Number: 113978

29.
Title: The effects of cultural heritage and kinship structure on fertility in Kerala.
Author: Frost JJ
Source: [Unpublished] 1993. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1-3, 1993. 64, [8] p.
Abstract: Kerala State in India is outstanding in its demonstration of low fertility and mortality rates, high age at marriage, and high educational levels for men and women. This study of fertility decline examines the importance of kinship patterns and culture. The caste/religious mix includes Hindus from the Nayar caste, Hindus from other patrilineal castes (Ezhava), Christians, Muslims, and Brahmins. This mix constitutes 74% of Kerala's population. 26% are lower Hindus castes (Kammala, Kudumbi, Arayar, or Pulayar). Data were obtained from the 1980 Kerala Fertility Survey and a World Bank sample of 3000 households with ever married women 15-49 years. The fertility patterns between 1941 and 1980 are described and updated with current marital fertility patterns. Marriage cohorts are defined as women married 0-9 years, women married 10-19 years, and women married 20 years or more. Fertility was examined in each cohort by when the birth occurred for each caste/religious group. The analysis clearly indicated that caste/religious affiliation has been an important determinant of fertility change. Multiple classification analysis was used to examine the categorical variables (7 measures of socioeconomic status) and the strength of the relationship of each variable with fertility levels. Discussion was also directed to the costs and benefits of children and the value of sons. Strong son preference is not apparent. Although there are major differences in kinship structure and gender relations among Kerala's caste/religious groups, these differences do not appear to have contributed to significant fertility differences. Fertility decline was found to vary widely among different caste and religious groups, regardless of socioeconomic status. Fertility transition began among the historically dominant caste of Nayars, who comprise 15% of total Kerala population. Emulating practices of the Nayars, such as educating women, using health care services, and bearing fewer children was critical to Kerala's fertility decline. The Nayars' low fertility was affected by changes in traditional matrilineal inheritance practices that changed the traditional costs and benefits of childbearing. Economic status became an acquired attribute from education rather than an inherited advantage. Female autonomy was high, which made changes in childbearing easier. Only the Muslims maintain a high level of fertility, even above low caste Hindus.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | CULTURE | KINSHIP NETWORKS | FERTILITY DECLINE | THEORETICAL MODELS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | COHORT ANALYSIS | BIRTH HISTORY | RELIGION | CASTE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Pregnancy History | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 082904

30.
Title: Women in the urban informal labour market in Pakistan: some economic and demographic implications.
Author: Kazi S; Sathar ZA
Source: In: International Population Conference / Congres International de la Population, Montreal 1993, 24 August - 1st September. Volume 2, [compiled by] International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]. Liege, Belgium, IUSSP, 1993. :467-79.
Abstract: In Pakistan, women's labor force participation may be underestimated at 3-5% for various reasons, including the difficulty of differentiating domestic from economic work. This analysis verified trends observed in small sample surveys, which indicated increases in informal employment, through use of the nationally representative Pakistan Integrated Household survey (PIHS) in 1990-91. Of particular interest were the employment patterns of women in the urban sector and the distinguishing characteristics of women in the formal and informal sectors. Differences in fertility outcomes, contraceptive knowledge and use, and children's schooling were examined by employment status for ever-married women. The sample included 5251 ever-married women, and urban areas were overrepresented. Formal-sector employment included establishments with more than 5 employees, either white-collar or factory workers. Informal-sector workers were those employed outside the home, unpaid helpers in the family enterprise, and those earning income within the home. Findings from smaller-based surveys were summarized; the increasing concentration of women in home-based income earning activities reflected demand constraints and the influence of supply factors, such a cultural taboos to outside work. The PIHS provided conclusive evidence of increasing female employment in the informal sector; this sector absorbed most of the available unskilled and uneducated women in urban areas, who were usually excluded from official labor statistics. There were contraceptive and fertility differences between women in the 2 sectors. There was lower fertility among women in the formal sector than among nonworking women. The highest fertility was among those working in the informal sector, even when educational status was controlled for. The explanation was that these women in the informal sector were pushed into employment because of a large family. A mothers working in the formal sector was related to children with a greater chance of currently attending school, while mothers in the informal sector have children with little chance of being in school and a greater chance of dropping out of school. Female children with mothers working outside the home had a greater chance of attending school.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INFORMAL SECTOR | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | DATA QUALITY | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Human Resources
Document Number: 090049


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