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4.
Title: Intrauterine devices: an effective alternative to oral hormonal contraception.
Source: Prescrire International. 2009 Jun;18(101):125-30.
Abstract: (1) Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are placed in the uterine cavity with the objective of providing long-term contraception, mainly by preventing fertilisation. The best-known IUDs contain copper, but there is also an IUD delivering levonorgestrel, a progestin; (2) How effective are these devices, and what are their adverse effects? To answer these questions, we analysed the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology; (3) T-shaped copper IUDs, with a copper surface area of 380 mm2 on 3 arms, and the levonorgestrel-releasing device, have similar contraceptive efficacy as combined oral contraceptives that are used correctly. In contrast, IUDs are more effective than oral contraception used incorrectly; (4) Among IUD users, there are on average about 6 pregnancies per 1000 woman-years. There is less experience with the levonorgestrel IUD which seems to be at least as effective as copper IUDs; (5) The rare intrauterine pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD generally end in miscarriage. About 25% of these pregnancies end in a live birth if the device is left in place, compared to about 90% if the device is removed; (6) Ectopic pregnancies are rarer in IUD users than in women who do not use contraception. However, about one in 20 pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD is ectopic; (7) The IUD is expelled in about 5% to 10% of cases within 5 years, and expulsion recurs in about 30% of these women; (8) Problems such as difficult insertion, pain, bleeding and syncope are reported in less than 1.5% of cases overall; (9) Uterine perforation during insertion is rare, occurring in 0.6 to 16 cases per 1000 insertions, regardless of the type of IUD. The risk of perforation is higher when the IUD is inserted less than 4 to 6 weeks after delivery or elective abortion; (10) During the first 3 months after insertion, the risk of pelvic infection is slightly higher than in the general population, especially in women with pre-existing asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection. There are about 6 pelvic infections per 1000 woman-years of IUD use. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is unnecessary. The interview and physical examination may lead to diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection or other sexually transmitted infections. In these cases, treatment may be needed before IUD insertion. Women must be warned that IUDs do not protect them from sexually transmitted diseases; (11) Menstrual bleeding is often heavier in women with cooper IUDs than in women who do not use IUDs, and may be associated with menstrual pain; (12) The levonorgestrel IUD is associated with a marked reduction in menstrual blood loss and irregular bleeding; amenorrhoea occurs in 35% of women after 2 years of use. The levonorgestrel IUD also has hormonal adverse effects such as headache, acne, breast tension and functional ovarian cysts; (13) IUDs can safely be used in breastfeeding women, immediately after a pregnancy, in cases of diabetes or HIV infection, during nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy, and after an ectopic pregnancy. The only problems occurring in women who have never had children are pain during insertion and more frequent expulsions; (14) A copper IUD is a first-line contraceptive method for women with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or coronary events; (15) It is better to postpone IUD insertion when the woman has a genital tract infection or unexplained vaginal bleeding; (16) IUD insertion is an effective alternative to "morning-after" hormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | IUD COMPLICATIONS | IUD EXPULSION | INSERTION | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | UTERINE PERFORATION | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Perforations
Document Number: 342301

Title: Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight babies: a prospective observational study.
Source: Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society. 2009 Jan-Jun;29(1):6-9.
Abstract: Introduction: Kangaroo Mother Care is the low cost, humane technique for caring low birth weight babies by direct skin to contact with the mother. Objective: The Prospective observational study was done to see the effect of KMC especially on weight gain on low birth weight babies weighing 2000 grams or less at Special Care Baby Unit of Paropakar Maternity and Women's hospital, Kathmandu. Method: The study was conducted in Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) of Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital over 7 months period May 2007 to Nov. 2008 (from Baishakh 2064 to Kartik 2065). The method of care consisted of skin to skin contact between the mother and the infant. Result: It was observed that babies had good weight gain of average 30gms/day and had short duration of hospital stay of average 9 days. Babies had less morbidities like hypothermia, apnea, skin infections and oral thrush.100% babies had exclusive breast feeding and KMC was acceptable to mothers. Conclusion: Kangaroo Mother Care shows early and good weight gain in low birth weight babies. It is simple, low cost technique and well acceptable by mother and family and can be continued at home.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | INFANT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | TREATMENT | INFANT HEALTH | GESTATIONAL AGE | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Health | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 341512

