1.  Title: Quantitative analysis of DHEA and androsterone in female urine: investigating the effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception and training on exercise-induced changes in young women. Author: Bayle ML; Enea C; Goetinck P; Lafay F; Boisseau N; Dugue B; Flament-Waton MM; Grenier-Loustalot MF Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 Feb;393(4):1315-25. Abstract: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolite androsterone (A) are natural steroids secreted in high quantities in human body. To assess the influence of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle phase, and also physical exercise (acute and chronic such as training) on these metabolites excretions, a collection of 28 female urine specimens was organized. A three-extraction-step method was developed, and the analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated 19-noretiocholanolone as the internal standard. Sample hydration state was found to be of great importance for kinetic studies, as it directly influenced the concentrations. No influence of menstrual cycle and training was found for androsterone and DHEA. However, oral contraceptive intake lowered DHEA excretion in urine and A seems to be slightly affected by exercise. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ATHLETES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE | ANALYSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PHYSIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330963 |
| 2. Title: Laryngeal aerodynamics associated with oral contraceptive use: Preliminary findings. Author: Gorham-Rowan M; Fowler L Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2009 May 21; Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine possible differences in laryngeal aerodynamic measures during connected speech associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use. Eight women taking an OC, and eight others not taking an OC, participated in the study. Three trials of syllable /p/repetitions were obtained using a circumferentially vented face mask and small translabial tube. All participants were recorded on or near days 7 and 14 of their menstrual cycle. Subglottal pressure (P(SG)) and average airflow rates were obtained to determine laryngeal airway resistance. Glottal airflow measures of peak flow, minimum flow, alternating flow, as well as relative sound level (RSL) were obtained. P(SG) was obtained from the pressure peak associated with/p/. All airflow parameters and RSL were obtained from the vowel portion. No significant differences were found related to day of recording or OC use, indicating that OC use does not significantly affect laryngeal airflow regulation. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will better understand the effects of hormones and oral contraceptives on the female voice, as well as the specific changes in vocal function that may occur in conjunction with the use of oral contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | ORAL EFFECTS | EDEMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases Document Number: 341750 |
| 3. Title: Estradiol valerate/dienogest: in oral contraception. Author: Hoy SM; Scott LJ Source: Drugs. 2009;69(12):1635-46. Abstract: Estradiol valerate/dienogest is an oral contraceptive for women that combines the natural estrogen estradiol with the 19-nortestosterone derivative dienogest in a four-phasic formulation. black triangle Estradiol valerate/dienogest demonstrated contraceptive efficacy in a large (n = 1377), noncomparative, multicentre study in women aged 18-50 years, with 13 pregnancies over 1797.5 women-years of exposure generating an unadjusted Pearl Index (PI) of 0.73 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.24) [primary endpoint]. Six of the pregnancies were attributed to method failure, resulting in an adjusted PI, based on 1786.5 women-years of exposure, of 0.34 (upper limit of 95% CI 0.73). black triangle In a double-blind study in 798 women aged 18-50 years, estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel demonstrated an acceptable bleeding pattern and level of cycle control, according to several co-primary endpoints. black triangle As reported in the UK manufacturer's summary of product characteristics, the unadjusted PI for women aged 18-35 years or 18-50 years in a pooled analysis of clinical studies was 1.01 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.59) and 0.79 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.23). This pooled analysis of three studies excluded those pregnancies occurring within 14 days of the cessation of therapy. black triangle Estradiol valerate/dienogest was generally well tolerated in this population, with the nature of adverse events generally similar across the studies and between estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ESTRADIOL | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PEARL'S FORMULA | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Oral Contraceptives, Combined | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 342469 |
| 4. Title: Oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and the professional voice: An electrolaryngographic analysis. Author: La FM; Howard DM; Ledger W; Davidson JW; Jones G Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2009 Apr;34(2):11-19. Abstract: Few studies have been concerned with the effects of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on those who use their voices as a tool of trade. A cohort study involving 20 female professional voice users was carried out assessing irregularity of vocal fold vibration, based on: 1) period-to-period frequency peaks (CFx), and 2) period-to-period amplitude peaks (CAx) in the cycle-to-cycle excitation of the vocal tract. These vocal measures and blood samples were collected at three points of the menstrual cycle, for both natural and OCP cycles. No significant differences were found in vocal parameters assessed between the natural and OCP cycles. The intake of this OCP was not found to have a systematic effect on the vocal parameters studied. Based on these results the modern OCP preparations can be considered safe medications which do not have a negative effect on voice quality in professional voice users. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ARTISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ANABOLIC STEROIDS | SONGS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Music | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329663 |
| 5. Title: The effects of menstrual cycle phase on clinical measures of concussion in healthy college-aged females. Author: Mihalik JP; Ondrak KS; Guskiewicz KM; McMurray RG Source: Journal of Science and Medicine In Sport. 2009 May;12(3):383-7. Abstract: The management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury is an area of clinical uncertainty for many sports medicine professionals. While recent studies suggest sex differences in neurocognitive function may exist, our understanding of the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use in healthy females is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were changes in neurocognitive function, postural stability and self-reported symptoms between the early and late stages of the menstrual cycle, and also to identify whether performance across menstrual cycle would differ between females using OCP and eumenorrheic females not using OCP. Healthy college-aged females completed a standard concussion test battery including computerised assessment of neurocognitive function, postural stability and symptom status. Participants completed the counterbalanced testing design during the early and late phases of their menstrual cycle. No significant main effects or interactions for any neurocognitive function or postural stability outcome measure were observed. Eumenorrheic females endorsed a higher number of symptoms and reported an increased symptom severity score compared to females using OCP. Menstrual cycle phase had no effect on the total severity or the number of symptoms endorsed. These results suggest preseason neurocognitive and postural stability baseline tests are stable across the menstrual cycle, regardless of OCP use. Therefore, decreased performance on these measures following a suspected concussion is likely not attributable to menstrual cycle phase or use of OCP. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | YOUTH | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SPORTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTING | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342413 |
| 6. Title: Voice onset time in women as a function of oral contraceptive use. Author: Morris RJ; Gorham-Rowan MM; Herring KD Source: Journal of Voice. 2009 Jan;23(1):114-8. Abstract: Previous studies of the effect of hormonal changes across phases of the menstrual cycle on voice onset time (VOT) have not considered the variable of oral contraceptive use. The purpose of this study was to examine both the effects of menstrual cycle phase and that of oral contraceptive use on VOT. It was hypothesized that women taking oral contraceptives would exhibit smaller VOT differences across the phases of their menstrual cycles. The study was a prospective matched-group experimental design. Participants were 10 women who were on oral contraceptives and 10 who were not. The participants were recorded over two menstrual cycles, on the 10th and 20th day to evaluate their speech during the preovulation and premenstrual phases of their menstrual cycle. Participants produced 10 repetitions of the phrase "Speak ___ to me" containing the target syllables /bae/ and /pae/. Repeated measure ANOVAs revealed no significant differences in VOT between the two groups. Statistical results showed significant interactions between the menstrual cycle phase and the 2 recording months. It is possible that month-to-month differences in hormonal levels and other factors that can affect speech may have a greater effect on VOT than either the taking of oral contraceptives or the phase differences within a menstrual cycle. Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MATCHED GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Control Groups | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 331291 |
| 7. Title: Why use of dienogest for the first contraceptive pill with estradiol? Author: Mueck AO; Seeger H; Buhling KJ Source: Gynecological Endocrinology. 2009 Aug 11;:1-5. Abstract: Dienogest (DNG) has the essential properties of an effective progestogen for use in a new contraceptive pill using estradiol valerate as estrogenic component - it inhibits ovulation and protects against endometrial proliferation. DNG is a derivative of norethisterone (NET), but has a cyanomethyl- instead of an ethinyl-group in C17 position which may offer a variety of benefits regarding hepatic effects. The similarity to NET is reflected in the high endometriotropy and in similar pharmacokinetics like short plasma half-live and high bioavailability. However, DNG also elicits properties of progesterone derivatives like neutrality in metabolic and cardiovascular system and considerable antiandrogenic activity, the latter increased by lack of binding to SHBG as specific property of DNG. It has no glucocorticoid and antimineralocorticoid activity and has no antiestrogenic activity with the consequence that possible beneficial estradiol effects should not be antagonized. This may be of special importance for the tolerability and safety of the first pill with estradiol valerate instead of ethinylestradiol, although well-designed postmarketing studies are still ongoing to demonstrate what can be expected on the basis of pharmacology. Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | HEPATIC EFFECTS | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Oral Contraceptives, Combined | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Central Nervous System | Menstruation | Reproduction | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342487 |
