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Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual and marital trajectories and HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi.
Author: Boileau C; Clark S; Bignami-Van Assche S; Poulin M; Reniers G; Watkins SC; Kohler HP; Heymann SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i27-i33.
Abstract: Objective: To explore how sexual and marital trajectories are associated with HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi. Methods: Retrospective survey data and HIV biomarker data for 926 ever-married women interviewed in the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project were used. The associations between HIV infection and four key life course transitions considered individually (age at sexual debut, premarital sexual activity, entry into marriage and marital disruption by divorce or death) were examined. These transitions were then sequenced to construct trajectories that represent the variety of patterns in the data. The association between different trajectories and HIV prevalence was examined, controlling for potentially confounding factors such as age and region. Results: Although each life course transition taken in isolation may be associated with HIV infection, their combined effect appeared to be conditional on the sequence in which they occurred. Although early sexual debut, not marrying one's first sexual partner and having a disrupted marriage each increased the likelihood of HIV infection, their risk was not additive. Women who both delayed sexual debut and did not marry their first partner are, once married, more likely to experience marital disruption and to be HIV-positive. Women who marry their first partner but who have sex at a young age, however, are also at considerable risk. Conclusions: These findings identify the potential of a life course perspective for understanding why some women become infected with HIV and others do not, as well as the differentials in HIV prevalence that originate from the sequence of sexual and marital transitions in one's life. The analysis suggests, however, the need for further data collection to permit a better examination of the mechanisms that account for variations in life course trajectories and thus in lifetime probabilities of HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HIV INFECTIONS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DIVORCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Behavior | Marriage | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 340104

Peer Reviewed

Title: Polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bove R; Valeggia C
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(1):21-9.
Abstract: In this paper we review the literature on the association between polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that polygyny is an example of "co-operative conflict" within households, with likely implications for the vulnerability of polygynous women to illness, and for their access to treatment. We begin with a review of polygyny and then examine vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs, including HIV) and differential reproductive outcomes. Polygyny is associated with an accelerated transmission of STIs, both because it permits a multiplication of sexual partners and because it correlates with low rates of condom use, poor communication between spouses, and age and power imbalances among other factors. Female fertility is affected by the interplay between marital rank, household status, and cultural norms in polygynous marriages. Finally, we present areas which have received only cursory attention: mental health and a premature, "social" menopause. Although data are scarce, polygyny seems to be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, particularly around stressful life events. It is our hope that the examples reviewed here will help build a framework for mixed method quality research, which in turn can inform decision makers on more appropriate, context-dependent health policies.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | FERTILITY | POLYGYNY | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331194

Peer Reviewed

Title: Family composition and remarriage in pre-transitional Italy: a comparative study.
Author: Breschi M; Fornasin A; Manfredini M; Zacchigna M
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):277-296.
Abstract: It is well known that timing and intensity of remarriage were strictly dependent upon dempgraphic, socio-economic, cultural and legislative factors specific to each community. Thus, the aim of this paper is to compare the extent to which such factors may affect the remarriage patterns of three pre-transitional Italian populations that were different in many respects. By using micro-level data of the sharecropping communities of Casalguidi and Madregolo and the Alpine village of Treppo Carnico, we highlighted similarities and differences in the respective remarriage patterns, in particular, the far lower intensity in the mountain community with respect to the sharecropping ones. Our findings show that along with differences in the demographic system, household structure and land tenure, normative elements concerning widows and the dotal system could part explain the differentials we found.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | REMARRIAGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | LAND TENURE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 339898

5.
Title: Effects of female literacy on family size.
Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S
Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7.
Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 340190

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia.
Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 341413

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of transitions to first sexual intercourse, marriage and pregnancy among female adolescents: evidence from South Nyanza, Kenya.
Author: Magadi MA; Agwanda AO
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):409-27.
Abstract: The timing of transitions to sexual activity, marriage and childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing profound changes. This study investigates the determinants of adolescent transitions in South Nyanza, a socioeconomically deprived setting in Kenya where adolescent reproductive health is a particular concern. The analysis is based on Cox regression of timing of first sexual intercourse, first marriage and first pregnancy, using data from a survey of 1247 females aged 12-19 years. The results show that higher household socioeconomic status and educational attainment are associated with delayed onset of all three transition events. Furthermore, mother's higher educational attainment is protective for initiation of sexual intercourse while rural residence is protective for pregnancy experience. Other protective factors include communication with parents or with fellow girlfriends. However, discussing sexual matters with boyfriends, high internal locus of control, and gender bias are associated with early onset of the three transition events.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341401

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in marriage and time spent single in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis of six population-based cohort studies and nine Demographic and Health Surveys.
Author: Marston M; Slaymaker E; Cremin I; Floyd S; McGrath N; Kasamba I; Lutalo T; Nyirenda M; Ndyanabo A; Mupambireyi Z; Zaba B
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i64-i71.
Abstract: The authors analyzed cohort data from Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Malawi and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Life table methods were used to calculate median age at first sex (AFS), age at first marriage (AFM), and time spent single. In each study, two surveys were chosen to compare marital status by age and identify changes over time. Median AFS, AFM, and time spent single vary considerably among these populations. These three measures are underlying determinants of sexual risk and HIV infection, and they may partially explain the variation in HIV prevalence levels among these populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | UNMARRIED | MARRIAGE AGE | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 340109

10.

Title: Concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV infection: Evidence from national population-based surveys.
Author: Mishra V; Bignami-Van Assche S
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2009 Mar. 129 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 62USAID Contract No. CPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: Knowing the prevalence and correlates of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships is important for understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission, and thus for developing effective prevention interventions. Although at least a few theoretical models of multiple and concurrent partnerships have been developed, there is little agreement about how to derive empirical measures and how to assess the relationship of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships with HIV infection. This study takes advantage of self-reported data on sexual partnerships and biomarker data on HIV serostatus that have been collected in recent years from adult women and men (age 15-49) by nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS). Using information on up to three of the respondents' most recent sexual partners, we evaluate and compare the prevalence of concurrent sexual partnerships across countries-defining concurrent partnerships as having two or more sexual partners that overlapped in time in the year preceding the survey. We also examine key characteristics of respondents reporting concurrent partnerships in pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, and we evaluate the association between concurrency and HIV serostatus at the individual level, after controlling for educational level, wealth status, condom use, male circumcision, and other factors. Finally, we assess the relationship between prevalence of concurrency and HIV prevalence at the community and country levels. We find that men are much more likely than women to have concurrent partners. Our analysis also shows that many reported multiple partnerships in the 12 months preceding the survey interview were not concurrent ones. Finally, very few men had overlapping partners for one year or longer. In the pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, we find that urban, more-educated, and wealthier women and men are more likely to have concurrent partnerships than their rural, less-educated, and poorer counterparts. Circumcised men are also more likely to have concurrent partners than uncircumcised men. Those who had concurrent partners are more likely to report using condoms than those who did not have concurrent partners; yet only one-fifth of women and less than one-tenth of men with concurrent partners reported using condoms at last sex. In most countries, at the individual level women and men who had concurrent sexual partners in the previous 12 months were more likely to be HIV-positive than those who had only one lifetime partner, or those who had multiple lifetime partners but no overlapping partners in the previous 12 months. Yet the duration of overlap in concurrent sexual relationships does not seem correlated with the likelihood of HIV infection. At the individual level, in the pooled samples for sub-Saharan Africa, a positive and significant relationship between concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV-positive status is observed for both women (aOR=3.32; 95%CI: 2.22-4.97) and men (aOR=2.87; 95%CI: 1.85-4.45), after adjusting for other factors such as educational level, wealth status, urban/rural residence, and condom use. Among men, controlling for male circumcision has virtually no effect on the adjusted association between sexual concurrency and HIV serostatus (aOR=2.85; 95%CI: 1.84-4.42). In multivariate models, associating one's concurrency behavior with his/her HIV serostatus reveals that the likelihood of HIV infection is only slightly greater among individuals with concurrent partnerships in the previous 12 months (aOR=3.32 for women; aOR=2.87 for men) than among those with multiple lifetime partnerships that were not concurrent in the previous 12 months (but could have been previously) (aOR=2.86 for women; aOR=2.63 for men). This is to be expected because having concurrent partners increases the risk of transmitting HIV infection to the partners, not necessarily one's own risk of infection above the risk of having multiple serial partners. One's own risk may be greater only to the extent his/her concurrency behavior is a proxy for partners' concurrency behavior or belonging to a higher-risk sexual network. The prevalence of sexual concurrency does not seem correlated with HIV prevalence at the community level or at the country level, neither among women nor among men. The associations are even weaker when the prevalence of HIV among women is correlated with the prevalence of concurrency among men, and when the prevalence of HIV among men is correlated with the prevalence of concurrency among women. The lack of a relationship between the prevalence of concurrency and HIV prevalence among men at the community level does not seem due to varying prevalence levels of male circumcision. However, at the country level a stronger association between prevalence of concurrency among men and HIV prevalence emerges in countries with lower prevalence of male circumcision. The study identifies a number of measurement issues and data constraints that limited the scope of our analysis and that should be kept in mind when interpreting the findings and planning future studies. Some of the major limitations of the study include the cross-sectional and self-reported nature of the survey data, the lack of data on complete sexual histories, and the lack of data on sexual networks. Some of these data limitations have already been addressed in more recent DHS and AIS surveys by systematically including questions about the number of the respondent's lifetime sexual partners, and about consistent condom use with all partners (up to three) in the previous 12 months. The measurement of concurrency could be further improved by collecting information on the duration of the sexual relationship with each of the respondent's sexual partners in the previous 12 months, including his/her spousal partners, and by collecting information on the frequency of sexual intercourse during each relationship. Despite the limitations inherent to the measurement of concurrency using self-reported data from cross-sectional population-based surveys, the findings of this study shed new light on the prevalence and correlates of concurrency, as well as on the association between concurrency and HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | POLYGAMY | TIME FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Measurement | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 341092

11.

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA.
Author: Othman H; Saadat M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May 12;:1-8.
Abstract: SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (alpha) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (alpha) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The alpha-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall alpha-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.
Language: English
Keywords:
SYRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | COUPLES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONSANGUINITY | PREVALENCE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology | Measurement | Geography | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 341478

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Are female orphans at risk for early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Palermo T; Peterman A
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):101-112.
Abstract: Female orphans are widely cited as being at risk for early marriage, early childbearing, and risky sexual behavior; however, to date no studies have examined these linkages using population-level data across multiple countries. This study draws from recent Demographic and Health Surveys from ten sub-Saharan African countries to examine the relationship between orphanhood status and measures of early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy among adolescent girls aged 15 to 17. Results indicate that, overall, little association is found between orphanhood and early marriage or teen pregnancy, whereas evidence from seven countries supports associations between orphanhood and early sexual debut. Findings are sensitive to the use of multivariate models, type of orphan, and country setting. Orphanhood status alone may not be a sufficient targeting mechanism for addressing these outcomes in many countries; a broader, multidimensional targeting scheme including orphan type, schooling, and poverty measures would be more robust in identifying and aiding young women at risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AIDS | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Health
Document Number: 341894

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.
Author: Raj A; Saggurti N; Balaiah D; Silverman JG
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1883-9.
Abstract: The authors assessed the prevalence of child marriage-i.e., before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22,807), of whom 14,813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. They used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. About 45% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth, high fertility (three or more births), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and female sterilization. The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilization all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. The authors conclude that increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for preventing child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | CHILD MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341631

15.

Title: Extending the purview of the risk perception attitude framework: findings from HIV/AIDS prevention research in Malawi.
Author: Rimal RN; Bose K; Brown J; Mkandawire G; Folda L
Source: Health Communication. 2009 Apr;24(3):210-8.
Abstract: The risk perception attitude (RPA) framework posits that efficacy beliefs moderate the relationship between risk perception and health outcomes. To extend the purview of the theory, this central hypothesis was tested in the context of HIV/AIDS-prevention behaviors. Data (N = 890) were collected from 8 districts in Malawi in southern Africa as part of a baseline research effort to obtain benchmark measures on key behavior-change indicators. Results pertaining to 2 behaviors, use of condoms and remaining monogamous, are reported in this study. Relationships between risk perception and behavioral intentions were not significant, but those between efficacy beliefs and behavioral intentions were. Furthermore, efficacy beliefs were found to moderate the relationship between risk perception and intentions to remain monogamous, but not between risk perceptions and intentions to use condoms. The model was able to explain approximately 40% of the variance in intentions to use condoms, and 19% of the variance in intentions to remain monogamous. Implications for health campaigns, particularly the need to strengthen efficacy beliefs and the need to be careful in enhancing risk perceptions without simultaneously strengthening efficacy beliefs, are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MOTIVATION | CONDOM USE | MONOGAMY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342172

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child marriage in India: a tradition with alarming implications.
Author: Salvi V
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1826-7.
Abstract: The earth is now inhabited by about 6.7 billion people. The population has grown nearly ten-fold in the past three centuries and has increased four-fold in the past century. Between 2005 and 2050, eight countries, including India, are expected to contribute to half of the world's projected population increase. China and India will most likely remain the only countries with populations over 1 billion, and probably no others will come close to this level. India's population is a staggering 1.15 billion at present. This population explosion is detrimental not only for India but also for the entire world. It is important therefore to evaluate the various factors that have caused the increase, if one is to arrive at any long-term solutions. The study by Anita Raj and colleagues, in The Lancet today, on the prevalence of child marriage in young women in India and its effect on fertility and fertility control, assesses one such important factor. Even today, 44.5% of marriages in India occur before the wife is aged 18 years, and are associated with high fertility and other disadvantages, such as multiple unwanted pregnancies. Marriage at such ages has enormous adverse implications, not just for women's health and empowerment in general, but also for humankind in the long term. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341630

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sweeping changes in marriage, cohabitation and childbearing in Central and Eastern Europe: new insights from the developmental idealism framework Transformations radicales du mariage, de la cohabitation et de la cohabitation et de la procreation en Europe Centrale et Orientale: de nouvelles perspectives a partir de la conception ideationnelle du developpement.
Author: Thornton A; Philipov D
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 May;25(2):123-156.
Abstract: In Central and Eastern Europe following the political transformations of the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were dramatic declines in marriage and childbearing, significant increases in nonmarital cohabitation and childbearing, and a movement from reliance on abortion to a reliance on contraception for fertility limitation. Although many explanations have been offered for these trends, we offer new explanations based on ideational influences and the intersection of these ideational influences with structural factors. We focus on the political, economic, social, and cultural histories of the region, with particular emphasis on how countries in the region have interacted with and been influenced by Western European and North American countries. Our explanations emphasize the role of developmental models in guiding change in the region, suggesting that developmental idealism influenced family and demographic changes following the political transformations. Developmental idealism provides beliefs that modern family systems help to produce modern political and economic accomplishments, and it helps establish the importance of freedom and equality as human rights in both the public and private spheres. The disintegration of the governments and the fall of the iron curtain in the late 1980s and early 1990s brought new understanding about social, economic, and family circumstances in the West, increasing consumption aspirations and expectations which clashed with both old economic realities and the dramatic declines in economic circumstances. In addition, the dissolution of the former governments removed or weakened systems supporting the bearing and rearing of children; and the legitimacy of the former governments and their programs was largely destroyed, thereby removing government support for old norms and patterns of behavior. In addition, the attacks of previous decades on the religious institutions in the region had in many places left these institutions weak. During this period, many openly reached out to embrace the values, living standards, and economic, political, and familial systems of the West. And, the thirst for freedom-and its considerable expansion-operated in personal and familial as well as political and economic realms. These dramatic changes combined together to produce the many changes occurring in family and demographic behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, CENTRAL | EUROPE, EASTERN | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONSENSUAL UNION | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | SOCIALISM | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Europe | Developed Countries | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 340171

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea.
Author: Van Rossem R; Gage AJ
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Apr;38(2):178-85.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is almost universal in Guinea and practiced by all ethnic and religious groups and social classes, although the prevalence of the various types of FGM varies by socioeconomic group. A common explanation for FGM practices is that they contribute to the social control over female sexuality and enhance the marriageability of women. These claims were tested using the 1999 Guinea Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (N = 6753). Event history techniques were used to examine the effect of type of FGM on the age at first sex and the age at first marriage and logistic regression for the effect of FGM on premarital sex. The results showed that the type of FGM had a significant zero-order effect on the age at first marriage and the prevalence of premarital sex, but not on the age at first sex. However, these effects became non-significant once controls for age, religion, ethnicity, education, residence, and wealth were added to the model. Variations in sexual behavior, therefore, were unrelated to type of FGM, but reflected differences in the social characteristics of the participants.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Measurement
Document Number: 331065

19.

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Test and tell: correlates and consequences of testing and disclosure of HIV status in South Africa (HPTN 043 Project Accept).
Author: Wong LH; Rooyen HV; Modiba P; Richter L; Gray G; McIntyre JA; Schetter CD; Coates T
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Feb 1;50(2):215-22.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: As the numbers of HIV-positive diagnoses rise in South Africa, it is important to understand the determinants and consequences of HIV disclosure. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey from random community samples of men and women in urban and rural South Africa (n = 217 HIV-positive individuals, 89% female). RESULTS: Two thirds of all known HIV-infected adults in these communities had disclosed their status to sexual partner(s). On average, individuals who disclosed were 2 years older, higher in socioeconomic assets, and had known their HIV status 7 months longer than those who had not told their sexual partner(s). The "need for privacy" was the most cited reason (45%) for nondisclosure among those who had never disclosed. People who eventually disclosed their HIV status to sexual partner(s) were significantly more likely to report always or more frequently using condoms, reducing their number of sexual partners, and/or becoming monogamous. Among individuals who disclosed their HIV status, 77% reported increases in social support, with families providing the most support. CONCLUSIONS: Disclosure is associated with reports of consequent safer sexual behavior and greater social support. Interventions might be informed by the costs and benefits of disclosure and differences in disclosure to sexual partner vs. to one's social network.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HIV TESTING | NOTIFICATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TIME FACTORS | PRIVACY | CONDOM USE | MONOGAMY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 330369

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Comparative assessment of the quality of age-at-event reporting in three HIV cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Wringe A; Cremin I; Todd J; McGrath N; Kasamba I; Herbst K; Mushore P; Zaba B; Slaymaker E
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i56-i63.
Abstract: The authors assessed inconsistencies in reported age at first sex (AFS) and age at first marriage (AFM) in three African cohorts and considered the implications for interpreting trends in sexual and marital debut. They analyzed data from population-based cohort studies in Zimbabwe, Uganda, and South Africa with 3, 10, and 4 behavioral survey rounds, respectively. Three rounds over a similar time frame were selected from each site for comparative purposes. The consistency of AFS and AFM reports was assessed for each site by comparing responses made by participants in multiple surveys. Respondents were defined as unreliable if less than half of all their age-at-event reports were the same. Kaplan-Meier functions were used to describe the cumulative proportion (1) having had sex and (2) married by age, stratified by sex, birth cohort and site, to compare the influence of reporting inconsistencies on these estimates. Among participants attending all three comparable rounds, the percentage with unreliable AFS reports ranged from 30% among South African women to 56% among Zimbabwean men, with similar patterns observed for AFM. Inclusion of unreliable reports had little effect on estimates of median age-at-event in all sites. The authors concluded that although reporting quality is unlikely to affect comparisons of AFS and AFM between settings, care should be taken not to overinterpret small changes in reported age-at-event over time within each site.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | TARGET POPULATION | AGE FACTORS | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Measurement | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 340108

22.

23.

Title: Female genital mutilation - a life-threatening health and human rights issue.
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):1-3.
Abstract: The World Health Organization defines female genital mutilation (FGM) as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons. This practice is also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting. It is estimated that over 100 million girls and women have undergone some form of genital mutilation, and at least two million girls are at risk of undergoing the practice every year. It is an age-old tradition which is perpetrated in many communities around the world simply because it is customary. FGM is most prevalent in Africa, some Middle Eastern countries, and in immigrant communities in Europe, North America and Australia. The practice ranges from pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia, to excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening, which is the most extreme form of FGM. The age at which FGM is performed varies. In some areas, it is carried out during infancy, in others, during childhood, at the time of marriage, during a woman's first pregnancy or after the birth of her first child. The most common age is 7-10 years or just before puberty. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | WIDOWED | INHERITANCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | IMPACT | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Health | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Biology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Communication
Document Number: 325921

24.

25.

26.

Title: Socio-demographic analysis of youth in the Caribbean: a three country case study.
Author: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC]
Source: Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC], 2008 Nov. 20 p.
Abstract: The study provides an analysis of 2000 census data from Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Saint Lucia, with a focus on children, youth, and young families. Special attention is given to the description of their living arrangements and household composition, religion, health, well-being, migration, education and profession, economic activities, civil status, and reproductive patterns.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MIGRATION | HEALTH | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339991

27.

Title: Iraq Family Health Survey 2006/7.
Author: Iraq. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology; Iraq. Kurdistan. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Kurdistan. Regional Statistics Office; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Amman, Jordan], WHO, [2008]. [64] p.
Abstract: The Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS) 2006/7 is a nationally representative survey of 9,345 households and 14,675 women of reproductive age and covers all governorates in Iraq. This is the second nationally representative health survey since the Family Gulf Survey in 1989, although it is the first survey to disseminate the results. The IFHS 2006/7 was conducted in the central and southern governorates during August and September 2006, in Anbar during October and November 2006, while fieldwork in the Kurdistan region was carried out during February and March 2007. The survey had gone through a detailed and intensive planning and preparatory phases which was particularly important given the dire security situation in Iraq at the time of the survey. Not only were rigorous training and pre-testing undertaken, but a planning approach based on a number of different scenarios was adopted to respond to anticipated challenges. All interview teams were carefully supervised and given continuous support through out the period of the survey. The principle objective of the survey is to provide critical information for policy-makers and programme managers working in health and development. It complements other surveys recently conducted in Iraq on the situation of women and children, namely the Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Survey (ICMMS 1999), the Iraq Living Conditions Survey ILCS 2004, and the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey MICS III 2006. Also the survey results will present data on a wide range of indicators related to women's and family health. It is also the first national survey ever conducted to present data on adult mortality, including the causes of deaths. The IFHS is the first national survey in Iraq to investigate domestic violence, as well as chronic illnesses. Detailed information was also collected on health expenditures and health care seeking behaviour, as well as a range of other health and demographic indicators. Blood test was carried out to measure the level of anaemia among women of reproductive age including pregnant and lactating women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ANEMIA | MENTAL HEALTH | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 327824

28.

Title: Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Pakistan. National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, National Institute of Population Studies, 2008 Jun. [400] p.
Abstract: The 2006-07 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey is the fifth in a series of demographic surveys conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies since 1990. However, the PDHS 2006-07 is the second survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. The survey was conducted under the aegis of the Ministry of Population Welfare and implemented by the National Institute of Population Studies. The 2006-07 PDHS supplements and complements the information collected through the censuses and demographic surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. It updates the available information on population and health issues, and provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating health and population programmes in Pakistan. The results of the survey assist in the monitoring of the progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2006-07 PDHS includes topics related to fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, infant, child and maternal mortality and their causes, maternal and child health, immunization and nutritional status of mothers and children, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and malaria. The 2006-07 PDHS also includes direct estimation of maternal mortality and its causes at the national level for the first time in Pakistan. The survey provides all other estimates for national, provincial and urban-rural domains. This being the fifth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive health, fertility and family planning over the past one and a half decades. The primary purpose of the 2006-07 PDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility, family planning, infant, child and adult mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | NUTRITION | MALARIA | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327805

29.

Title: Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Swaziland. Central Statistical Office; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Mbabane, Swaziland, Central Statistical Office, 2008 May. [506] p.
Abstract: This detailed report presents the major findings of the 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (2006-07 SDHS). The 2006-07 SDHS is the first survey of its kind to be undertaken in Swaziland. It was a nationwide survey aimed at generating estimates at the country level, regional level, and for urban and rural areas. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and implemented by the Central Statistical Office. Fieldwork was carried out between July 2006 and March 2007. The primary objective of the 2006-07 SDHS was to collect up-to-date information for policymakers, planners, researchers, and programme managers that would provide guidance in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population and health programmes in Swaziland. Specifically, the 2006-07 SDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, care and protection of youth, and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, it collected information on malaria, the use of mosquito nets, and the prevalence of HIV in the population age two years and above. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AWARENESS | BREASTFEEDING | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HIV | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | MALARIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 327506

30.

Title: Generation of change: young people and culture.
Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2008. 44 p.
Abstract: The youth supplement to the State of the World's Population report addresses how culture shapes and nurtures the lives of young people. It describes how young people develop their own subcultures, which are often different from and may conflict with the dominant culture. The supplement includes stories of youth facing child marriage, challenging gender norms, and working to improve their lives and the world.