Title: Male circumcision: a cancer prevention strategy?
Source: Lancet Oncology. 2009 May;10(5):431.
Abstract: Given that less than 20% of males are circumcised in many developing countries, and that male circumcision is relatively simple and reduces viral infection, might this practice be more widely used as a preventive measure against cancer? In developing countries, male circumcision could have a vital role in specific segments of the population depending on the answers to specific scientific and infrasturcture related questions. Discussions around male circumcision strategies should be encouraged within the context of cancer prevention, and these should include local communities alongside assessments of current capacities, measurable targets, cost analyses and modelling, and the development of practicable guidelines, so as to place male circumcision within the possible options available for disease prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | CANCER | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV PREVENTION | STANDARDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 341199

Peer Reviewed

Title: A new agenda for children affected by HIV/AIDS [editorial]
Source: Lancet. 2009 Feb 14;373(9663):517.
Abstract: As is so often the case in the provision of health care and deciding research agendas, children have been sidelined in the fight against HIV/AIDS. According to the latest UNAIDS figures, nearly 2 million children live with HIV worldwide, two-thirds in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, 12 million children in sub-Saharan Africa have lost one or two parents due to HIV/AIDS. Many more live with a parent or carer with HIV. A very small proportion of infected children receive antiretroviral treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission is only given to a third of women. Diagnosis in infancy is difficult and therefore often delayed. Child-friendly medication is lacking. 60% of children in southern Africa live in poverty. Now that HIV/AIDS is evolving from an acute emergency into a chronic epidemic, the way to deliver treatment and achieve prevention needs to change radically from an individualistic approach to a broader strategic one. Children and families need to take centre stage. In an excellent report, based on 2 years of research and analyses, the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS-an independent alliance of researchers, implementers, activists, policy makers, and people living with HIV-has presented recommendations for such a change in direction. Home Truths: Facing the Facts on Children, AIDS, and Poverty, released on Feb 10, points out three broad policies that will make an immediate and long lasting difference to children: support children through immediate or extended families and deliver integrated family-centred services; strengthen community action to support families; and address family poverty through national social protection. Such policies are AIDS-sensitive but not AIDS-directed. The family is the most important support structure for children. The report argues that the way orphans have been defined (as having lost one or both parents) and have become the centre of attention for many HIV/AIDS policies has been unhelpful, if not damaging. 88% of children labelled as orphans have a surviving parent and overall 95% continue to live with extended families. Additionally, children who live with HIV-positive parents have needs long before their parents die. Children need to stay within a family or kinship structure. Infected children usually live with others who are infected with the virus. The whole family, not the individual, needs to become the unit for support and treatment. The report advocates home health visiting and early childhood development interventions together with strategies to encourage children's education. The use of schools as intervention platforms misses the opportunity to reach children early and to reach those who are not in education-the majority in some countries. Economic strengthening of families has to be the basis to allow many of these programmes to fully succeed. The best immediate support for families is given by com munity groups. International donors need to work with these groups in partnership to avoid duplication, confusion, and waste of time and money. The authors suggest that coordination could be strengthened with a district committee that maintains an active register of community activities and devises a system of accountability that is understood by all and serves the com munity. All activities should be delivered within a framework that is based on best practice. Communities also have a crucial role to act as a backstop when families break down or when children live in an abusive environment. Family poverty and undernutrition can be addressed through income-transfer programmes, such as Mexico's Oportunidades programme or South Africa's child support grants. These projects are efficient and simple, empower women, and can act as a springboard for other more complex schemes, such as microfinance loans. Such economic support increases school attendance, reduces illnesses, improves growth, and encourages uptake of health services. The largest portion of money is usually used to purchase food. Extreme poverty, rather than HIV infection, should be used as a criterion to avoid stigma and resentment. The report argues that "any developing country, no matter how poor, can afford social protection packages for children". The positive effect of this policy is now established beyond doubt and no further pilot studies are needed. To integrate all these strategies, governments need to take the lead with national plans and frameworks to scale-up programmes for children and families. With this approach, society as a whole will be strengthened with intergenerational effects that will go a long way towards, but also go well beyond, tackling the effects of HIV/AIDS. Putting children and families at the centre will show long-term vision with guaranteed future benefits. (fulll-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | POVERTY | MALNUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 341049