| 8. Title: Are oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female recreational skiers? Author: Ruedl G; Ploner P; Linortner I; Schranz A; Fink C; Sommersacher R; Pocecco E; Nachbauer W; Burtscher M Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2009 Mar 31; Abstract: Oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase are suggested to influence the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. However, only few data are available for recreational sports. Therefore, female recreational skiers with a non-contact ACL injury and age-matched controls completed a self-reported questionnaire relating to menstrual history, oral contraceptive use and previous knee injuries. Menstrual history data were used to group subjects into either preovulatory or postovulatory phases of menstrual cycle. Our findings suggest that oral contraceptive use did not show any protective effect against ACL injuries nor did self-reported previous knee injuries show any association with ACL injury rate in recreational alpine skiing. Analysis of menstrual history data revealed that recreational skiers in the preovulatory phase were significantly more likely to sustain an ACL injury than were skiers in the postovulatory phase. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | LEISURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Measurement Document Number: 330925 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation and risk: girls' experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. Author: Sommer M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):383-398. Abstract: This paper examines girls' voiced experiences of menstruation, puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Moshi and Rombo Districts of Kilimanjaro, a predominantly Chagga region with historically strong support for girls' education. The major question explored was how the onset of menses and puberty may be impacting on girls' school participation, given societal implications of pubertal onset and potentially gender discriminatory school environments. The methodology included a comparative case study using in-depth interviews and participatory research with young women living in urban and rural Kilimanjaro. Along with important findings about how menstrual onset creates challenges for girls attending school emerged findings about the significant gaps in girls' knowledge about body changes, sexual health and HIV/AIDS. These findings underline the importance of identifying new girl-centred approaches to guidance on bodily development and HIV prevention. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | MENARCHE | SEXUALITY | CULTURE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Menstruation | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Evaluation | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 341089 |
| 10. Title: Reproductive factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in women: a review of the literature. Author: Wahi MM; Shah N; Schrock CE; Rosemurgy AS 2nd; Goldin SB Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):103-11. Abstract: PURPOSE: Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The male-to-female incidence and mortality ratio of PCA is 1.1-2.0. One possible explanation for this difference is that female hormone exposure is protective for the development of PCA. Several hypotheses were investigated in this systematic review: (1) increased exposure to estrogen through early menarche and later menopause is associated with a decreased risk of PCA; (2) increased exposure to pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of PCA; and (3) increased exposure to oral contraceptives and/or hormone replacement therapy is associated with decreased risk of PCA. METHODS: Of 371 articles identified, 10 case-control and 5 cohort studies met the criteria for our review. Odds ratios for case-control studies and hazard ratios for cohort studies and their accompanying 95% confidence intervals for analyses relevant to our hypotheses were considered in the review. RESULTS: For all 3 hypotheses, studies displayed inconsistent results, and this may have been due to the diversity of study populations, exposure quantification, analysis approach, confounding and other limitations, and biases across studies. CONCLUSIONS: As there was no strong support for any of the 3 hypotheses, it appears that reproductive factors are not associated with the development of PCA in women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CANCER | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | ESTROGENS | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 331229 |
| 11. Title: Puberty, contraception, and hormonal management for young people with disabilities. Author: Zacharin MR Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;48(2):149-55. Abstract: Assessment and management of a young person with a severe disability is multifaceted and complex. Variations of puberty can cause major concerns for parents and carers, with fears of imminent menstruation, peer and personal differences, concern for height outcome, as well as grief for a loss of childhood. Addressing physical, emotional, and social issues assists in optimizing outcomes. This article outlines specific evaluation and detailed management strategies for female and male pubertal problems in the context of disability, including treatments for extreme pubertal delay or acceleration, menstrual management at different ages, contraceptive issues, and sexual function and choices for both sexes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | PUBERTY | MANAGEMENT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MENARCHE | SEX FACTORS | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Family Planning | Reproduction | Organization and Administration | Menstruation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 330999 |
