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Peer Reviewed

Title: Polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bove R; Valeggia C
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(1):21-9.
Abstract: In this paper we review the literature on the association between polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that polygyny is an example of "co-operative conflict" within households, with likely implications for the vulnerability of polygynous women to illness, and for their access to treatment. We begin with a review of polygyny and then examine vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs, including HIV) and differential reproductive outcomes. Polygyny is associated with an accelerated transmission of STIs, both because it permits a multiplication of sexual partners and because it correlates with low rates of condom use, poor communication between spouses, and age and power imbalances among other factors. Female fertility is affected by the interplay between marital rank, household status, and cultural norms in polygynous marriages. Finally, we present areas which have received only cursory attention: mental health and a premature, "social" menopause. Although data are scarce, polygyny seems to be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, particularly around stressful life events. It is our hope that the examples reviewed here will help build a framework for mixed method quality research, which in turn can inform decision makers on more appropriate, context-dependent health policies.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | FERTILITY | POLYGYNY | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331194

Peer Reviewed

Title: Family composition and remarriage in pre-transitional Italy: a comparative study.
Author: Breschi M; Fornasin A; Manfredini M; Zacchigna M
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):277-296.
Abstract: It is well known that timing and intensity of remarriage were strictly dependent upon dempgraphic, socio-economic, cultural and legislative factors specific to each community. Thus, the aim of this paper is to compare the extent to which such factors may affect the remarriage patterns of three pre-transitional Italian populations that were different in many respects. By using micro-level data of the sharecropping communities of Casalguidi and Madregolo and the Alpine village of Treppo Carnico, we highlighted similarities and differences in the respective remarriage patterns, in particular, the far lower intensity in the mountain community with respect to the sharecropping ones. Our findings show that along with differences in the demographic system, household structure and land tenure, normative elements concerning widows and the dotal system could part explain the differentials we found.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | REMARRIAGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | LAND TENURE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 339898

4.
Title: Effects of female literacy on family size.
Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S
Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7.
Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 340190

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia.
Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 341413

Peer Reviewed

Title: Polygynous marital structure and child survivorship in sub-Saharan Africa: some empirical evidence from Ghana.
Author: Gyimah SO
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):334-42.
Abstract: Although studies have found children in married families to have better health outcomes than those in other family types, this strand of research implicitly views marriage as monolithic and, by default, monogamous as found in western industrialized societies. In polygynous cultures, there is a need to make a distinction between polygynous and monogamous families, because these marital arrangements might imply varying levels of parental support necessary for optimum child outcomes. Using pooled children's data from the 1998 and 2003 (N=4938) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, this study investigates the effects of polygynous marital structure on child survivorship and assesses whether the effect is uniform over the entire childhood period. In models that did not allow for age-specific effects of polygyny, children in polygynous marriages were found to have an elevated risk of death. Further analysis revealed that only older children experienced the survival disadvantages associated with polygyny.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | POLYGYNY | MARRIAGE | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life
Document Number: 331179

Peer Reviewed

Title: Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation.
Author: Hoem JM; Kostova D; Jasilioniene A; Muresan C
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):239-255.
Abstract: Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be traces of the SDT in these countries. The details vary by country; in particular, latter-day developments in union formation patterns did not start at the same time in all countries, but in our assessment it began everywhere before communism fell, that is, before the societal transition to a market economy got underway in 1990.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | EUROPE | ROMANIA | HUNGARY | BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DATA ANALYSIS | MARRIAGE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe, Central | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Marriage Patterns
Document Number: 339896

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of transitions to first sexual intercourse, marriage and pregnancy among female adolescents: evidence from South Nyanza, Kenya.
Author: Magadi MA; Agwanda AO
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):409-27.
Abstract: The timing of transitions to sexual activity, marriage and childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing profound changes. This study investigates the determinants of adolescent transitions in South Nyanza, a socioeconomically deprived setting in Kenya where adolescent reproductive health is a particular concern. The analysis is based on Cox regression of timing of first sexual intercourse, first marriage and first pregnancy, using data from a survey of 1247 females aged 12-19 years. The results show that higher household socioeconomic status and educational attainment are associated with delayed onset of all three transition events. Furthermore, mother's higher educational attainment is protective for initiation of sexual intercourse while rural residence is protective for pregnancy experience. Other protective factors include communication with parents or with fellow girlfriends. However, discussing sexual matters with boyfriends, high internal locus of control, and gender bias are associated with early onset of the three transition events.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341401

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in marriage and time spent single in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis of six population-based cohort studies and nine Demographic and Health Surveys.
Author: Marston M; Slaymaker E; Cremin I; Floyd S; McGrath N; Kasamba I; Lutalo T; Nyirenda M; Ndyanabo A; Mupambireyi Z; Zaba B
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i64-i71.
Abstract: The authors analyzed cohort data from Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Malawi and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Life table methods were used to calculate median age at first sex (AFS), age at first marriage (AFM), and time spent single. In each study, two surveys were chosen to compare marital status by age and identify changes over time. Median AFS, AFM, and time spent single vary considerably among these populations. These three measures are underlying determinants of sexual risk and HIV infection, and they may partially explain the variation in HIV prevalence levels among these populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | UNMARRIED | MARRIAGE AGE | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 340109

11.

Title: Concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV infection: Evidence from national population-based surveys.
Author: Mishra V; Bignami-Van Assche S
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2009 Mar. 129 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 62USAID Contract No. CPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: Knowing the prevalence and correlates of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships is important for understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission, and thus for developing effective prevention interventions. Although at least a few theoretical models of multiple and concurrent partnerships have been developed, there is little agreement about how to derive empirical measures and how to assess the relationship of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships with HIV infection. This study takes advantage of self-reported data on sexual partnerships and biomarker data on HIV serostatus that have been collected in recent years from adult women and men (age 15-49) by nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS). Using information on up to three of the respondents' most recent sexual partners, we evaluate and compare the prevalence of concurrent sexual partnerships across countries-defining concurrent partnerships as having two or more sexual partners that overlapped in time in the year preceding the survey. We also examine key characteristics of respondents reporting concurrent partnerships in pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, and we evaluate the association between concurrency and HIV serostatus at the individual level, after controlling for educational level, wealth status, condom use, male circumcision, and other factors. Finally, we assess the relationship between prevalence of concurrency and HIV prevalence at the community and country levels. We find that men are much more likely than women to have concurrent partners. Our analysis also shows that many reported multiple partnerships in the 12 months preceding the survey interview were not concurrent ones. Finally, very few men had overlapping partners for one year or longer. In the pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, we find that urban, more-educated, and wealthier women and men are more likely to have concurrent partnerships than their rural, less-educated, and poorer counterparts. Circumcised men are also more likely to have concurrent partners than uncircumcised men. Those who had concurrent partners are more likely to report using condoms than those who did not have concurrent partners; yet only one-fifth of women and less than one-tenth of men with concurrent partners reported using condoms at last sex. In most countries, at the individual level women and men who had concurrent sexual partners in the previous 12 months were more likely to be HIV-positive than those who had only one lifetime partner, or those who had multiple lifetime partners but no overlapping partners in the previous 12 months. Yet the duration of overlap in concurrent sexual relationships does not seem correlated with the likelihood of HIV infection. At the individual level, in the pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, a positive and significant relationship between concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV-positive status is observed for both women (aOR=3.32; 95%CI: 2.22-4.97) and men (aOR=2.87; 95%CI: 1.85-4.45), after adjusting for other factors such as educational level, wealth status, urban/rural residence, and condom use. Among men, controlling for male circumcision has virtually no effect on the adjusted association between sexual concurrency and HIV serostatus (aOR=2.85; 95%CI: 1.84-4.42). In multivariate models, associating one's concurrency behavior with his/her HIV serostatus reveals that the likelihood of HIV infection is only slightly greater among individuals with concurrent partnerships in the previous 12 months (aOR=3.32 for women; aOR=2.87 for men) than among those with multiple lifetime partnerships that were not concurrent in the previous 12 months (but could have been previously) (aOR=2.86 for women; aOR=2.63 for men). This is to be expected because having concurrent partners increases the risk of transmitting HIV infection to the partners, not necessarily one's own risk of infection above the risk of having multiple serial partners. One's own risk may be greater only to the extent his/her concurrency behavior is a proxy for partners' concurrency behavior or belonging to a higher-risk sexual network. The prevalence of sexual concurrency does not seem correlated with HIV prevalence at the community level or at the country level, neither among women nor among men. The associations are even weaker when the prevalence of HIV among women is correlated with the prevalence of concurrency among men, and when the prevalence of HIV among men is correlated with the prevalence of concurrency among women. The lack of a relationship between the prevalence of concurrency and HIV prevalence among men at the community level does not seem due to varying prevalence levels of male circumcision. However, at the country level a stronger association between prevalence of concurrency among men and HIV prevalence emerges in countries with lower prevalence of male circumcision. The study identifies a number of measurement issues and data constraints that limited the scope of our analysis and that should be kept in mind when interpreting the findings and planning future studies. Some of the major limitations of the study include the cross-sectional and self-reported nature of the survey data, the lack of data on complete sexual histories, and the lack of data on sexual networks. Some of these data limitations have already been addressed in more recent DHS and AIS surveys by systematically including questions about the number of the respondent's lifetime sexual partners, and about consistent condom use with all partners (up to three) in the previous 12 months. The measurement of concurrency could be further improved by collecting information on the duration of the sexual relationship with each of the respondent's sexual partners in the previous 12 months, including his/her spousal partners, and by collecting information on the frequency of sexual intercourse during each relationship. Despite the limitations inherent to the measurement of concurrency using self-reported data from cross-sectional population-based surveys, the findings of this study shed new light on the prevalence and correlates of concurrency, as well as on the association between concurrency and HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | POLYGAMY | TIME FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Measurement | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 341092

12.

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Are female orphans at risk for early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Palermo T; Peterman A
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):101-112.
Abstract: Female orphans are widely cited as being at risk for early marriage, early childbearing, and risky sexual behavior; however, to date no studies have examined these linkages using population-level data across multiple countries. This study draws from recent Demographic and Health Surveys from ten sub-Saharan African countries to examine the relationship between orphanhood status and measures of early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy among adolescent girls aged 15 to 17. Results indicate that, overall, little association is found between orphanhood and early marriage or teen pregnancy, whereas evidence from seven countries supports associations between orphanhood and early sexual debut. Findings are sensitive to the use of multivariate models, type of orphan, and country setting. Orphanhood status alone may not be a sufficient targeting mechanism for addressing these outcomes in many countries; a broader, multidimensional targeting scheme including orphan type, schooling, and poverty measures would be more robust in identifying and aiding young women at risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AIDS | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Health
Document Number: 341894

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.
Author: Raj A; Saggurti N; Balaiah D; Silverman JG
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1883-9.
Abstract: The authors assessed the prevalence of child marriage-i.e., before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22,807), of whom 14,813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. They used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. About 45% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth, high fertility (three or more births), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and female sterilization. The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilization all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. The authors conclude that increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for preventing child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | CHILD MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341631

15.

Title: Extending the purview of the risk perception attitude framework: findings from HIV/AIDS prevention research in Malawi.
Author: Rimal RN; Bose K; Brown J; Mkandawire G; Folda L
Source: Health Communication. 2009 Apr;24(3):210-8.
Abstract: The risk perception attitude (RPA) framework posits that efficacy beliefs moderate the relationship between risk perception and health outcomes. To extend the purview of the theory, this central hypothesis was tested in the context of HIV/AIDS-prevention behaviors. Data (N = 890) were collected from 8 districts in Malawi in southern Africa as part of a baseline research effort to obtain benchmark measures on key behavior-change indicators. Results pertaining to 2 behaviors, use of condoms and remaining monogamous, are reported in this study. Relationships between risk perception and behavioral intentions were not significant, but those between efficacy beliefs and behavioral intentions were. Furthermore, efficacy beliefs were found to moderate the relationship between risk perception and intentions to remain monogamous, but not between risk perceptions and intentions to use condoms. The model was able to explain approximately 40% of the variance in intentions to use condoms, and 19% of the variance in intentions to remain monogamous. Implications for health campaigns, particularly the need to strengthen efficacy beliefs and the need to be careful in enhancing risk perceptions without simultaneously strengthening efficacy beliefs, are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MOTIVATION | CONDOM USE | MONOGAMY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342172

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child marriage in India: a tradition with alarming implications.
Author: Salvi V
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1826-7.
Abstract: The earth is now inhabited by about 6.7 billion people. The population has grown nearly ten-fold in the past three centuries and has increased four-fold in the past century. Between 2005 and 2050, eight countries, including India, are expected to contribute to half of the world's projected population increase. China and India will most likely remain the only countries with populations over 1 billion, and probably no others will come close to this level. India's population is a staggering 1.15 billion at present. This population explosion is detrimental not only for India but also for the entire world. It is important therefore to evaluate the various factors that have caused the increase, if one is to arrive at any long-term solutions. The study by Anita Raj and colleagues, in The Lancet today, on the prevalence of child marriage in young women in India and its effect on fertility and fertility control, assesses one such important factor. Even today, 44.5% of marriages in India occur before the wife is aged 18 years, and are associated with high fertility and other disadvantages, such as multiple unwanted pregnancies. Marriage at such ages has enormous adverse implications, not just for women's health and empowerment in general, but also for humankind in the long term. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341630

17.

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Test and tell: correlates and consequences of testing and disclosure of HIV status in South Africa (HPTN 043 Project Accept).
Author: Wong LH; Rooyen HV; Modiba P; Richter L; Gray G; McIntyre JA; Schetter CD; Coates T
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Feb 1;50(2):215-22.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: As the numbers of HIV-positive diagnoses rise in South Africa, it is important to understand the determinants and consequences of HIV disclosure. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey from random community samples of men and women in urban and rural South Africa (n = 217 HIV-positive individuals, 89% female). RESULTS: Two thirds of all known HIV-infected adults in these communities had disclosed their status to sexual partner(s). On average, individuals who disclosed were 2 years older, higher in socioeconomic assets, and had known their HIV status 7 months longer than those who had not told their sexual partner(s). The "need for privacy" was the most cited reason (45%) for nondisclosure among those who had never disclosed. People who eventually disclosed their HIV status to sexual partner(s) were significantly more likely to report always or more frequently using condoms, reducing their number of sexual partners, and/or becoming monogamous. Among individuals who disclosed their HIV status, 77% reported increases in social support, with families providing the most support. CONCLUSIONS: Disclosure is associated with reports of consequent safer sexual behavior and greater social support. Interventions might be informed by the costs and benefits of disclosure and differences in disclosure to sexual partner vs. to one's social network.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HIV TESTING | NOTIFICATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TIME FACTORS | PRIVACY | CONDOM USE | MONOGAMY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 330369

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Comparative assessment of the quality of age-at-event reporting in three HIV cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Wringe A; Cremin I; Todd J; McGrath N; Kasamba I; Herbst K; Mushore P; Zaba B; Slaymaker E
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i56-i63.
Abstract: The authors assessed inconsistencies in reported age at first sex (AFS) and age at first marriage (AFM) in three African cohorts and considered the implications for interpreting trends in sexual and marital debut. They analyzed data from population-based cohort studies in Zimbabwe, Uganda, and South Africa with 3, 10, and 4 behavioral survey rounds, respectively. Three rounds over a similar time frame were selected from each site for comparative purposes. The consistency of AFS and AFM reports was assessed for each site by comparing responses made by participants in multiple surveys. Respondents were defined as unreliable if less than half of all their age-at-event reports were the same. Kaplan-Meier functions were used to describe the cumulative proportion (1) having had sex and (2) married by age, stratified by sex, birth cohort and site, to compare the influence of reporting inconsistencies on these estimates. Among participants attending all three comparable rounds, the percentage with unreliable AFS reports ranged from 30% among South African women to 56% among Zimbabwean men, with similar patterns observed for AFM. Inclusion of unreliable reports had little effect on estimates of median age-at-event in all sites. The authors concluded that although reporting quality is unlikely to affect comparisons of AFS and AFM between settings, care should be taken not to overinterpret small changes in reported age-at-event over time within each site.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | TARGET POPULATION | AGE FACTORS | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Measurement | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 340108

