1.  Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India) Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331561 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: the first year of treatment availability. Author: Birbeck GL; Chomba E; Kvalsund M; Bradbury R; Mang'ombe C; Malama K; Kaile T; Byers PA; Organek N Author: RAAZ Study Team Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;80(4):669-74. Abstract: We conducted a retrospective chart review of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic patients treated during the first 12 months after clinics opened in rural Zambia and assessed adherence based on clinic attendance, patient report, and staff assessment. We identified 255 eligible patients (mean age, 39.7 years; 44.3% male; 56.5% married; and 45.5% with only primary school education). Twenty percent had partners known to be HIV positive. Twenty percent were widowed. Thirty-seven percent had disclosed their HIV status to their spouse. Disclosure was less likely among women (27.5% versus 49.6%, P = 0.0005); 36.5% had "clinic buddies" to provide adherence support. Adherence rates were good for 59.2%. Disclosure of HIV status to ones' spouse (P = 0.047), knowing spouses' HIV status (P = 0.02), and having a clinic buddy (P = 0.01) were associated with good adherence. Social support is a key patient-level resource impacting ART adherence in rural Zambia. Limited spousal disclosure affects women more than men. Clinic buddies are associated with better adherence. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX FACTORS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | HIV | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331277 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Beneficial effects of offering prenatal HIV counselling and testing on developing a HIV Preventive attitude among couples. Abidjan, 2002-2005. Author: Desgrees-Du-Lou A; Brou H; Djohan G; Becquet R; Ekouevi DK; Zanou B; Viho I; Allou G; Dabis F; Leroy V Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):348-355. Abstract: Prenatal HIV counselling and testing is mainly an entry-point to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but it may also play an important role in triggering the development of spousal communication about HIV and sexual risks and thus the adoption of a preventive attitude. In Abidjan, Coˆte d'Ivoire, we investigated couple communication on STIs and HIV, male partner HIV-testing and condom use at sex resumption after delivery among three groups of pregnant women who were offered prenatal counselling and HIV testing: HIVinfected women, uninfected women, and women who refused HIV-testing. The proportion of women who discussed STIs with their regular partner greatly increased after prenatal HIV counselling and testing in all three groups, irrespective of the women's serostatus and even in the case of test refusal. Spousal communication was related to more frequent male partner HIV-testing and condom use. Prenatal HIV counselling and testing proposal appears to be an efficient tool to sensitize women and their partner to safer sexual practices. Language: English Keywords: COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | COUPLES | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | ANTENATAL CARE | ATTITUDES | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 340128 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico. Author: Feldman BS; Zaslavsky AM; Ezzati M; Peterson KE; Mitchell M Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):51-62. Abstract: Oportunidades, a conditional cash-transfer program instituted in Mexico in 1997, provides cash incentives to mothers to invest in the health and education of family members. Drawing from data gathered by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, this study assesses the effect of the program on contraceptive use and birth spacing among titulares (female household heads) living in rural areas during the experimental period, 1998-2000, and during 2000-03, after incorporation of the control group. In 2000, titulares were more likely to use modern contraceptives than were women in the control group, although by 2003 all beneficiaries had the same probability of use. Change in autonomy was not a mediator, although baseline autonomy modified the program's influence on contraceptive use. Cox proportional hazard models produced estimates that birth spacing was similar between the beneficiaries and controls. Inconsistent findings may be the result of the way contraceptive use was defined in this study. Findings from this study may be useful for helping program planners better understand the role of conditional cash transfers in modifying family planning and fertility among poor rural women in Latin America. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family Planning | Contraception | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 331287 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Opportunity for natural selection among the Indian population: secular trend, covariates and implications. Author: Gautam RK Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jul 23;:1-41. Abstract: Crow's index is widely used for indirect quantitative estimation of natural selection using birth and death rates. The present investigation is based on 179 studies among 144 different endogamous communities belonging to nineteen states and six geographical regions of India, categorized into six social groups. These studies appeared in 33 different years over six decades (1956 to 2007). The secular trend in Crow's index (It) and its mortality and fertility components (Im and If) shows a gradual decline in It and radical shift in the relative contributions of Im and If. Before 1990 the opportunity for natural selection was mainly determined by differential pre-reproductive mortality (Im), whereas after 1990 it has been determined by differential fertility (If). To find out the covariates of It, Im and If sixteen socio-demographic variables were considered, and nine were found to be significantly correlated with It: total dependency ratio, decadal growth rate 1991-2001, young age dependency ratio, crude death rate, total fertility rate, child mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, old age dependency ratio and decadal growth rate 1981-1991. On the basis of multivariate stepwise regression analysis, female literacy emerged as one of the most important predictors of It. The declining trend of It, Im and If shows that the Indian population is passing through the demographic transition. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | TRIBES | MOTHERS | CASTE | POPULATION GENETICS | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Genetics | Biology | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 342293 |