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts.
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Sep;114(3):679-80.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Functional ovarian cysts are a common gynecological problem among women of reproductive age worldwide. When large, persistent, or painful, these cysts may require operations, sometimes resulting in removal of the ovary. Since early oral contraceptives were associated with a reduced incidence of functional ovarian cysts, many clinicians inferred that birth control pills could be used to treat cysts as well. This became a common clinical practice in the early 1970s. OBJECTIVES:: This review examined all randomized controlled trials that studied oral contraceptives as therapy for functional ovarian cysts. SEARCH STRATEGY:: We searched the databases of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, POPLINE, and EMBASE, as well as clinical trials databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP). We also examined the reference lists of articles and wrote to authors of identified trials to seek articles we had missed. SELECTION CRITERIA:: We included randomized controlled trials in any language that included oral contraceptives used for treatment and not prevention of functional ovarian cysts. Criteria for diagnosis of cysts were those used by authors of trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:: Two authors independently abstracted data from the articles. One entered the data into RevMan and a second verified accuracy of data entry. For dichotomous outcomes, we used Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For continuous outcomes, we calculated mean differences with 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS:: We identified seven randomized controlled trials from four countries; the studies included a total of 500 women. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives did not hasten resolution of functional ovarian cysts in any trial. This held true for cysts that occurred spontaneously as well as those that developed after ovulation induction. Most cysts resolved without treatment within a few cycles; persistent cysts tended to be pathological (e.g., endometrioma or para-ovarian cyst) and not physiological. AUTHORS' CONCLUSION:: Although widely used for treating functional ovarian cysts, combined oral contraceptives appear to be of no benefit. Watchful waiting for two or three cycles is appropriate. Should cysts persist, surgical management is often indicated.Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006134. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006134.pub2. Copyright the Cochrane Collaboration, reproduced with permission.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | INCIDENCE | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TREATMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Measurement | Research Methodology | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342569

11.

12.
Title: Plan B for 17-year olds.
Source: Medical Letter On Drugs and Therapeutics. 2009 May 18;51(1312):40.
Abstract: The FDA has announced that it will lower the age for over-the-counter access to the emergency contraceptive Plan B from 18 to 17 years old. In a randomized, controlled trial, the two 0.75-mg levonorgestrel tablets in Plan B, taken 12 hours apart beginning within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, decreased the overall pregnancy rate to 1.1% (11/976) of women who requested emergency contraception. The sooner the drug is taken after coitus, the more effective it is. Nausea and vomiting can occur with Plan B. Fetal malformations have not been associated with pregnancies that occurred despite use of levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | USFDA | ADOLESCENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341625

14.

Title: Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports. 2009 Apr 10;58(RR-4):[216] p..
Abstract: Major changes in the guidelines include 1) greater emphasis on the importance of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs), especially those OIs for which no specific therapy exists; 2) information regarding the diagnosis and management of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes; 3) information regarding the use of interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection; 4) updated information about drug interactions that affect the use of rifamycin drugs for prevention and treatment of TB; 5) the addition of a section on hepatitis B virus infection; and 6) the addition of malaria to the list of OIs that might be acquired during international travel.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUG INTERACTIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Drugs
Document Number: 339985

15.
Title: Progress toward the 2012 measles elimination goal--Western Pacific Region, 1990-2008.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Jun 26;58(24):669-73.
Abstract: In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee of the Western Pacific Region (WPR) formally declared a measles elimination goal, and in 2005, the committee established a target date of 2012 for regional measles elimination. Key strategies recommended by WHO for achievement of measles elimination include 1) very high (>or=95%) vaccination coverage with 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1 and MCV2) through routine vaccination and/or supplemental immunization activities (SIAs); 2) high-quality case-based measles surveillance; and 3) access to an accredited measles laboratory network for testing of suspected measles cases and identification of measles virus genotypes. This report describes progress toward measles elimination in the WPR through 2008. Measles likely has been eliminated or nearly eliminated in 24 of the 37 countries and areas in the WPR (referred to in this report as countries). However, large numbers of measles cases continue to be reported from several countries. During 2008, a total of 131,441 confirmed measles cases (98.4 per million population) were reported from China and 11,015 cases (86.1 per million population) from Japan, two countries that account for 82% of the region's population and >97% of its confirmed measles cases. Intensified efforts by WPR countries, particularly China and Japan, will be required to achieve the 2012 goal.
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | MEASLES | VACCINES | IMMUNIZATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MONITORING | SCREENING | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Evaluation | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 341752

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17.

Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

18.

Title: Human resources for health in the low-resource world: collaborative practice and task shifting in maternal and neonatal care.
Author: FIGO Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Committee
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):74-6.
Abstract: An important barrier to the attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 in many countries is the lack of trained and skilled clinical staff who can provide timely and high-quality care to mothers with pregnancy complications. This article presents guidelines and recommendations on how to better make use of existing health human resources in order to improve maternal and neonatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | HUMAN RESOURCES | GYNECOLOGY | OBSTETRICS | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Economic Factors | Medicine | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Education
Document Number: 341381

19.

20.

Title: Integrating multiple gender strategies to improve HIV and AIDS interventions: a compendium of programs in Africa.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. AIDS Support and Technical Resources [AIDSTAR-One]
Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2009 May. [220] p. (USAID Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00059-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) AIDSTAR-One project created this compendium of selected HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa that integrate multiple gender strategies. Featured programs address at least two of the following gender strategies: 1) reducing violence and sexual coercion; 2) addressing male norms and behaviors; 3) increasing women's legal protection; and 4) increasing women's access to income and productive resources. The compendium describes each of the 31 selected programs, and synthesizes trends and findings to provide initial insights on using multiple gender strategies in HIV programming, including how strategies are employed together, where gaps exist, and what lessons and experiences are common across programs. Though not meant to be exhaustive, the compendium represents the depth and breadth of current HIV programming that includes multiple gender strategies. Overall, we found that many innovative programs exist in sub-Saharan Africa and that implementers are successfully integrating multiple gender approaches into HIV programs. Program implementers report numerous benefits of combining gender strategies, including ensuring project salience and relevance, extending project reach, and reflecting the multiple, interrelated needs of beneficiaries. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 331479

21.

Title: Laboratory logistics handbook: A guide to designing and managing laboratory logistics systems.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jun. 83 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: The importance of quality laboratory services is indisputable. The expansion of programs for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria requires strong and supportive laboratory services. For antiretroviral therapy (ART) in particular, there has been a growing recognition of this importance, given the number of laboratory tests required to effectively diagnose and monitor AIDS treatment. The need to improve laboratory services for all of these disease programs provides an opportunity to strengthen laboratories in health systems overall so they can accommodate the needs of the communities they serve. This document describes the function and organization of laboratory services and the commodities needed for laboratory services, and it discusses supply chain considerations for management of laboratory commodities.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | LABORATORY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | STANDARDS | QUALITY CONTROL | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331659

22.

Title: The logistics handbook: A practical guide for supply chain managers in family planning and health programs.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jul. 182 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Oringinally published in 2004.
Abstract: The Logistics Handbook includes the major aspects of logistics management with an emphasis on contraceptive supplies. The text should be helpful to managers who work with supplies every day as well as managers who assess and design logistics systems for entire programs. Policymakers may find the text useful in exploring the inputs needed to create an effective logistics system. Key terms and concepts are clearly defined and explained, and the design and implementation of management information systems and inventory control are discussed in detail. Storage and quality control practices are also discussed, and overviews of forecasting and procurement processes are included.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | DRUGS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | RECORDS | QUALITY CONTROL | MONITORING | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | IMPLEMENTATION | PLANNING | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 331681

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24.

25.

26.