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Influence of timing of sexual debut and first marriage on sexual behaviour in later life: findings from four survey rounds in the Kisesa cohort in northern Tanzania.
Author: Zaba B; Isingo R; Wringe A; Marston M; Slaymaker E; Urassa M
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i20-i26.
Abstract: The authors evaluated reports on age at first sex (AFS) and age at first marriage (AFM) from a Kisesa cohort study, 1994-2004, for consistency and for trends in median age-at-event and time spent single but sexually active in different birth cohorts. The association of these variables with marital stability and numbers of partners at later ages was explored using statistical regression techniques. Age at first sex and AFM were inconsistently reported by 32% and 33% of respondents, respectively, but there was no general tendency to report lower or higher ages at a later report date. In 10-year birth cohorts born between 1950-1959 and 1980-1989, male median AFS declined from 18.1 to 17.0 years and female median AFM rose from 16.2 to 16.6 years. Young people of both sexes currently spend longer time sexually active but unmarried than previously. Early marriage is statistically associated with remarriage and polygamy; longer time between sexual debut and marriage is associated with higher numbers of partners at later stages of life. Inconsistent reporting of age-at-event introduces noise but does not bias estimates of population-level indicators. Lengthening time spent single and sexually active suggests that men and women entering first marriage will have been exposed to increased numbers of non-marital partners. Successful youth interventions may also influence adult behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | YOUTH | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | DATA QUALITY | MARRIAGE AGE | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 340103

21.

Title: Female genital mutilation - a life-threatening health and human rights issue.
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):1-3.
Abstract: The World Health Organization defines female genital mutilation (FGM) as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons. This practice is also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting. It is estimated that over 100 million girls and women have undergone some form of genital mutilation, and at least two million girls are at risk of undergoing the practice every year. It is an age-old tradition which is perpetrated in many communities around the world simply because it is customary. FGM is most prevalent in Africa, some Middle Eastern countries, and in immigrant communities in Europe, North America and Australia. The practice ranges from pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia, to excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening, which is the most extreme form of FGM. The age at which FGM is performed varies. In some areas, it is carried out during infancy, in others, during childhood, at the time of marriage, during a woman's first pregnancy or after the birth of her first child. The most common age is 7-10 years or just before puberty. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | WIDOWED | INHERITANCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | IMPACT | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Health | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Biology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Communication
Document Number: 325921

22.

23.

Title: Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Pakistan. National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, National Institute of Population Studies, 2008 Jun. [400] p.
Abstract: The 2006-07 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey is the fifth in a series of demographic surveys conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies since 1990. However, the PDHS 2006-07 is the second survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. The survey was conducted under the aegis of the Ministry of Population Welfare and implemented by the National Institute of Population Studies. The 2006-07 PDHS supplements and complements the information collected through the censuses and demographic surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. It updates the available information on population and health issues, and provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating health and population programmes in Pakistan. The results of the survey assist in the monitoring of the progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2006-07 PDHS includes topics related to fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, infant, child and maternal mortality and their causes, maternal and child health, immunization and nutritional status of mothers and children, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and malaria. The 2006-07 PDHS also includes direct estimation of maternal mortality and its causes at the national level for the first time in Pakistan. The survey provides all other estimates for national, provincial and urban-rural domains. This being the fifth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive health, fertility and family planning over the past one and a half decades. The primary purpose of the 2006-07 PDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility, family planning, infant, child and adult mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | NUTRITION | MALARIA | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327805

24.

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV status and age at first marriage among women in Cameroon.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):743-760.
Abstract: Recent research has highlighted the risk of HIV infection for married teenage women compared with their unmarried counterparts. This study assesses whether a relationship exists, for women who have completed their adolescence (age 20-29 years), between HIV status with age at first marriage and the length of time between first sex and first marriage. Multivariate analysis utilizing the nationally representative 2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey shows that late-marrying women and those with a longer period of pre-marital sex have the highest risk of HIV. Although women in urban areas overall marry later than their rural counterparts, the positive relationship between age at marriage and HIV risk is stronger in rural areas. The higher wealth status and greater number of lifetime sexual partners of late-marrying women contribute to their higher HIV risk. Given that the age at first marriage and the gap between first marriage and first sex have increased in recent years, focusing preventive efforts on late-marrying women will be of much importance in reducing HIV prevalence among females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MARRIAGE AGE | HIV INFECTIONS | CHILD MARRIAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREVALENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 313960

26.

Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences.
Author: Alemu B
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6.
Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325822

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differentials of fertility in North and South Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Author: Alene GD; Worku A
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:397.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethiopia is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa with an estimated population of 77.1 million in mid-2007. Uncontrolled fertility has adversely influenced the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. It is one of the largest and poorest countries that, even in the midst of crisis, has maintained high levels of fertility. This study was aimed at investigating the most important factors influencing fertility behavior in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study which included 2424 women aged 25 years and above was undertaken in the Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia. The study subjects were grouped into high fertile and low fertile categories. There were 1011 and 1413 women in the high and low fertile groups, respectively. A multi-stage cluster sampling stratified by place of residence was employed to select the required study subjects. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Among the 25 variables considered in this study, only 9 of them were found significantly and independently associated with the level of fertility. Women with at least secondary education were at a lower risk of high fertility with OR = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.64) compared to those with no formal education. However, women with primary education did not show any significant difference when compared with the same baseline group. Age at first marriage was inversely associated with the number of children ever born alive. Place of residence, household expenditure, number of children who have died, attitude towards using contraceptives, women's knowledge on the safe period, and current marital status were the other variables that showed significant associations with the level of fertility. CONCLUSION: Female education beyond the primary level, reduced infant and child mortality, delayed marriage and correct knowledge on the safe period during the menstrual cycle were amongst the main factors that had a bearing on high fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality
Document Number: 329771

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion index and mortality of offspring among women of different age, caste and population groups of north Indian Muslims.
Author: Ara G; Siddique YH; Beg T; Afzal M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):431-443.
Abstract: The Muslims of Aligarh city are predominantly Sunnis, although there are also a considerable number of Shias. Among the Sunnis, approximately a quarter belong to Syed, Sheikh, Moghal and Pathan groups, and three-quarters belong to various lower biradaris. In the present study, 304 women attending the Primary Health Centre of the J. N. Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, were surveyed and the following recorded among Muslim women of high-rank (Ashraf) and low-rank (Ajlaf) castes: incidence of marriage, age of the mother at the time of marriage, present age of the mother, abortions, still births, prereproductive mortality and overall mortality. The Ashraf are comprised of the Sheikh, Syed and Pathan, whereas the Ajlafs have Qureshi, Saifi and Ansari biradaris. Maternal age was scored as above and below 45 years in each biradari. Significant effects of maternal age were seen on mortality of offspring, whereas populations did not show consistent differences, except when Ashrafs and Ajlafs were considered separately. The results show higher mortality and abortions for various groups. This may be due to various biological and socio-cultural factors, including hidden inbreeding in the remote past. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | ISLAM | WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | ABORTION RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325518 Notification

29.

Title: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and its relationship with hormonal contraceptive methods [letter]
Author: Ashrafunnessa; Kamal M
Source: Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2008 Apr;34(1):33-5.
Abstract: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and constitutes about 21- 35% of the female cancer in different areas of India and Bangladesh. It develops slowly from preinvasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered as a major risk factor for its development3. Several studies found a significant association of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) with cervical cancer and the risk increased with duration of use4. Case-control studies concluded that the risk of cervical carcinogenesis increased with duration of use and the risk declined with time since last use5. Influence of some of the hormonal contraceptive methods in developing CIN was assessed among a married women population in Gynecological Outpatient Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CERVICAL CANCER | HPV | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INJECTABLES | MATERNAL AGE | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Studies | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 329034

30.

Title: Attitude of Nigerian women to contraceptive use by men.
Author: Audu BM; El-Nafaty AU; Bako BG; Melah GS; Mairiga AG; Kullima AA
Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008 Aug;28(6):621-5.
Abstract: This study was aimed at finding the attitude of Nigerian women to contraceptive use by their male partners. A total of 417 women received the questionnaire; 71% of these were sexually active and 34.8% were not aware of any male contraceptive method. Only 1.7% reported regular use of condoms by their spouses, however this was significantly higher if the women were better educated. Most of the women had a positive attitude to contraceptive use by their spouses, as 54% (225/417) of them showed preference to male dependant contraceptives in their relationship. However, only 32.3% (135/417) of the women had ever-requested their spouse to use a condom and in just 18.5% (25/135) was such a request regularly complied with. Significantly more Muslim women prefer their partners to use a contraceptive rather than themselves (p = 0.001), but the condom usage by their spouses is significantly lower than their Christian counterparts (p = 0.000). There is a need to offer counselling on male contraceptives to both genders so that they can make an informed choice, especially with the dual protection offered by the use of condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MEN | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTION | POLYGAMY | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 330479


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