| 12. Title: Oral hormonal contraceptives affect the concentration and composition of urinary glycosaminoglycans in young women. Author: Zamboni MJ; Cabral CA; Sampaio FJ; Cardoso LE Source: International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2009 Jul 4; Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary glycosaminoglycans (uGAG) have protective effects against urinary tract disorders. Here we investigated whether oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) affect uGAG excretion. METHODS: Urine specimens were from young women regularly taking: ethinyl estradiol + drospirenone, n = 9; ethinyl estradiol + cyproterone acetate, n = 9; and ethinyl estradiol + gestodene, n = 7. Controls were from ten women not taking OC. Total uGAG was assayed as hexuronic acid/urinary creatinine. Sulfated uGAG species was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Unlike controls, total uGAG in the two halves of the menstrual cycle was similar in the OC groups. Whole cycle uGAG was higher in the OC groups (p < 0.01), especially for ethinyl estradiol + cyproterone acetate (p < 0.005). The three OC produced decreases of ~50% in heparan sulfate (p < 0.02) and dermatan sulfate (p < 0.02), and a ~100% increase in chondroitin sulfate (p < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: uGAG excretion is changed in women taking OC, and this might enhance the protective effects of these molecules against urinary tract disorders. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | INFECTIONS | CYSTITIS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Menstruation | Reproduction | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases Document Number: 341973 |
13.  Title: Advantages of the “Immediate-Start” approach to initiating hormonal contraception. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [2] p. (Research Brief on Hormonal Contraception) Abstract: A new Cochrane review suggests that the "immediate-start" approach to initiating hormonal contraception may be more acceptable to clients than a standard approach. However, women who use the immediate-start approach may have different experiences depending on the contraceptive method they choose. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DEPO-PROVERA | VAGINAL RING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 331724 |
| 14. Title: Potential market for CycleBeads: a basic model for estimating demand. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008. [13] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-07-0003-00) Abstract: The purpose of this tool kit is to provide programs with guidelines for establishing an initial supply of CycleBeads in their country or region. CycleBeads are a string of teardrop-shaped, colored beads that represent each day of a woman's menstrual cycle. They help a women know if she is on a day when pregnancy is likely or on a day when pregnancy is very unlikely. CycleBeads are based on the Standard Days Method (SDM) of family planning. This model is a tool to help program managers use generally available statistics and data to define the potential market for CycleBeads in their area. It is intended to help guide estimations for overall CycleBeads demand in a country for which there is no or little historical data on CycleBeads use. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TEACHING MATERIALS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | RHYTHM METHOD, CALENDAR | NEEDS | AWARENESS | IEC | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Menstruation | Reproduction | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331671 |
| 15. Title: Reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use and colorectal cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Author: Akhter M; Inoue M; Kurahashi N; Iwasaki M; Sasazuki S; Tsugane S Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2008 Nov;17(6):515-24. Abstract: Evidence for an association between reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and colorectal cancer risk from previous epidemiological studies remains controversial and information from nonwestern populations is limited. We analyzed this association in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, conducted in 48 511 Japanese women aged 40-69 years who responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included history of reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and other factors. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, a total of 538 colorectal cancer cases were newly identified. Age at menarche, menopausal status, history of exogenous female hormone use, parity, number of births, age at first birth, history of breast feeding, and reproductive period (postmenopausal women only) were not associated with colorectal cancer. When colon and rectal cancer were, however, analyzed separately among all women, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for colon cancer for age at first birth of 23-25, 26-29, 30 years or more in comparison to that at 22 years or less were 0.84 (0.64-1.12), 0.73 (0.53-1.01), and 0.66 (0.41-1.09), respectively (P for trend=0.03). These results were strengthened for colon cancer when analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (P for trend=0.01), but no association was seen in premenopausal women (P for trend=0.59). In contrast, no statistically significant association was found for rectal cancer. These findings suggest that late age at first birth is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in postmenopausal Japanese women. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | HORMONES | CANCER | MENARCHE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 329581 |
| 16. Title: Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine. Clinical aspects and response to frovatriptan. Author: Allais G; Bussone G; Airola G; Borgogno P; Gabellari IC Source: Neurological Sciences. 2008 May;29 Suppl 1:S186-90. Abstract: Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine (OCMM) is a poorly defined migraine subtype mainly triggered by the cyclic pill suspension. In this pilot, open-label trial we describe its clinical features and evaluate the efficacy of frovatriptan in the treatment of its acute attack. During the first 3 months of the study 20 women (mean age 32.2+/-7.0, range 22-46) with a 6-month history of pure OCMM recorded, in monthly diary cards, clinical information about their migraine. During the 4th menstrual cycle they treated an OCMM attack with frovatriptan 2.5 mg. The majority of attacks were moderate/severe and lasted 25-72 h or more, in the presence of usual treatment. Generally an OCMM attack appeared within the first 5 days after the pill suspension, but in 15% of cases it started later. After frovatriptan administration, headache intensity progressively decreased (2.4 at onset, 1.6 after 2 h, 1.1 after 4 h and 0.8 after 24 h; p=0.0001). In 55% of patients pain relief was reported after 2 h. Ten percent of subjects were pain-free subjects after 2 h, 35% after 4 h and 60% after 24 h (p=0.003 for trend); 36% relapsed within 24 h. Rescue medication was needed by 35% of patients; 50% of frovatriptan-treated required a second dose. Concomitant nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia decreased significantly after drug intake. OCMM is a severe form of migraine; actually its clinical features are not always exactly identified by the ICHD-II classification. However, treatment with frovatriptan 2.5 mg might be effective in its management. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MIGRAINE | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | NAUSEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Menstruation | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 328667 |
| 17. Title: Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? Author: Barnett GC; Shah M; Redman K; Easton DF; Ponder BA Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Jul 10;26(20):3310-6. Abstract: PURPOSE: Risk factors that influence the incidence of breast cancer may also affect survival after diagnosis. METHODS: Data from 4,560 women with invasive breast cancer who had taken part in the population-based Studies of Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Cancer Heredity (SEARCH) breast cancer study were used to investigate the influence on survival of variables related to pregnancy, menarche and menopause, prior use of exogenous hormones, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, and alcohol intake. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, there was no association between prognosis and age at menarche and menopause, menopausal status at diagnosis, smoking history, or prior use of the oral contraceptive pill. Women whose most recent pregnancy was more than 30 years ago had a 35% reduced risk of dying (95% CI, 8% to 54%) compared with women who had a full-term pregnancy in the past 15 years, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for more than 4 years was associated with a similar risk reduction. BMI was associated with a 3% (95% CI, 1% to 4%) increase in mortality per unit increase. Improved prognosis was seen with increasing current alcohol consumption, with a 2% (95% CI, 1% to 3%) reduction in the risk of death per unit of alcohol consumed per week. CONCLUSION: The apparent benefit of alcohol intake has not been described before, and our data need to be interpreted with some caution. However, our finding that an increase in BMI is associated with a poorer prognosis supports previously published data and suggests that advice on weight loss should be given to all obese patients with breast cancer. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | MENARCHE | MENOPAUSE | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Reproduction | Menstruation | Physiology | Behavior Document Number: 328315 |
| 18. Title: Facilitated acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in women taking oral contraceptives. Author: Beck KD; McLaughlin J; Bergen MT; Cominski TP; Moldow RL; Servatius RJ Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2008 Dec;19(8):821-8. Abstract: Although anecdotal reports suggest that associative learning processes are affected by menstrual phase, empirical evidence has been equivocal. Moreover, there is a dearth of research concerning fluctuations of artificial or exogenous female hormones on learning and memory. Therefore, in this preliminary study we assessed learning in women who take oral contraceptives and those who do not during the three phases of the menstrual cycle: early, middle, and later cycle. The behavioral assessment included short-trace eyeblink conditioning, acoustic startle reactivity, and a fine motor coordination task (grooved pegboard). Oral contraceptive users generally acquired the conditioned eyeblink response better than non-users. Similar enhancements were observed for fine motor coordination and startle responsiveness. Further research will need to distinguish whether the hormone influence is upon the associative processes or the sensory-motor pathways involved in nonassociative learning. Language: English Keywords: NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | EYESIGHT | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | BEHAVIOR | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Central Nervous System Document Number: 330965 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Physiologic and psychologic symptoms associated with use of injectable contraception and 20 micrograms oral contraceptive pills. Author: Berenson AB; Odom SD; Breitkopf CR; Rahman M Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008;:[12] p. Abstract: The objective of the study was to compare menstrual, physiologic, and psychologic symptoms over 2 years among women initiating use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or an oral contraceptive pill with a reduced pill-free interval and those not using hormonal contraception. A total of 608 women reported their experience regarding 17 symptoms prior to initiating contraception and every 6 months thereafter for 24 months. Longitudinal relationships between symptoms and contraceptives were assessed after adjusting for age, visits, and baseline status of symptoms. Oral contraceptive pills were protective against mastalgia (odds ratio [OR], 0.7), cramping (OR, 0.5), hair loss (OR, 0.6), acne (OR, 0.4), nervousness (OR, 0.5), and mood swings (OR, 0.7). Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was protective against bloating (OR, 0.5) and mood swings (OR, 0.7) but caused weight gain (OR, 2.3), bleeding episodes more than 20 days (OR, 13.4), and missed periods (OR, 96.9). Both methods caused intermenstrual bleeding. Evidence-based data regarding beneficial and adverse symptoms associated with these methods may help clinicians counsel patients appropriately prior to contraceptive initiation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 327556 |
| 20. Title: Sex differences in the control of glucose homeostasis. Author: Blaak E Source: Current Opinion In Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2008 Jul;11(4):500-4. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A markedly higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance has been reported in women than in men, whereas the opposite was seen for impaired fasting glucose. The present review focuses on the underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS: An increased meal glucose appearance and disturbances in postprandial glucose disposal may contribute to higher glucose concentrations in women. An increased, similar or reduced insulin sensitivity has been reported in women than in men, which makes it unclear to what extent a disturbed insulin-mediated glucose disposal may contribute to increased postprandial glucose concentrations in women. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in the phase of menstrual cycle during the study, the use of oral contraceptives and different degrees of physical fitness. Nevertheless, there are consistent data indicating that women are protected against fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, both disturbances in endogenous glucose output and metabolic clearance of glucose may contribute to the reduced fasting glucose concentrations in women. SUMMARY: There is an urgent need for studies that test whether sex-related disturbances in glucose metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, taking age, menstrual cycle, the use of oral contraceptives and physical activity into account. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADULTS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | DIABETES | AGE FACTORS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | FITNESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 328649 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of age at menarche in the Newcastle Thousand Families Study. Author: Blell M; Pollard TM; Pearce MS Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jul;40(4):563-575. Abstract: Several studies have found relationships between early life factors (birth weight, length of gestation, height, weight, duration of breast-feeding, maternal age, social class, periods of infection, presence of adverse life events, and quality of housing conditions in childhood) and age at menarche but none has considered all of these factors in the same study. The follow-up study of the Newcastle Thousand Families birth cohort, established in 1947, provided age at menarche data collected retrospectively at age 50 from 276 women who returned self-completion questionnaires in 1997. Three main independent associations were observed: girls who experienced a shorter gestation, girls whose mothers were younger when they were born, and girls who were heavier at age 9 had earlier menarche. Birth weight, standardized for gestational age, was found to have different relationships with age at menarche depending upon how heavy or light a girl was at age 9. The results of this study support the hypotheses thatconditions in fetal and early life are associated with the timing of menarche and that greater childhood growth is associated with earlier menarche. It is suggested that future work should focus on illuminating the mechanisms underlying these statistical relationships. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | AGE FACTORS | MENARCHE | BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | BODY WEIGHT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Fetus | Pregnancy | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 327238 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Menarche and father absence in a national probability sample. Author: Bogaert AF Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jul;40(4):623-636. Abstract: The relation between women's timing of menarche and father absence was examined in a national probability sample of Great Britain (NATSAL 2000; N greater than 5000). Current body mass index (as a proxy for childhood weight) was examined as a potential mediator of this relationship, along with the potential moderating role that siblings (e.g. number of older brothers) had on this relationship. As in a number of previous studies, an absent father (but not an absent mother) during childhood predicted an earlier age of puberty (i.e. an early menarche). There was no evidence that weight mediated this relationship or that siblings moderated it. Both a lower body mass index and more siblings (e.g. more younger sisters and brothers) were independent predictors of a later timing of puberty. The results confirm that certain psychosocial factors (i.e. father absence; presence of siblings) may affect the timing of sexual maturation in adolescent girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROBABILITY | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | ONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SIBLINGS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Households | Behavior Document Number: 327239 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Well-being, sleep, exercise patterns, and the menstrual cycle: A comparison of natural hormones, oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera. Author: Brown SG; Morrison LA; Larkspur LM; Marsh AL; Nicolaisen N Source: Women and Health. 2008;47(1):105-121. Abstract: Overall well-being, sleep and exercise patterns were investigated in women between the ages of 18 and 36 years with natural hormone profiles (n = 12), and women using oral contraceptives (n = 12) or Depo-Provera (n = 12) from January 18, 2005 to December 7, 2005. Daily questionnaires on the above variables were obtained across 3 menstrual cycles (108 cycles). Women using hormonal contraception reported more overall negative well-being than women with natural hormone profiles (p = .038). Positive well-being at mid-cycle was positively correlated with increased sleep by the natural hormone (p less than .05) and oral contraception groups (p less than .05) but not by the Depo-Provera group. Women with natural hormone profiles walked more when they reported decreased well-being. Our findings indicate that the use of Depo-Provera interferes with the natural relations between sleep, cycle phase and well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | DEPO-PROVERA | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SLEEPING | FITNESS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326422 |
| 24. Title: An open-label, multicentre trial to evaluate the vaginal bleeding pattern of the combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing. Author: Bruni V; Pontello V; Luisi S; Petraglia F Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Jul;139(1):65-71. Abstract: The objective of this multicentre, non-controlled, open-label study is the evaluation of the bleeding patterns during the use of a vaginal combined contraceptive, its safety in relation to occurrence of adverse effects, its efficacy as a contraceptive method and user compliance. Healthy female volunteers (N = 165), asking for contraception, were enrolled to participate in the study. Each subject was given seven vaginal rings, releasing an average amount of 120 microg etonogestrel (ENG) and 15 microg ethinylestradiol (EE) per day. Study period was 7 cycles. A total of 878 cycles was valid for statistical analysis. The primary parameter, (breakthrough bleeding and/or spotting), was recorded for each cycle. The subjects were asked to report any adverse effect experienced during the treatment period, general physical and gynaecological examinations were performed and haematological blood tests were taken. Breakthrough bleeding/spotting occurred in 5.01% cycles (44 out of 878 cycles, of whom 37 were breakthrough spotting only). Absence of withdrawal bleeding during the ring-free period was reported in 1.94% cycles (17 out of 878). Forty-one subjects (24.8%) reported 66 events that were potentially drug-related. The most frequently drug-related events were weight increase (10 cases), headache (9 cases), nausea (4 cases). No pregnancy was reported during the study period. Haematology and chemical chemistry tests showed no clinically significant abnormality. In the present study, NuvaRing has shown to be a valid contraceptive method to ensure optimal cycle control with low incidence of irregular bleeding and altered withdrawal bleeding. The low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting) may be related the low hormonal dose and to the vaginal delivery of hormones which avoids the gastrointestinal tract. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | VAGINAL RING | BLEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | USER COMPLIANCE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 325789 |
| 25. Title: Age at menarche of three-generation families in Taiwan. Author: Chang SR; Chen KH Source: Annals of Human Biology. 2008 Jul-Aug;35(4):394-405. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Menarche is a critical transition and biological event for women. Age at menarche is an important variable for women's health and appears to be decreasing from generation to generation. AIM: This study describes the distributions of recalled age at menarche of women in three-generation families, examines generational differences, and evaluates the effects of birth mothers' and birth grandmothers' recalled age at menarche on their daughters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional investigation was performed on 214 post-adolescent girls from central Taiwan and their birth mothers and grandmothers. The descriptive analysis, analyses of mixed effect models, and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships of age at menarche for three generations within families. RESULTS: The distribution of age at menarche moved significantly earlier over the three generations. The mean ages at menarche were 15.16 +/- 1.75, 14.50 +/- 1.50, and 13.00 +/- 1.26 years for grandmothers, mothers, and daughters, respectively. Four factors for the daughters' age at menarche (adjusted for age at the time of the study and geographical location) were identified. The first three were reinforcing effects. These were the product of the mothers' and grandmothers' ages at menarche, the product of the mothers' geographical locations and ages at menarche, and the product of the grandmothers' ethnicity and ages at menarche. The fourth factor was the grandmothers' ethnicity. CONCLUSION: The results showed a significant decrease in the onset age of menstruation over three generations, with a positive effect on age at menarche from mothers to daughters and from grandmothers to granddaughters. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | MENARCHE | GENETICS | HEREDITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Biology Document Number: 328275 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author: Cheung LP; Lam PM; Lok IH; Haines CJ; So WY Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1431-1438. Abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) frequently exhibit central obesity, glucose intolerance, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension which are characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 295 premenopausal Chinese women with PCOS diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria (mean age: 30.2 plus or minus 6.4 years) and 98 control subjects without PCOS were evaluated for prevalence of MetS and cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia. Using the 2005 modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, MetS (presence of three or more risk factors) was found in 24.9% of PCOS women compared to 3.1% of controls. The prevalence of MetS in PCOS women increased from 16.7% at under 30 years of age to 53.3% at over 40 years. MetS was also more prevalent in overweight and obese (41.3%) than normal-weight PCOS women (0.9%). However, multivariate regression analysis showed that women with PCOS had a 5-fold increase in risk of MetS (odds ratio 4.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-17.84) compared with women without PCOS even after controlling for age and BMI, suggesting PCOS alone is an independent risk factor for MetS. There is high prevalence of MetS in Hong Kong Chinese women with PCOS despite their relatively young age. Recognition of these cardiometabolic risk factors requires a high level of awareness in conjunction with early and regular screening. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | OVARIAN CYSTS | PREVALENCE | OBESITY | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326851 |