Title: Development of Assays to Estimate HIV Incidence. Meeting proceedings, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, May 13-14, 2009.
Author: Meeting on the Development of Assays to Estimate HIV Incidence (2009: Chapel Hill)
Source: [Research Triangle Park], North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], 2009. [70] p.
Abstract: Family Health International (FHI) convened a meeting on the Development of Assays to Estimate HIV Incidence on May 13-14, 2009 at the Carolina Inn in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The purpose of this meeting was to assess how new and existing technologies and research could be applied to advance the development of assays to estimate HIV incidence. Nearly fifty leading experts including immunologists, epidemiologists, HIV transmission experts, assay developers, virologists, industry representatives, and potential users of assays participated in the meeting. The meeting was primarily supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and in conjunction with and the support of the World Health Organization (WHO), the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), and the Center for HIV / AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | VALIDITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | INCIDENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | STUDY DESIGN | HIV INFECTIONS | AWARENESS | TREATMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Measurement | Public Health | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331753

27.

Title: Helping mothers keep their babies safe from HIV.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: The Population Council's evaluation of m2m provided solid evidence that the program was helping women use services to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An innovative program, mothers2mothers (m2m), was created in South Africa to support HIV-positive pregnant women. The program trains and employs HIV-positive mothers who have used services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These "mentor mothers" organize health talks and conduct regular support groups for their peers. They also reach out to the community to help women follow feeding practices that are best for their baby. They promote safer sex and family planning, and encourage mothers to return for HIV treatment and to bring their baby to the clinic for HIV testing. Women who participated in m2m were more likely to talk about their HIV status with friends and family members, to receive drugs to reduce the chance that their baby would be infected with HIV, and to follow recommended infant feeding practices. Following the evaluation, the program has expanded to hundreds of other locations in South Africa and beyond to Lesotho, Zambia, Kenya, Rwanda, Malawi, and Swaziland -- providing hope and care to HIV-positive mothers across Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT NUTRITION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | TREATMENT | NEEDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331490

28.

Title: Increasing HIV testing for at-risk children.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: The Caregiver Project is helping HIV-positive children access life-saving medical treatment and providing an outreach model that can be replicated across Africa. The project trains grandmothers (called �grannies") to serve as peer supporters for elderly caregivers. The grannies provide information about pediatric HIV testing and treatment to elderly caregivers who come to Social Security Agency sites to get grants for social services for children and the elderly. Grannies offer caregivers referral cards that list the locations of pediatric testing services and encourage them to take the children to be tested. The Caregiver Project is targeting an important gateway to accessing these children, the elderly caregivers, and motivating caregivers to seek care through age-appropriate resources. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | PROMOTION | HIV TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 331491

29.

Title: Overcoming barriers to treatment for children.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: Only 11 percent of HIV-positive children eligible for treatment in Kenya receive life-saving therapy. Through surveys, group discussions, and interviews with families and health workers, Council researchers identified barriers that prevent parents and caregivers from seeking treatment for HIV-infected children. Applying its research findings, the Council and the government of Kenya are supporting community-awareness activities to educate and assist caregivers, inform them of available services, and reduce stigma. The Council is also working with health facilities to improve counseling, support, and outreach services, and to provide Kenya's government with recommendations for improving pediatric HIV services so HIV-positive children across the country receive life-saving treatment. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | OBSTACLES | TREATMENT | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331492

30.

Title: Diarrheal disease: solutions to defeat a global killer.
Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH]
Source: Washington, D.C., PATH, 2009. 38 p.
Abstract: Today, the leading causes of death among children under the age of five, particularly in the developing world, are pneumonia and diarrhea. These illnesses are both preventable and treatable. The global health community possesses the interventions and knowledge to save millions of children's lives worldwide. We can do this by reprioritizing diarrheal disease on the global health agenda; educating, increasing awareness, and mobilizing health care providers, policymakers, and the larger global community around the burden of diarrheal disease and the lifesaving interventions that exist today; and by implementing these solutions with a coordinated approach. Proven, lifesaving, prevention and treatment methods [include]: safe water, improved sanitation and good hygiene; vaccines; exclusive breastfeeding and optimal complementary feeding; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) / oral rehydration solution (ORS); zinc treatment and other micronutrients. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | ZINC | WATER QUALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SANITATION | TREATMENT | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 331382


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