| 6. Title: The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis. Author: Hampshire K; Casiday R; Kilpatrick K; Panter-Brick C Source: Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51. Abstract: In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security. Language: English Keywords: NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | DECENTRALIZATION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD CARE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Political Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 331289 |
| 7. Title: Factors influencing women's decision to have a home birth in rural Turkey. Author: Kukulu K; Oncel S Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):32-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the reasons why mothers choose to have a home birth and the factors that influence these reasons. METHODS: this cross-sectional study involved 392 women and was conducted between June and September 2003 in a rural setting in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the authors. The questionnaire included demographic information, obstetric background, the reasons for deciding to give birth at home as well as questions on who encouraged the decision to give birth at home and who assisted in the home births. FINDINGS: the decision to have a home birth is related to economic difficulties and the desire to benefit from the assistance of neighbours. Women who had experienced both planned and unplanned home births reported that home birth was unsafe. CONCLUSION: preliminary information is provided about women having home births that may inform practitioners' educational efforts and future research. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | HOME CARE | CHILDBIRTH | DECISION MAKING | HOME ECONOMICS | PERCEPTION | SAFETY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Public Health Document Number: 331292 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of HIV/AIDS-related mortality on household dependency ratios in rural South Africa, 2000-2005. Author: Madhavan S; Schatz E; Clark B Source: Population Studies. 2009 Mar;63(1):37-51. Abstract: With data from a surveillance system that uses verbal autopsies to identify cause of death in rural South Africa, we investigated whether mortality from HIV/AIDS differs from other causes of death in its effect on household dependency ratio, and to what extent the effect is mediated by the baseline dependency ratio. Findings: (i) the impact of death from HIV/AIDS on the dependency ratio in 2005 is marginally positive compared with other causes of death, but (ii) the impact is overpowered by the effect of death at working age, and (iii) the baseline dependency ratio mediates the effects on the 2005 ratio of cause of death and of the individual's sex and age at death. Migration into and out of the household--anticipating or responding to a death--seems to be a key source of change in the household dependency ratio. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | HOUSEHOLDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | MORTALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 341033 |
| 9. Title: Food insecurity among volunteer AIDS caregivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was highly prevalent but buffered from the 2008 food crisis. Author: Maes KC; Hadley C; Tesfaye F; Shifferaw S; Tesfaye YA Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Sep;139(9):1758-64. Abstract: Our objective in this study was to assess the validity and dependability of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed for international use, among community health volunteers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The HFIAS was translated into Amharic and subsequently tested for content and face validity. This was followed by a quantitative validation study based on a representative sample (n = 99) of female community volunteers (HIV/AIDS home-based caregivers), with whom the HFIAS was administered at 3 time points over the course of 2008, in the context of the local and global "food crisis." By pooling observations across data collection rounds and accounting for intra-individual correlation in repeated measures, we found that the HFIAS performed well according to standards in the field. We also observed slight amelioration in reported food insecurity (FI) status over time, which seems paradoxical given the increasing inaccessibility of food over the same time period due to inflating prices and disappearing food aid. We attempted to resolve this paradox by appealing to self-report-related phenomena that arise in the context of longitudinal study designs: 1) observation bias, in which respondents change their reports according to changing expectations of the observer-respondent relationship or change their behavior in ways that ameliorate FI after baseline self-reports; and 2) "response shift," in which respondents change their reports according to reassessment of internal standards of FI. Our results are important for the validation of FI tools and for the sustainability of community health programs reliant on volunteerism in sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | FOOD SECURITY | VALIDITY | AIDS | HOME CARE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | DIET | INCOME | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342809 |
| 10. Title: Impact of relationship dynamics and gender roles in the protection of HIV discordant heterosexual couples: an exploratory study in the Puerto Rican context. Author: Orengo-Aguayo R; Perez-Jimenez D Source: Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal. 2009 Mar;28(1):30-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most of the HIV/AIDS prevention efforts have not taken into consideration the context of the relationship and the gender constructs that influence relationship dynamics. These efforts have failed to view HIV prevention as a collaborative process between partners. Therefore, it is important to explore how relationship dynamics and gender constructs influence how men and women involved in an HIV discordant heterosexual relationship, visualize their role in the protection of their partners in order to design more effective prevention interventions. METHODS: Five Puerto Rican HIV discordant heterosexual couples were interviewed via a qualitative semi-structured interview. The taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis according to a set of defined categories. RESULTS: Women visualized their role as one of convincing their partners to use protection as well as being strong and firm in the demand of its use. Men viewed their role as one of being more supportive and willing to use protection, but recognized their resistance towards the use of condoms. Relationship dynamics such as communication and support promoted protection. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional and non-traditional gender roles were assumed by both men and women. Traditional gender roles inhibited protection but were also used in positive ways to promote it. Men showed a greater initiative to break with traditional gender norms. A positive relationship, marked by communication and support could serve as a facilitator in the protection and in the transformation of traditional gender norms. This points out to the need of viewing HIV/AIDS prevention as a collaborative rather than individualistic process. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COUPLES | SPOUSE | HETEROSEXUALS | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 341066 |
| 11. Title: Family-Friendly Workplace: A model for estimating the cost savings of implementing family-friendly policies. Author: Plosky WD; Winfrey B Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jan. 21 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: The Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model is designed to engage individuals and groups from diverse institutions in all sectors to make workplaces more family-friendly. The FFW model will help reproductive health advocates and employers of women understand the benefits and costs of implementing policies that support women in their reproductive years. Users of the model may be human resource departments of medium-sized and large companies, family planning advocates, maternal health advocates or groups representing women in the workplace. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | WOMEN | WORKPLACE | FAMILY POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY | WORKPLAN | MATERNITY BENEFITS | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Reproduction | Planning | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 331541 |
| 12. Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: The lived experience of Malawian women with obstetric fistula. Author: Yeakey MP; Chipeta E; Taulo F; Tsui AO Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1. Abstract: Data on women who experience obstetric fistula paints an often tragic picture. The majority of previous research has focused on facility-based data from women receiving surgical treatment. The goal of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the lived experience of obstetric fistula in Malawi. Forty-five women living with fistula were interviewed in their homes to learn how the condition affected them and their families on a daily basis. Findings indicate that the experiences of Malawian women with fistula were more varied than anticipated. Concerning relationships with husbands and family, we found high rates of divorce and stigma, yet these outcomes were far from universal or inevitable. Many women, in addition to their families, discussed high levels of support from those individuals closest to them. Nonetheless, many women experienced the fistula as a direct assault on their ability to fulfil social expectations of them as women, wives and mothers. Women identified fertility and continued childbearing as central concerns. The data suggest that we cannot discount the experiences of women living with fistula from continued participation in marriage, community and childbearing. Programmes for outreach and services should consider a broadened range of outcomes of women living with fistula. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | SPOUSE | VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | STIGMA | DIVORCE | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Social Problems | Nuptiality | Microeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Social Welfare Document Number: 341494 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The epidemiology of dependency among urban-dwelling older people in the Dominican Republic: a cross-sectional survey. Author: Acosta D; Rottbeck R; Rodriguez G; Ferri CP; Prince MJ Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Aug 13;8:285. Abstract: Demographic ageing, and the health transition will soon lead to large increases in the number of dependent older people in low and middle income countries. Despite its importance, this topic has not previously been studied. A cross sectional catchment area one-phase survey of health conditions, dependency, care arrangements and caregiver strain among 2011 people aged 65 years and over in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 7.1% of participants required much care and a further 4.7% required at least some care. The prevalence of dependency increased sharply with increasing age. Dependent older people were less likely than others to have a pension and much less likely to have paid work, but no more likely to benefit from financial support from their family. Needing much care was strongly associated with comorbidity between cognitive, psychological and physical health problems. However, dementia made the strongest independent contribution. Among those needing care, those with dementia stood out as being more disabled, as needing more care (particularly support with core activities of daily living), and as being more likely to have paid caregivers. Dementia caregivers experienced more strain than caregivers of those with other health conditions, an effect mediated by behavioural and psychological symptoms. Dependency among older people is nearly as prevalent in Dominican Republic as in developed western settings. Non-communicable diseases, particularly dementia are the main contributing factors. Attention needs to be directed towards the development of age-appropriate healthcare, a long-term care policy, and mechanisms for ensuring the social protection of older persons. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | URBAN AREAS | OLDER ADULTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | HEALTH | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Public Health | Geographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 307986 |
| 15. Title: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries. Author: Adams RH Jr Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Economics Department, Development Prospects Group, 2008 Mar. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4583) Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325676 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration, fertility, and aging in stable populations. Author: Alho JM Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):641-650. Abstract: Fertility is below replacement level in all European countries, and population growth is expected to decline in the coming decades. Increasing life expectancy will accentuate concomitant aging of the population. Migration has been seen as a possible means to decelerate aging. In this article, I introduce a stable, open-population model in which cohort net migration is proportional to births. In this case, the migration-fertility trade-off can be studied with particular ease. I show that although migration can increase the growth rate, which tends to make the age distribution younger, it also has an opposite effect because of its typical age pattern. I capture the effect of the age pattern of net migration in a migration-survivor function. The effect of net migration on growth is quantified with data from 17 European countries. I show that some countries already have a level of migration that will lead to stationarity. For other countries with asymptotically declining population, migration still provides opportunities for slowing down aging of the population as a whole. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | AGE FACTORS | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327986 |
| 17. Title: Terms of marriage and time-use patterns of young wives: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Author: Amin S; Suran L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 19 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 10) Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between marriage arrangements and daily activities of young married women, using detailed time-use data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh. Measures of marriage arrangement are payment of dowry and the relative wealth status of natal and marital families. The data were collected in three rural districts in 2001 and 2003. Using multivariate regression analysis, the results show that women's time spent in domestic work, socializing, and self-care is significantly associated with marriage arrangement variables. Those who paid dowry spent more time in domestic work and less time in self-care and socializing relative to those who did not pay dowry. These patterns of association are similar to those the authors found in an earlier study between marriage arrangements and domestic violence, where paying dowry and marrying up are associated with greater violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SOCIAL CLASS | HOUSEWORK | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | LEISURE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare Document Number: 326873 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Beyond symptom recognition: Care-seeking for ill newborns in rural Ghana. Author: Bazzano AN; Kirkwood BR; Tawiah-Agyemang C; Owusu-Agyei S; Adongo PB Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):123-128. Abstract: The objectives were to assess newborn care-seeking practices in a rural area of Ghana where most births take place at home in order to inform potential strategies for reducing newborn mortality. Qualitative, ethnographic study with quantitative data from a birth cohort collected as part of the surveillance system of an ongoing randomized controlled trial. Data collected comprised 84 h of participant observation (including following an ill newborn through a hospital visit), 14 in-depth interviews with key informants (older mothers and grandmothers), 45 semistructured interviews with mothers, 28 case histories from women who had recently given birth and 32 expert interviews with local health providers. Thirteen focus groups were held with men and women, and narrative histories of newborn deaths were taken from eight women. Birth cohort data came from 2878 singletons born alive in the study district within the year July 2003-June 2004. Significant delays in care seeking for ill newborns occur in Kintampo District, Ghana. 2.1% of 2878 newborns in the birth cohort had a serious illness during the first 4 weeks of life, but care was only sought outside the home for 61% of those and from a doctor or hospital for 39%. Barriers to prompt allopathic care seeking include sequential care-seeking practices, with often exclusive use of traditional medicine as first-line treatment for 7 days, previous negative experiences with health service facilities, financial constraints and remoteness from health facilities. Improvements in care seeking are urgently needed. Families should be urged to seek medical care for any symptom of illness in a newborn; financial and socio-cultural barriers to care seeking for newborns must be addressed in order to improve neonatal survival. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | PARENTS | GRANDPARENTS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | HOME ECONOMICS | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Medicine | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 324759 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Couples counseling at an abortion clinic: a pilot study. Author: Becker S; Bazant ES; Meyers C Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):424-31. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States (US) are unintended. Nonuse, incorrect or inconsistent use of contraception may be related to limited support of male partners. Partners often accompany women seeking abortions to the clinic, representing an opportunity for health providers to engage them. This pilot study estimates the proportion of abortion patients accompanied by a male partner, the proportion agreeing to couples counseling and describes couples' experiences with the counseling. STUDY DESIGN: At a Baltimore clinic providing abortion, after preliminary qualitative research we recorded the number of patients who came with partners and accepted couples counseling in a 3-month period and sought feedback on the couples counseling in questionnaires from women, partners and the counselor. The counseling session consisted of giving information about the procedure and counseling regarding choices of a post-abortion contraceptive method and related topics that the woman and/or partner might raise. RESULTS: Overall, 27% of 774 patients came with their male partner, 28% with someone else and 45% alone. Fewer African-Americans (23%) came with a male partner, compared to 35% each among Whites and Hispanics (p<.001). Among all couples, 42% (n=88) accepted couple counseling. Many women (77%) and partners (59%) completing questionnaires (n=66) had expected the partner to be involved in the clinic visit. The patients appreciated having the partner's support, having an informed partner with whom to communicate and being able to share decision making. CONCLUSION: Over a quarter of patients to an abortion clinic came with a partner without any advance notice of the availability of couple counseling, and a sizable minority of these couples accepted couple counseling. Those who had the counseling evaluated it favorably. Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PILOT PROJECTS | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 329145 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria. Author: Buhler C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 24;18(20):569-610. Abstract: Personal networks are receiving increasing recognition as structural determinants of fertility. However, the network perspective also helps to explain personal motivations for having children. Using theories of interpersonal exchange, social capital, and the value of children, it is argued in this article that children can substantively improve their parents' social networks. Individuals perceive this potential advantageous development as a structural benefit and consider this value in their reproductive decisions. This argument is empirically explored with data from Bulgaria, collected in 2002. The results document the presence of structural evaluations among subjectively perceived childrelated benefits. Moreover, structural evaluations matter for the reproductive decisionmaking of Bulgarian citizens. Women's fertility intentions are supported by the prospect that a child will bring their parents and relatives closer or will improve their security at old age. Males' intentions are closely associated with the expectation that a child will provide support when they are old. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MOTIVATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD WORTH | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327505 |
| 21. Title: Do coresidency and financial transfers from the children reduce the need for elderly parents to works in developing countries? Author: Cameron LA; Cobb-Clark D Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Oct;21(4):1007-1033. Abstract: Do elderly parents use coresidence with or financial transfers from children to reduce their own labour supply in old age? This paper is one of only a few studies that seeks to formally model elderly labour supply in the context of a developing country while taking into account coresidency with and financial transfers from children. We find little evidence that support from children-either through transfers or coresidency-substitutes for elderly parents' need to work. Thus, as in developed countries, there is a role for public policy to enhance the welfare of the elderly population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | OLDER ADULTS | CHILDREN | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | LABOR FORCE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Human Resources Document Number: 327975 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Household burden of malaria in South Africa and Mozambique: Is there a catastrophic impact? Author: Castillo-Riquelme M; McIntyre D; Barnes K Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):108-122. Abstract: The objectives were to evaluate treatment-seeking behaviour, financial impact and time lost due to malaria events, in southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. In-depth household surveys (828 in Mozambique and 827 in South Africa) were analysed. An asset index was calculated using principal component analysis to allow comparison across socio-economic groups. Direct costs of seeking care and the time lost due to malaria were determined. The extent of catastrophic payments was assessed using as thresholds the traditional 10% of household income and 40% of non-food income, as recently recommended by WHO. Poverty was highly prevalent: 70% of the South African and 95% of Mozambican households studied lived on less than $1 per capita per day. Around 97% of those with recent malaria sought healthcare, mainly in public facilities. Out-of-pocket household expenditure per malaria episode averaged $2.30 in South Africa and $6.50 in Mozambique. Analysis at the individual household level found that 32-34% of households in Mozambique, compared with 9-13% of households in South Africa, incurred catastrophic payments for malaria episodes. Results based on mean values underestimated the prevalence of catastrophic payments. Days off work/school were higher in Mozambique. The high rate of health seeking in public health facilities seems unusual in the African context, which bodes well for high coverage with artemisinin-based combinations, even if only deployed within the public sector. However, despite no or modest charges for public sector primary healthcare, households frequently incur catastrophic expenditure on a single malaria episode. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MALARIA | HOME ECONOMICS | TIME FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | DRUGS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 324758 |