| 27. Title: Age at menarche in girls born from 1985 to 1989 in Mazandaran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Author: Delavar MA; Hajian-Tilaki KO Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Feb;14(1):90-94. Abstract: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 2246 girls born between 1985 and 1989 to determine the age of menarche in Mazandaran province, northern Islamic Republic of Iran. Six cities were selected randomly and cluster sampling used to select high-school students in urban and rural areas. Students with malnutrition, anaemia and chronic infections such as tuberculosis were excluded. The mean (standard deviation) age of menarche was 12.5 (1.1) years, 95% CI: 12.45-12.55 years. The most frequent occurrence of menarche was in summer and least frequent in winter. Menarche age was significantly higher in girls living in rural areas and with fathers with lower education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENARCHE | SEASONAL VARIATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325101 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Age at menarche and first pregnancy among psychosocially at-risk adolescents. Author: Dunbar J; Sheeder J; Lezotte D; Dabelea D; Stevens-Simon C Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1822-4. Abstract: The author's sought to determine which factors influence the association between menarche and conception among adolescent study participants (n = 1030), who demonstrated an earlier age of menarche than did national samples. Age at first sexual intercourse (coitarche) mediated the relationship between age at menarche and first pregnancy among White girls, whereas gynecologic age at coitarche (age at coitarche minus age at menarche) and age at menarche explained the timing of the first pregnancy among Black and Hispanic girls. Pregnancy prevention interventions to delay coitarche should also include reproductive education and contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | AGE FACTORS | MENARCHE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Menstruation | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Biology | Parental Age | Sex Behavior Document Number: 328527 |
| 29. Title: New drugs in development for the treatment of endometriosis. Author: Fedele L; Somigliana E; Frontino G; Benaglia L; Vigano P Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2008 Aug;17(8):1187-1202. Abstract: Endometriosis is a common and enigmatic disease causing pelvic pain and infertility. Current treatment is mainly based on the use of surgery and ovarian suppressive agents. There is in particular the need for new therapeutic options able to allow a normal menstrual cycle to occur and also consent pregnancy. In the present review, we aimed to give a concise and practical overview in order to allow the clinician to clearly understand the level of development of these drugs. We have presented only treatments supported by in vivo researches with a special attention to studies in humans. Results show appealing new possibilities are emerging from agents counteracting the endometriosis-associated inflammation. Recent data also suggests that there is still the opportunity to refine the use of already available agents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ENDOMETRIOSIS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | DRUGS | TREATMENT | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327580 |
| 30. Title: Effect of combined oral contraceptives on breast epithelial proliferation in young women. Author: Garcia y Narvaiza D; Navarrete MA; Falzoni R; Maier CM; Nazario AC Source: Breast Journal. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):450-5. Abstract: The mammary gland undergoes morphologic changes during the menstrual cycle. Proliferation of normal breast epithelium is most extensive during the natural luteal phase. To determine the impact of one cycle of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the proliferation index (PI), determined by KI-67 expression, in normal human mammary epithelial cells and correlated it with cellular proliferation in spontaneous menstrual cycles during the same period. Normal breast tissue samples were obtained from 82 patients randomized in two groups. Forty-two women in group A received one cycle of a COC (30 mug ethinyl estradiol and 150 mug levonorgestrel) administrated daily for 21 days, beginning on the first day of the menstrual cycle. Group B patients (n = 40) experienced a natural menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle phase characterization was based on the date of the last period and subsequent menses and on progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy. The PI (number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 1,000 epithelial cells), was significantly larger in group A (5.47 +/- 3.87), than in group B (3.27 +/- 3.24), p < 0.01. A cyclical variation of PI was observed in COC cycles. The rise in PI in the first week of the COC cycles was significantly higher than in the natural cycle (COC = 7.02 +/- 4.94; non-COC = 1.10 +/- 0.67; p < 0.0011). There was no significant difference between the two groups during the other weeks. Additionally, there was an inverse correlation between proliferation and chronological age, irrespective of the stage of the cycle. The PI of COC (p = 0.175) and natural cycles (p = 0.466) were not statistically different in younger patients. COC users have increased proliferative activity at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. This alteration in the pattern of proliferative activity may relate to the increased risk of breast cancer that has been associated with COCs. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | BREAST EXAM | SAFETY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health Document Number: 329240 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |