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Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India)
Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331561

Title: Human resources for health: Tools and publications.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Mar. [2] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, fosters an enabling policy environment for improved health, especially HIV, family planning / reproductive health, and maternal health programs. Having adequate human resources is essential for scaling up and sustaining effective, accessible, high-quality health programs. To help ensure human resources, the project assists program planners to estimate human resource and training needs; identifies policy reforms to enable task-shifting and better workforce recruitment, training, and distribution; and mobilizes a multisectoral response by strengthening HIV-related human resources in workplaces, NGOs, and networks of people living with HIV (PLHIV). The project has also designed a Stigma Index that measures stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and behaviors among healthcare providers, highlighting an area that must be addressed by provider training initiatives. This flyer lists the project's computer models and publications on strengthening HIV-related human resource capacity.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | WORKERS | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | POLICY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information Processing | Information | Social Problems
Document Number: 331545

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Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk status of HIV-1 infection in the very low epidemic country, Mongolia, 2007.
Author: Davaalkham J; Unenchimeg P; Baigalmaa Ch; Oyunbileg B; Tsuchiya K; Hachiya A; Gatanaga H; Nyamkhuu D; Oka S
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jun;20(6):391-4.
Abstract: Thirty-six HIV-1 cases had been reported by December 2007 in Mongolia. Therefore, Mongolia has been regarded as a very low HIV-1 epidemic country, although the surveillance system is not fully developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk status of HIV-1 infection in Mongolia. A total of 1415 blood samples from high-risk populations including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, mobile men, tuberculosis patients and male sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic clients and 1050 samples from healthy controls were collected. The seroprevalences of anti-HIV-1/2, anti-Treponema pallidum, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antibody in the high-risk populations were 0%, 23.1%, 15.5%, 8.0% and 48.2%, and those in the controls were 0%, 3.1%, 14.7%, 4.4% and 44.4%, respectively. HIV-1 prevalence is currently low. However, according to the high prevalence of STIs in the high-risk populations, the risk status for HIV-1 infection is estimated to be high.
Language: English
Keywords:
MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MIGRANT WORKERS | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEPATITIS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Viral Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 342444

Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective.
Author: Foner N
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29.
Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts?
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341298

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessing HIV Risk in Workplaces for Prioritizing HIV Preventive Interventions in Karnataka State, India.
Author: Halli SS; Buzdugan R; Ramesh BM; Gurnani V; Sharma V; Moses S; Blanchard JF
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To develop a modelfor prioritizing economic sectors for HIV preventive intervention programs in the workplace. METHODS:: This study was undertaken in Karnataka state, India. A 3-stage survey process was undertaken. In the first stage, we reviewed secondary data available from various government departments, identified industries in the private sector with large workforces, and mapped their geographical distribution. In the second stage, an initial rapid risk assessment of industrial sectors was undertaken, using key-informant interviews conducted in relation to a number of enterprises, and in consultation with stakeholders. In the third stage, we used both quantitative (polling booth survey) and qualitative methods (key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions) to study high-risk sectors in-depth, and assessed the need and feasibility of HIV workplace intervention programs. RESULTS:: The highest risk sectors were found to be mining, garment/textile, sugar, construction/infrastructure, and fishing industries. Workers in all sectors had at best partial knowledge about HIV/AIDS, coupled with common misconceptions about HIV transmission. There were intersector and intrasector variations in risk and vulnerability across different geographical locations and across different categories of workers. This has implications for the design and implementation of workplace intervention programs. CONCLUSIONS:: There is tremendous scope for HIV preventive interventions in workplaces in India. Given the variation in HIV risk across economic sectors and limited available resources, there will be increased pressure to prioritize intervention efforts towards high-risk sectors. This study offers a model for rapidly assessing the risk level of economic sectors for HIV intervention programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WORKERS | WORKPLACE | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342228

Peer Reviewed

Title: Herpes simplex virus-2 infection in male rural migrants in Shanghai, China.
Author: He N; Cao H; Yin Y; Gao M; Zhang T; Detels R
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):112-4.
Abstract: The overall herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seroprevalence was 5.5% among male rural migrants working in construction sites, markets and factories, 5.4% among those reporting having had sexual intercourse and 5.8% among those reporting no sexual intercourse. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that migrants having higher income were more likely to have HSV-2 infection. None of the HSV-2-positives realized their infection status. Future sexually transmitted disease (STD) intervention programmes should target migrants with higher income and migrant market vendors and should not exclude those who self-report no STDs or no history of sexual intercourse.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MIGRANT WORKERS | MEN | HERPES GENITALIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 331171

10.

Title: Condom use among married women at risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Qin QR; Li LH; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 13;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with condom use among married women in rural China, and provide evidence for implementing education strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV. METHODS: A total of 737 sexually active married rural women who were aged between 18 and 49 years and had heard of AIDS were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed in 8 villages of Anhui province, China. RESULTS: The rate of condom use was only 5.4%.There were no significant differences in sexual behavior and condom use between married women whose husbands were away as migrant workers and the wives of nonmigrant men, except in knowledge of free condom sources. Significant factors associated with condom use included age, level of education, knowledge about condoms, training about condoms, sources of condoms, and husbands' attitude toward condoms. CONCLUSIONS: More educational interventions are needed to increase condom knowledge and promotion, especially among less educated women and married women left behind by migrant husbands.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | MIGRANT WORKERS | SPOUSE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341460

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks and migratory status among female sex workers in a rural Chinese county.
Author: Hong Y; Li X; Yang H; Fang X; Zhao R
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):212-20.
Abstract: Currently, there are millions of female sex workers (FSWs) in China and these women play a critical role in the escalating HIV epidemic in the country. Existing studies revealed high mobility of this population, but data on the relationship of FSWs' migratory status and their HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks are limited. A cross-sectional survey was administered among 454 FSWs in a rural county of Guangxi, China. Sexual risks and current infections of sexually transmitted disease (STD) were compared among local FSWs (i.e. those who were the county residents or from other parts of Guangxi) and those FSWs who migrated from outside Guangxi. Data reveal that local FSWs were younger, less educated and newer to the sex industry, and had more sexual risks and higher rates of STDs compared to migrant FSWs. This relationship remains significant after controlling for potential confounders. A higher level of sexual risks and STDs among local FSWs than migrant FSWs in the rural Chinese county suggests the need to examine the relationship between migratory status and HIV/AIDS-related risks within specific social and cultural contexts. The data also underscore an urgent need for culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS-prevention intervention efforts among FSWs in rural or less developed areas in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MIGRANT WORKERS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330805

12.
Title: Care seeking for STI symptoms in Pakistan.
Author: Khan AA; Naghma-e-Rehan; Qayyum K; Khan A
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Sep;59(9):628-30.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among sex workers and drug users in Pakistan. METHODS: Interviews were conducted on 3640 sex workers, injection drug users and truckers about STI symptoms within the past year and currently and the care they sought for them. RESULTS: Nearly half (46%) reported STI symptoms in the past 12 months and 55% went for treatment. Most of the care sought was from the private sector and more by IDUs and female sex workers. Increasing age or having a genital ulcer predicted care seeking. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the need to understand the factors determining care seeking among members of high risk groups; and emphasizing the role of the private health care providers in treatment and control of STIs.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | IV DRUG USERS | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342954

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Outputs and cost of HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Author: Kumar SG; Dandona R; Schneider JA; Ramesh YK; Dandona L
Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:82.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers form part of the HIV control efforts, but systematic data on the outputs and cost of providing such services in India are not readily available for further planning and use of resources. METHODS: Detailed cost and output data were collected from written records and interviews for 2005-2006 fiscal year using standardized methods at six sampled HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The total economic cost for these programmes was computed and the relation of unit cost of services per truck driver with programme scale was assessed using regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 120,436 truck drivers were provided services by the six programmes of which 55.9% were long distance truck drivers. The annual economic cost of providing services to a truck driver varied between programmes from US$ 1.52 to 4.56 (mean US$ 2.49). There was an inverse relation between unit economic cost of serving a truck driver and scale of the programme (R2 = 0.63; p = 0.061). The variation between programmes in the average number of contacts made by the programme staff with truck drivers was 1.3 times versus 5.8 times for contacts by peer educators. Only 1.7% of the truck drivers were referred by the programmes for counseling and HIV testing. CONCLUSION: These data provide information for further planning of HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers and estimating the resources needed for such programmes. The findings suggest the need to strengthen the role of peer educators and increase referral of truck drivers for HIV testing.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TRUCK DRIVERS | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PEER EDUCATORS | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342438

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk behaviour for women working in recreational venues in Mwanza, Tanzania: considerations for the acceptability and use of vaginal microbicide gels.
Author: Lees S; Desmond N; Allen C; Bugeke G; Vallely A; Ross D
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1.
Abstract: Qualitative research was conducted to explore the social context of sexual-risk behaviour among women working in recreational occupations, during a feasibility study in preparation for the Phase III clinical trial of vaginal microbicides in Mwanza, Tanzania. Participant observation was conducted in 68 recreational venues. Six focus group discussions were conducted with women working in recreational occupations and two with male customers at these venues. Findings revealed that these women are at risk of HIV due their dependence on sexual transactions to improve their economic circumstances, which take place in environments and relationships where condom use is difficult. However, the findings revealed that, in spite of constraints, women did take actions to prevent HIV by negotiating for condom use or avoiding perceived risky practices or partnerships, in particular moving to more casual partnerships where condom negotiation is more acceptable. This indicates that, given their perception of their own risk, women working in recreational occupations will welcome an effective microbicide. However, sustained use will depend on how formulations overcome the difficulties women currently experience with condom negotiation and the specific environments and relationships in which they engage in sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 341493

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection among cross-border truck drivers in Hong Kong.
Author: Leung PH; Boost MV; Lau JT; Wong AT; Pang M; Ng TK; Tong ET
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Feb;85(1):27-29.
Abstract: Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for chlamydial infection in cross-border truck drivers. Methods: 225 Hong Kong-based cross-border truck drivers were screened for chlamydial infection. Associations between infection and potential risk factors were determined by questionnaire. Results: 8.5% of drivers were positive for chlamydial infection. Of 62% of drivers reporting recent sex with commercial sex workers (CSW), 39% had not used condoms. 75% of drivers with extramarital sex partners (ESP) also frequented CSW and 47% of this group had not used condoms with CSW. 43.3% PCR-positive cases reported symptoms. No risk factor was associated with chlamydial infection after adjustment, although "had sex with ESP" approached significance. Conclusions: The prevalence of chlamydial infection among cross-border truck drivers was not strikingly high, although drivers engaged in sex with both ESP and CSW, with many admitting unprotected intercourse. The findings highlight the importance of promoting safe sex to truck drivers.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEX WORKERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | BORDER CROSSING | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SCREENING | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexual Partners | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340111

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Characteristics and determinants of sexual behavior among adolescents of migrant workers in Shangai (China).
Author: Li S; Huang H; Cai Y; Xu G; Huang F; Shen X
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:195.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: China is facing a critical challenge of rapid and widespread human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) increase. Rural-to-urban migration plays a crucial role in shifting the HIV/sexual transmitted infection (STI) epidemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexual behaviors and the correlates among the early adolescents of migrant workers in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 junior high schools from April to June of 2008. A total of 2821 adolescents aged 14.06 +/- 0.93 years (8.9% of migrant workers vs. 91.1% of general residents) participated in the survey. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and behaviors associated with increased risk for HIV/STI. RESULTS: The percentage of adolescents who ever had sexual intercourse or had sexual intercourse in last three months was 7.2% and 4.3% in adolescents of migrant workers, respectively; in contrast, 4.5% and 1.8% in their peers of general residents, respectively. 47.3% adolescents of migrant workers and 34.3% of those adolescents of general residents reported no condom use in sexual intercourse during last three months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that migration was a independent risk factor for sexual intercourse in last three months in our sampled adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.72). In adolescents of migrant workers, factors such as lower family income (OR: 2.22, CI: 1.09-3.05 for low level; OR:1.25, CI: 1.04-1.59 for medium level), younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.09-1.57), lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.90-0.97), and fewer communication on HIV/AIDS related issues (OR: 0.79, CI: 0.90-0.97) were related to sexual intercourse in last three months. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we advocated that heightened concerns targeting the adolescents of migrant workers be particularly necessary, given their higher level of sexual experience, lower socioeconomic status, restricted reproductive health information, and vulnerability to HIV/STI.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | NEEDS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 342979

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand.
Author: Michinobu R
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8.
Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341173

18.

Title: Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health among women in an ancient mining area in Brazil.
Author: Miranda AE; Mercon-de-Vargas PR; Corbett CE; Corbett JF; Reynaldo D
Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud P�blica / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Feb;25(2):157-161.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the reproductive profile and frequency of genital in fections among women living in the Serra Pelada, a former mining village in the Par� state, Brazil. A descriptive study of women living in the mining area of Serra Pelada was performed in 2004 through interviews that gathered demographics and clinical data, and assessed risk be haviors of 209 randomly-selected women. Blood samples were collected for rapid assay for HIV; specimens were taken for Pap smears and Gram stains. Standard descriptive statistical analy ses were performed and prevalence was calculated to reflect the relative frequency of each dis ease. Of the 209 participants, the median age was 38 years, with almost 70% having less than four years of education and 77% having no income or under 1.9 times the minimum wage of Brazil. About 30% did not have access to health care services during the preceding year. Risk behaviors included: alcohol abuse, 24.4%; illicit drug abuse, 4.3%; being a sex worker, 15.8%; and domestic violence, 17.7%. Abnormal Pap smear was found in 8.6%. Prevalence rates of in fection were: HIV, 1.9%; trichomoniasis, 2.9%; bacterial vaginosis, 18.7%; candidiasis, 5.7%; Chlamydial-related cytological changes, 3.3%; and HPV-related cytological changes, 3.8%. Women living in this mining area in Brazil are economically and socially vulnerable to health problems. It is important to point out the importance of concomitant broader strategies that include reducing poverty and empowering women to make improvements regarding their health.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MINE WORKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PAP SMEAR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINOSIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Behavior | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Reproductive Tract Infections | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341876

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated factors among specific population subgroups in Cameroon.
Author: Mosoko JJ; Macauley IB; Zoungkanyi AC; Bella A; Koulla-Shiro S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):277-287.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with HIV infection among specific population subgroups and complement the HIV surveillance system in Cameroon. Five subgroups (truck drivers, femalesex- workers, university students, health service providers, and residents along Chad-Cameroon petroleum pipeline) were targeted in 2004. Potential participants were approached at their geographically diverse areas and consented to participate in the study. Anonymous blood samples were collected. 4,011 participants were surveyed (35% students, 25% sex-workers, 20% pipeline residents, 12.5% health service providers, 7.5% truck drivers). HIV prevalence was highest among sex-workers [26.4%, (95% CI, 23.6-29.2)], pipeline residents [19.9% (95% CI, 17.1-22.7)] and truck drivers [16.3% (95% CI, 12.3-20.9))] and lowest among health service providers [5.2% (95% CI, 3.4-7.5)] and university students [3.8% (95% CI, 2.9-5.0)]. Risky sexual behaviours were practiced in all subpopulations. Multivariable analysis shows in female-sex-workers that; older age, residing in the grassland region (Northwest and West Provinces) and inconstant condom use were significantly associated with HIV infection. Despite a moderate HIV prevalence in the general Cameroonian population, some subgroups are at much higher risk for HIV transmission and practicing risky sexual behaviours. There is need for expanded prevention and care programs with emphasis on truck drivers, sex-workers and pipeline residents.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TRUCK DRIVERS | STUDENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Education | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 340125

20.

Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of all cancers combined and site-specific cancers in Shanghai.
Author: Rosenblatt KA; Gao DL; Ray RM; Nelson ZC; Wernli KJ; Li W; Thomas DB
Source: Cancer Causes and Control. 2009 Feb;20(1):27-34.
Abstract: From 1998 to 1991, an in-person baseline interview was administered to approximately 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China. The cohort was followed until July 2000 for incident cancer cases. Incidence rate ratios (RR) for 12 types of cancers in users of oral contraceptives (OCs) were calculated using Cox Proportional Hazards analysis. There was a reduced risk of uterine corpus cancer for women who had ever used OCs (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.45-1.04) and a trend of decreasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.015). There was an increased risk of colon cancer in women who had used OCs for 10 years or more (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.40) and an increased risk of rectal cancer in women who had ever used OCs (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.98-1.75), with a trend of increasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.017), but these associations may have been due to uncontrolled confounding by physical activity or other non-causal factors. No associations were observed between OCs and the risk of all cancers combined or for any of the nine other cancers. It is unlikely that the use of OCs has contributed to the temporal trends in cancer incidence in China in recent decades.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PREVALENCE | CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | UTERINE CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Safety | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 330727

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: General hygiene, sexual risk behaviour and HIV prevalence in truck drivers from Andhra Pradesh, South India: implications for prevention interventions.
Author: Schneider JA; Dude A; Dinaker M; Kumar V; Laumann EO; Holloway-Beth A; Oruganti G; Saluja GS; Chundi V; Yeldandi V; Mayer KH
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jan;20(1):39-45.
Abstract: The relationships between hygiene, sexual behaviour and HIV infection are poorly understood. We examine these relationships in Indian truck drivers, a group at high risk for HIV infection. Truck drivers (n = 189) were recruited into an integrated HIV and hygiene Information Motivation (IM) programme. Sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and hygiene behaviour and HIV prevalence were determined. Multivariate logistic regression and linear generalized estimating equation models were utilized. At baseline, 2.1% of drivers were HIV infected and 34% who reported having contact with female sex workers (FSWs) had contact within the previous six months. Those who washed their hands postdefecation were less likely to report genital symptoms (OR 0.02; P = 0.01) and have sex with an FSW (OR [odds ratio] 0.21; P = 0.05). After an IM intervention, there were no changes in sexual risk-taking behaviour (coefficient -0.15 to -0.02; P = 0.13-0.75); however, hygiene behaviour improved from baseline (coefficient 0.09-0.31; P < 0.01 to P = 0.03). Personal hygiene habits, like handwashing, seem to be a modifiable behaviour after a modest intervention, whereas HIV risk-taking behaviour was not. The association between hygiene and HIV risk-taking suggests the need for further evaluation of the relationship and that of other hygiene practices in high-risk men in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEX WORKERS | PREVALENCE | HYGIENE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Public Health | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 330714

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Commentary on "Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection among cross-border truck drivers in Hong Kong".
Author: Sorensen W
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Feb;85(1):29-30.
Abstract: The report by Leung et al1 highlights many dimensions of concern from the global perspective of sexually transmitted infection (STI) control, while investigating only Chlamydia trachomatis infection among Hong Kong truckers. This is the only truck driver study, to my knowledge, focused solely on chlamydia infection and its determinants. Because of their screening procedure, one third of the truckers accessed their results-unprecedented for men in this occupation. Of course, the problematical characteristic of chlamydia infection is its asymptomatic status, thereby reducing the impetus to seek testing. This probably contributes to the moderate to high rates of infection (estimated at 89 million new cases annually)2 experienced globally. .... The report by Leung et al1 failed to uncover any significant behavioural or demographic information associated with chlamydia infection among truckers. Yet this null finding informs us, for China is the latest and largest theatre under the spotlight of global STI concern. Chlamydia infection in China "is both a danger in itself and a marker of possible paths of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as it moves into heterosexual transmission networks".5 The chlamydia epidemic in China may already be generalised to the point that risk categories can be misinterpreted if they do surface from analysis. A more fundamental question is whether the traditional categories of FSW or MSM are oversimplified. The challenge to health experts is to continue to tease apart this complexity in order to address prevention efforts. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEX WORKERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | BORDER CROSSING | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SCREENING | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexual Partners | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340112

23.

Title: Comparison of maternal mortality between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai, China, 1996-2005.
Author: Zhu L; Qin M; Du L; Jia W; Yang Q; Walker MC; Wen SW
Source: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):401-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Shanghai residents has been declining in the past two decades and has reached levels comparable to developed countries. The MMR in migrating population in Shanghai remains high, however. The objectives of this study were to compare the trends of MMR between residents and migrating population in Shanghai from 1996 to 2005 and to explore the reasons for the dramatic differences in MMR between the two groups living in the same city. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Shanghai, China. POPULATION: A total of 902,807 pregnancies with live births in Shanghai in the period of 1996-2005. METHODS: We first compared the overall MMR between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai and examined temporal trends of MMR in the two subpopulations. We then compared the causes and maternal characteristics of maternal deaths between the two subpopulations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal mortality and cause of death. RESULTS: A total of 902,807 live births and 243 maternal deaths were recorded in Shanghai in the period of 1996 to 2005, with an average MMR of 26.66 per 100,000 live births. The MMR in Shanghai residents declined dramatically from 22.47 per 100,000 in 1996 to 1.64 per 100,000 live births in 2005 (P < 0.01), while the MMR in migrating population was reduced only moderately from 54.68 per 100,000 live births to 48.46 per 100,000 (P > 0.05). The main causes of maternal deaths in migrating population were postpartum haemorrhage (39.9%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (9.8%), and puerperal infection (9.3%), whereas the main causes of maternal death of Shanghai residents were chronic heart and liver diseases (20.0%), postpartum haemorrhage (12.9%), and amniotic fluid embolism (12.9%). Among the maternal death cases in migrating women, 60% had elementary education or less, 22% were unemployed, 65% had no prenatal visit, 44% gave a birth at home, and 12% of the deaths occurred at home. CONCLUSION: Lack of access to quality maternity care, especially for the effective management of postpartum haemorrhage, is the main reason for the high MMR in migrating population in Shanghai.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRANTS | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ANTENATAL CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Mortality | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331166

24.

Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume I.
Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR]
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68a)
Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD LABOR | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Nutrition
Document Number: 329544

25.

Title: Our broken dreams: child migration in Southern Africa.
Author: Save the Children UK; Save the Children Norway
Source: Harare, Zimbabwe, Weaver Press, 2008. 134 p.
Abstract: In this book, children tell their own stories of the dangers they faced crossing borders alone in Mozambique and across southern Africa. Children were interviewed in Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Swaziland, where in some cases the numbers of unaccompanied child migrants has reached alarming levels.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | AFRICA, SOUTHERN | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | MIGRATION | CHILD LABOR | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330186

26.

Title: Trafficking in persons report. Revised ed.
Author: United States. Department of State
Source: Washington, D.C., United States Department of State, Office of the Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs, 2008 Jun. 292 p.
Abstract: The Department of State is required by law to submit a Report each year to the U.S. Congress on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This Report is the eighth annual TIP Report. It is intended to raise global awareness, to highlight efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective actions to counter all forms of trafficking in persons. The U.S. law that guides anti-human trafficking efforts, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), states that the purpose of combating human trafficking is to punish traffickers, to protect victims, and to prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing those trapped in slave-like conditions is the ultimate goal of this Report-and of the U.S. government's antihuman trafficking policy. There is an ever-growing community of nations making significant efforts to eliminate this atrocious crime. A country that fails to make significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, as outlined in the TVPA, receives a "Tier 3" assessment in this Report. Such an assessment could trigger the withholding by the United States of nonhumanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance. In assessing foreign governments' efforts, the TIP Report highlights the "three P's"-prosecution, protection, and prevention. But a victim-centered approach to trafficking requires us also to address the "three R's"-rescue, rehabilitation, and reintegration- and to encourage learning and sharing of best practices in these areas. We must go beyond an initial rescue of victims and restore to them dignity and the hope of productive lives. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | MIGRANT WORKERS | CHILD LABOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | POLICY | GOVERNMENT | LAWS AND STATUTES | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Factors
Document Number: 327634

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Some factors associated with condom use among bar maids in Tanzania.
Author: Akarro RR
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:[13] p.
Abstract: Some socioeconomic and demographic factors contributing to the use of condoms among bar maids were studied in selected urban areas in Tanzania. Bar maids were classified according to whether or not they use condoms, and logistic regression was used in the analysis. Of the demographic variables studied, age, marital status, education level, use of alcohol and wage rate showed a significant relationship at the 1% level between individual factors and use of condoms. The odds ratios show that girls aged 10-14 are over 18,000 times more likely not to use condoms compared with women aged 30 and above. Those who drink are 6.6 times (1/0.165) less likely to use condoms compared with those who do not drink. In other words, alcohol consumption can be a stimulus for an individual not to use condoms. It is clear that young girls who drink are at the highest risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in comparison with older females. A multiple logistic regression model shows all the aforementioned factors to be significantat the 1% level. A policy recommendation is made that the government should impose restrictions as far as employment of bar maids is concerned. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | LOGISTIC MODEL | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WORKERS | WOMEN | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | CONDOM USE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | HIV | AIDS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Data Analysis | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 326408

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Nonlinear pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrants at entry in Kuwait: 1997-2006.
Author: Akhtar S; Mohammad HG
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:264.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of published data on the pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers entering Middle Eastern countries particularly Kuwait. The objectives of this study were to use routine health surveillance data i) to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers at entry in Kuwait and ii) to determine the occurrence of any time trends in the proportions of pulmonary tuberculosis positive workers over the study period. METHODS: The monthly aggregates of daily number of migrants tested and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases detected during routine health examinations of migrant workers from tuberculosis high-prevalence countries were used to generate the monthly series of proportions (per 100,000) of pulmonary tuberculosis cases over 120 months between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2006 and analysed using time series methods. RESULTS: The overall prevalence (per 100,000) of documented pulmonary tuberculosis cases among screened migrants was 198 (4608/2328582). Year-specific prevalence (per 100,000) of tuberculosis cases consistently declined from 456 (95% CI: 424-490) in 1997 to 124 (95% CI: 110-140) in 2002 before showing a steady increase up to 183 (95% CI: 169-197) in 2006. The second-order polynomial regression model revealed significant (P < 0.001) initial decline, followed by a significant (P < 0.001) increasing trend thereafter in monthly proportions of tuberculosis cases among migrant workers. CONCLUSION: The proportions of documented tuberculosis cases among migrant workers showed a significant nonlinear pattern, with an initial decline followed by a significant increasing trend towards the end of the study period. These findings underscore the need to maintain the current policy of migrants' screening for tuberculosis at entry. The public health authorities in Kuwait and perhaps other countries in the region may consider complementing the current screening protocol with interferon-gamma assays to detect migrants with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. An appropriate curative or preventive chemotherapy of detected tuberculosis cases may help in further minimizing the risk of local transmission of M. tuberculosis, while contributing in global efforts to control this public health menace.
Language: English
Keywords:
KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BORDER CROSSING | TUBERCULOSIS | ORIGIN | TIME FACTORS | SCREENING | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328551

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Seasonality in pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers entering Kuwait.
Author: Akhtar S; Mohammad HG
Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jan 7;8:3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is paucity of data on seasonal variation in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries contrary to recognized seasonality in the TB notification in western societies. This study examined the seasonal pattern in TB diagnosis among migrant workers from developing countries entering Kuwait. METHODS: Monthly aggregates of TB diagnosis results for consecutive migrants tested between January I, 1997 and December 31, 2006 were analyzed. We assessed the amplitude (alpha) of the sinusoidal oscillation and the time at which maximum (theta degrees ) TB cases were detected using Edwards' test. The adequacy of the hypothesized sinusoidal curve was assessed by chi2 goodness-of-fit test. RESULTS: During the 10 year study period, the proportion (per 100,000) of pulmonary TB cases among the migrants was 198 (4608/2328582), (95% confidence interval: 192 - 204). The adjusted mean monthly number of pulmonary TB cases was 384. Based on the observed seasonal pattern in the data, the maximum number of TB cases was expected during the last week of April (theta degrees = 112 degrees ; P < 0.001). The amplitude (+/- se) (alpha = 0.204 +/- 0.04) of simple harmonic curve showed 20.4% difference from the mean to maximum TB cases. The peak to low ratio of adjusted number of TB cases was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.39 - 1.65). The chi2 goodness-of-test revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.1) departure of observed frequencies from the fitted simple harmonic curve. Seasonal component explained 55% of the total variation in the proportions of TB cases (100,000) among the migrants. CONCLUSION: This regularity of peak seasonality in TB case detection may prove useful to institute measures that warrant a better attendance of migrants. Public health authorities may consider re-allocation of resources in the period of peak seasonality to minimize the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to close contacts in this and comparable settings in the region having similar influx of immigrants from high TB burden countries. Epidemiological surveillance for the TB risk in the migrants in subsequent years and required chemotherapy of detected cases may contribute in global efforts to control this public health menace.
Language: English
Keywords:
KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | IMMIGRANTS | WORKERS | TUBERCULOSIS | SEASONAL VARIATION | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Studies | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 325749

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Access to reproductive health services among immigrants and refugees in Botswana.
Author: Ama NO; Oucho JO
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):47-61.
Abstract: This study examined the extent of access to reproductive health services by immigrants and refugees in Botswana against the recognition of the fact that access to reproductive health services, including contraception as well as care in pregnancy and childbirth can lead to: (i) reduction in a woman's exposure to fatal obstetric complications; (ii) reduction in the incidence of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; (iii) empowerment of women to make informed choices and decisions that affect their lives; and (iv) it portends dangerous circumstances for Botswana when a resident in the country, in this study immigrants and refugees, fail to access these services. The findings of the study confirm that while immigrants are aware of the availability of most reproductive health services in the Botswana health care system, the refugees are only aware of services in antenatal care, normal delivery, treatment of STDs, AIDS counseling and HIV testing and programme on contraceptive availability. This finding is in contrast to those of Purdin et al, that a wide range of refugee and conflict-affected sites provide reproductive health services. Surprisingly too, IEC programme on human sexuality is hardly available to the immigrants and refugees. Unlike the majority of immigrants, refugees fled their home country due to unbearable sociopolitical circumstances and are more vulnerable to circumstances in Botswana about which they can do little to redress; they need information on reproductive health services available in the health care system in Botswana through an lEC programme that is tailored to their needs.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | MIGRANT WORKERS | HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 340185


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