| 23. Title: Beyond incomes: A new take on the "feminisation of poverty". Author: Chant S Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):26-27. Abstract: The 'feminisation of poverty' has traditionally been viewed as a global phenomenon, and associated with three apparently intuitive notions. These are first, that women are poorer than men; second, that the incidence of poverty among women is increasing relative to men over time, and third, that growing poverty among women is linked with the 'feminisation' of household headship. While a now quite substantial body of research has cast doubt on the last of these assumptions, the other two are still treated as somewhat self-evident. This is despite serious conceptual and/or empirical problems with both. For example, the first assertion-that women are poorer than men-is static, and therefore anomalous within a construct whose very nomenclature implies dynamism. While the latter is highlighted in the second tenet, it is virtually impossible to establish whether gender gaps in poverty are widening given a dearth of sex-disaggregated panel data. On top of this, no consistent trend in this direction is verified by the limited statistical evidence actually available. Beyond these caveats, there is arguably a bigger problem still with the 'feminisation of poverty', namely its implicit emphasis on incomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HOME ECONOMICS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323227 |
| 24. Title: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: Evidence from China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2008 Apr. 57 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4585) Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with outmigration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | HOUSING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325678 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Too many girls, too much dowry': son preference and daughter aversion in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Author: Diamond-Smith N; Luke N; McGarvey S Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Oct;10(7):697-708. Abstract: The southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility, accompanied by a trend of increased son preference. This paper reports on findings from qualitative interviews with women in rural villages about their fertility decision-making. Specifically addressed are the reasons behind increasing son preference and the consequences of this change. Findings suggest that daughter aversion, fuelled primarily by the perceived economic burden of daughters due to the proliferation of dowry, is playing a larger role in fertility decision-making than son preference. The desire for a son is often trumped by the worry over having many daughters. Women use various means of controlling the sex of their children, which in this study appear to be primarily female infanticide. It is important to distinguish between son preference and daughter aversion and to examine repercussions of low fertility within this setting. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DOWRY | SEX PREFERENCE | FERTILITY DECLINE | HOME ECONOMICS | PERCEPTION | INFANTICIDE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329318 |
| 26. Title: Local Voices: a community perspective on HIV and hunger in Zambia. Author: Duck N; Swan SH Source: London, United Kingdom, ACF International Network, [2008]. 80 p. (Hunger Watch Publication) Abstract: This report documents the findings of Local Voices, a six month qualitative research project that provided HIV orphans, vulnerable children and their carers with the opportunity to discuss and document the difficulties they face providing food, water and healthcare for their families. Through meetings, detailed interviews and discussions the project initiated and developed an ongoing dialogue with 20 families in four areas of the Kitwe district in the Copperbelt province of Zambia: Chimwemwe, Kwacha, Chipata and Zamtan. The discourse that developed over the course of the project has given Action Against Hunger (ACF-UK) and CINDI insight in two key areas. Firstly, the research has added a household perspective to existing ideas and analysis of food security in an HIV/AIDS context. Secondly, the project highlights the knowledge and learning that can be gained when people living with a positive HIV diagnosis are seen as 'experts' and their experiences are used to help identify and address the problems they face. Through the voices of the project's participants, the testimonies and images that are the core of this document explore the social and economic impact HIV/AIDS has on families affected by the disease. ACF-UK and CINDI pioneered this work because we believe HIV/AIDS can no longer be seen as just a medical issue. Within this report we demonstrate that HIV/AIDS has a direct impact on the economic and social well-being of both households and communities; and as such it must be tackled using an integrated approach where food, livelihoods and social protection are highlighted as solutions alongside access to medical care. This report opens with statistics that outline current rates of HIV/AIDS and poverty in Zambia, focusing specifically on the Copperbelt province and the Kitwe district. The testimonies that form the centrepiece of this report are introduced by a summary of the key social and economic issues that HIV orphans, vulnerable children and their carers face, together with a synopsis of government and community based organisation (CBO) responses. These topics have been selected as they cover the core issues that were raised during the Local Voices project. The document ends with a brief conclusion and the report recommendations. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | HOUSEHOLDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | MALNUTRITION | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | STIGMA | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HOME ECONOMICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Nutrition Disorders | HIV | Social Problems | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327690 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Motives for parenthood among couples attending a level 3 infertility clinic in the public health sector in South Africa. Author: Dyer S; Mokoena N; Maritz J; van der Spuy Z Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(2):352-357. Abstract: Most African countries are pronatalistic with high total fertility rates and a low prevalence of voluntary childlessness. At present, limited data exist relating to the reasons why men and women desire children. This study explores parenthood motives among infertile couples from an urban community in South Africa. The parenthood-motivation list, an instrument developed in the Netherlands for the assessment of parenthood motives and strength of desire for a child, was administrated to 50 couples (100 participants) who presented to an infertility clinic in a tertiary referral centre. The instrument discerns six parenthood motives comprising happiness, well-being, identity, parenthood, continuity and social control. The majority of participants endorsed most of the motives. The categories happiness and parenthood were the most frequent motives. Women endorsed more motives simultaneously when compared with men. The categories happiness, well-being and social control correlated positively with strengthof desire for a child. Most men and women expressed a strong desire for a child. Men and women desired children for many reasons and with similar intensity. This diversity and intensity of parenthood motives appears to be a reflection of the value of children in our communities and further our understanding of the implications of involuntary childlessness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MOTIVATION | CHILD WORTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325389 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: Acceptance, preference, and achievement. Author: El-Zeini LO Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Sep;39(3):161-176. Abstract: This study draws upon data from the 2004 Slow Fertility Transition survey, a follow-up to the 2003 Egypt Interim Demographic and Health Survey, to investigate obstacles to achieving replacement fertility. To account for the likelihood of embracing the two-child ideal, the analysis adopts a framework with the acronym APA: Acceptance of the two-child ideal, Preference for that ideal, and Achievement of that preference. The framework posits a hierarchy among the three and hypothesizes that each depends on a set of factors, including gender stratification, economic expectations, perception of the costs and benefits of having children, and the costs of fertility regulation. The results indicate that son preference and the perceived low cost of childrearing are major obstacles to the acceptance of the two-child family. Son preference, other discriminatory gender attitudes, optimistic economic expectations, and fear of contraceptive side effects are associated with a low preference for and ambivalence about having only two children. Given a decisive preference, lower socioeconomic status and strong son preference are the major obstacles to the achievement of the two-child ideal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CHILD WORTH | PERCEPTION | SEX PREFERENCE | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Value Orientation | Social Behavior | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 328153 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration - development nexus. Author: Faist T Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):21-42. Abstract: Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration-development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COMMUNITY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 323244 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents. Author: Hadley C; Lindstrom D; Tessema F; Belachew T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Jan;66(2):427-438. Abstract: Food insecurity is a pressing public health concern in many developing countries. Despite widespread interest in the sociocultural determinants of food insecurity, little is known about whether youths living in food insecure households experience food insecurity. The buffering hypothesis reviewed here assumes that, to the extent possible, adult members of households will buffer younger household members from the ill effects of food insecurity. A variant of the buffering hypothesis argues that only certain members of the households will enjoy the benefits of buffering. We hypothesize that within the context of Ethiopia, where girls have historically experienced discrimination, buffering is preferentially aimed at boys, especially as the household experiences greater levels of food stress. These hypotheses are tested using data from a population-based study of 2084 adolescents living in southwestern Ethiopia. Results indicate that boys and girls were equally likely to be living in severely food insecure households. Despite no differences in their households' food insecurity status, girls were more likely than boys to report being food insecure themselves. This gender difference was the largest in severely food insecure households. This same pattern was observed when comparing male-female sibling pairs living in the same household. These results are among the first to show that household level measures of food insecurity predict adolescent experiences of food insecurity, and that in the Ethiopian socio-cultural context, the relationship between household level food insecurity and adolescent food insecurity varies by gender. We also show that adolescent food insecurity is strongly associated with measures of general health and well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | HOUSEHOLDS | SIBLINGS | FOOD SUPPLY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX FACTORS | CHILD WORTH | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | |