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Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008).
Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p.
Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights
Document Number: 331363

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual.
Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340176

6.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools.
Author: Andrade HH; Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-76.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program is inserted within the context of reproductive rights, deals with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices and focuses on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-tests and a non-equivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Education | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342612

Title: From reproductive choice to reproductive justice.
Author: Cook RJ; Dickens BM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 6;
Abstract: Since the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development, the human rights movement has embraced the concept of reproductive rights. These are often pursued, however, by means to which objection is taken. Some conservative political and religious forces continue to resist implementation of several means of protecting and advancing reproductive rights. Individuals' rights to grant and to deny consent to medical procedures affecting their reproductive health and confidentiality have been progressively advanced. However, access to contraceptive services, while not necessarily opposed, is unjustifiably obstructed in some settings. Rights to lawful abortion have been considerably liberalized by legislative and judicial decisions, although resistance remains. Courts are increasingly requiring that lawful services be accommodated under transparent conditions of access and of legal protection. The conflict between rights of resort to lawful reproductive health services and to conscientious objection to participation is resolved by legal duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RELIGION | CONSERVATISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | LITIGATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 341457

Title: Women's rights and women's health during HIV/AIDS epidemics: the experience of women in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Dugassa BF
Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Aug;30(8):690-706.
Abstract: Twenty-five years have passed since HIV/AIDS was recognized as a major public health problem. Although billions of dollars are spent in research and development, we still have no medical cure or vaccination. In the early days of the epidemic, public health slogans suggested that HIV/AIDS does not discriminate. Now it is becoming clear that HIV/AIDS spreads most rapidly among poor, marginalized, women, colonized, and disempowered groups of people more than others. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is exacerbated by the social, economic, political, and cultural conditions of societies such as gender, racial, class, and other forms of inequalities. Sub-Saharan African countries are severely hit by HIV/AIDS. For these countries the pandemic of HIV/AIDS demands the need to travel extra miles. My objective in this article is to promote the need to go beyond the biomedical model of "technical fixes" and the traditional public health education tools, and come up with innovative ideas and strategic thinking to contain the epidemic. In this article, I argue that containing the HIV/AIDS epidemic and improving family and community health requires giving appropriate attention to the social illnesses that are responsible for exacerbating biological disorders.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | PUBLIC HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | MALNUTRITION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders
Document Number: 342818

Peer Reviewed

Title: Condom Access in South African Schools: Law, Policy, and Practice.
Author: Han J; Bennish ML
Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 20;6(1):e6.
Abstract: Summary points of the article are: 1) South Africa's recently adopted Children's Act provides children the right to access reproductive health services as a way of addressing the HIV pandemic, but there remains confusion about how socially divisive rights provided for by the Act, such as condom access for youth, will be achieved; 2) The Children's Act, together with South African government policies, allows individual schools to decide whether to distribute condoms, but most school staff are unaware of South African policy and regulations governing condom provision in schools; 3) Because of confusing and contradictory government policies and public pronouncements regarding provision of condoms in public schools, few schools have undertaken to provide condoms, leaving students, especially in rural areas, with few options for obtaining them; 4) PEPFAR regulations potentially conflict with South African law by prohibiting PEPFAR-funded organizations from distributing condoms in schools or providing condom information to youth aged 14 and under; and 5) The current South African government's policy of leaving the decision of whether to distribute condoms in schools to the School Governing Body of individual schools, rather than enacting a clear national policy, is unlikely to be an effective public health strategy for improving access to condoms for the population of youths at high risk for HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CONDOMS | LEGISLATION | ATTITUDES | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 329660

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion access for incarcerated women: are correctional health practices in conflict with constitutional standards.
Author: Kasdan D
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):59-62.
Abstract: Does a pregnant woman who is in prison or jail still have the constitutional right to decide whether to continue her pregnancy or to have an abortion? The simple legal answer is yes. Of course, this provides little, if any, insight into what actually happens when thousands of women each year must make this decision while living behind prison walls.* But gaining such insight in any systematic manner has long presented a challenge to health professionals, researchers and advocates. The ways in which prisons handle a woman's abortion request are often shielded from public scrutiny, and they can be enormously varied. Women are incarcerated at the federal, state and local levels. Accordingly, policies and practices of prison and jail officials, and the experience of pregnant women in their custody, may differ dramatically from state to state, county to county, and facility to facility. Despite these challenges, understanding incarcerated women's ability, or inability, to access reproductive health care, including abortion, is key to developing strategies to advance their reproductive health and rights. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | PRISONERS | PRISONS | POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | COURT DECISION | CONSTITUTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Human Rights | Litigation
Document Number: 341656

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Title: Working with young women: empowerment, rights and health.
Author: Ricardo C; Fonseca V; de Leon GS; Rosas EM; Dorantes OA
Source: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, PROMUNDO, 2009. [144] p.
Abstract: Although there has been a significant amount of work done to promote women's empowerment, most of it has been geared towards the experiences of adult women. This manual, part of an initiative called Program M, includes a series of group educational activities to promote young women's [ages 15-24] awareness about gender inequities, rights and health. It also seeks to develop their skills to feel more capable of acting in empowered ways in different spheres of their lives. Modules in this manual include: identity and relationships - this section focuses on how gender influences young women's identities and aspirations and the ways in which women and men express themselves and relate to each other; violence - this chapter explores the many forms of violence that exist, particularly in the context of young women's lives and relationships, and the links between gender, power and violence; drugs - addresses the different types of drugs that affect young women's lives and relationships and explores the concept of harm-reduction; young women and work - focuses on the traditional gender divisions which exist in different types of work and the rights of women in the workplace; and community participation - these activities can be developed in a variety of environments including schools, clubs, and community organisations, and are most effective when done with smaller groups of 10 to 20 participants. All of the activities draw on an experiential learning model in which young women are encouraged to question and analyse their own experiences and lives, in order to understand how gender can perpetuate unequal power in relationships, and make both young women and men vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health problems, including HIV/AIDS. The activities engage young women to share ideas and opinions and think about how they can make positive changes in their lives and communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | CHILD CARE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 329171

15.

Title: Expanding contraceptive choice: five promising innovations.
Author: Ringheim K; Gribble J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 Jun. 4 p.
Abstract: This new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau highlights five "next generation" contraceptives, each of which offers one or more advantages over similar earlier methods. These innovations are among those expected to enter the market within five years and can assist country programs to make contraception more accessible and attractive to women and couples.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | COUPLES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NEEDS | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Population Characteristics | Human Rights | Political Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328045

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Summary of proceedings of the IUSTI Global Challenges Symposium (ISSTDR 2007/10th IUSTI World Congress).
Author: Ross JD; Garcia PJ; Zenilman J; Lewis DA; Chan R; Poder A
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):130-4.
Abstract: Working in our own geographical areas it can be easy to take a parochial view of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management and control. But although the problems and challenges faced by STI physicians vary enormously around the world, there are also common themes which can benefit from a common approach. By understanding how health services in different regions identify and address STI control, we can contribute and improve our local services, and contribute to the development of global STI care. At the 17th conference of the International Society for Sexually Transmitted Disease Research (ISSTDR) in Seattle, a symposium on Global Challenges was organized by the International Union against STIs (IUSTI) to provide feedback from physicians around the world on what they consider to be their greatest challenges. Moderated by Angelika Stary and Kit Fairley, the symposium included contributions from North and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia-Pacific regions. In this article, the speakers' have summarized their talks and provide an insight into the many challenges facing global STI control today. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | ASIA | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | TREATMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Training Programs | Education | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 331168

18.

Title: Youth, women's rights, and political change in Iran.
Author: Roudi F
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jul. [1] p.
Abstract: Recent political developments in Iran highlight the country's demographic and social shifts over the past 20 years. One in three Iranians is between the ages of 15 and 29. Furthermore, 60 percent of the Iranian population is under 30, born around the 1979 Islamic revolution or after. This youth bulge, along with changes in women's fertility and reproductive health, provide a backdrop for understanding Iran's current political instability.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Sex Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342028

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Title: Women's autonomy in decision making for health care in South Asia.
Author: Senarath U; Gunawardena NS
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;21(2):137-43.
Abstract: This article aims to discuss women's autonomy in decision making on health care, and its determinants in 3 South Asian countries, using nationally representative surveys. Women's participation either alone or jointly in household decisions on their own health care was considered as an indicator of women's autonomy in decision making. The results revealed that decisions of women's health care were made without their participation in the majority of Nepal (72.7%) and approximately half of Bangladesh (54.3%) and Indian (48.5%) households. In Sri Lanka, decision making for contraceptive use was a collective responsibility in the majority (79.7%). Women's participation in decision making significantly increased with age, education, and number of children. Women who were employed and earned cash had a stronger say in household decision making than women who did not work or worked not for cash. Rural and poor women were less likely to be involved in decision making than urban or rich women.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | DECISION MAKING | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 331088

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unintended consequences: exploring the tensions between development programs and indigenous women in Mexico in the context of reproductive health.
Author: Smith-Oka V
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:2069-2077.
Abstract: This article offers a case study of the politics of reproduction present between development programs, medical practitioners, and population policies in Mexico. It particularly explores how these policies have shaped indigenous women's family planning choices. It analyzes the unintended consequences that emerge from the interaction between indigenous women, medicine, and an economic development program-Oportunidades. The study was based on participant observation and in-depth interviews carried out between 2004 and 2007 with 53 women, as well as doctors and nurses, in northern Veracruz. Results show that the close association of government policies with medical practitioners serves to constrain women's reproductive decisions. Medical practitioners use this association to promote the state's concern for family planning, unintentionally disempowering their target population. This article uses a political economy of fertility framework to look at broader processes affecting women's choices beyond thepersonal or domestic level. Such a framework allows us to analyze these connections and place women's reproductive rights within a larger struggle for human rights and dignity.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340202

22.

Title: Rights to emergency contraception.
Author: Weisberg E; Fraser IS
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC) provides women with a safe means of preventing pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or potential contraceptive failure, and is accepted as a legitimate method of fertility control. The right of women to access EC, along with other contraceptive methods, needs to be affirmed. The consequences of unintended pregnancy are serious, imposing appreciable burdens on children, women, men, and families. Every child has the right to be a wanted child and not enter this world because its mother was denied access to EC. For maximum effectiveness, barriers to access must be removed. It is essential that EC pills are available over-the-counter with no minimum age for access. There is a tension between the rights of women to access EC without medical or legal intervention and the rights of providers who have a conscientious objection to provision on religious or moral grounds. The principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence all weigh in favor of the rights of a woman faced with the possibility of an unintended pregnancy to unrestricted access to EC against providers whose religious views are opposed to this.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | CRITIQUE | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | OBSTACLES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | LEGISLATION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Safety | Public Health | Religion
Document Number: 341749

23.

Title: Female genital mutilation - a life-threatening health and human rights issue.
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):1-3.
Abstract: The World Health Organization defines female genital mutilation (FGM) as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons. This practice is also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting. It is estimated that over 100 million girls and women have undergone some form of genital mutilation, and at least two million girls are at risk of undergoing the practice every year. It is an age-old tradition which is perpetrated in many communities around the world simply because it is customary. FGM is most prevalent in Africa, some Middle Eastern countries, and in immigrant communities in Europe, North America and Australia. The practice ranges from pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia, to excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening, which is the most extreme form of FGM. The age at which FGM is performed varies. In some areas, it is carried out during infancy, in others, during childhood, at the time of marriage, during a woman's first pregnancy or after the birth of her first child. The most common age is 7-10 years or just before puberty. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | WIDOWED | INHERITANCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | IMPACT | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Health | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Biology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Communication
Document Number: 325921

24.

Title: Safe schools: Every girl's right.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 67 p.
Abstract: Certain girls face an increased risk of violence at school because of who they are. Lesbian girls, for example, experience both sexism and homophobia combined. They are more frequently subjected to sexual harassment and threatened with sexual violence than their heterosexual peers. Girls with disabilities face both sexism and disability discrimination, making them targets for teasing, physical abuse and sexual violence. Rates of abuse are higher for girls with disabilities, and the forms of violence they face may be more severe. Other aspects of girls' identity, including whether they are migrants, orphans or refugees, as well as their HIV status, caste, ethnicity and race, also increase their risk of abuse and shape the nature of the violence they experience. Violence at the hands of fellow students is the extreme end of a range of behaviour that often begins with verbal insults and threatening gestures. If less severe abuses are not challenged by those in authority, acts of violence often follow. Violence by teachers or other adults is the extreme end of another range of conduct - abuse of power. Teachers and other adults wield immense power over the lives of children, a power that they sometimes exploit. Violence against girls takes place in and around many educational institutions all over the world. It is inflicted not only by teachers, but also by administrators, other school employees, fellow students and outsiders. The result is that countless girls are kept out of school, drop out of school, or do not fully participate in school. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | SCHOOLS | SAFETY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SEXUAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | WAR | SEX DISCRIMINATION | STANDARDS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Public Health | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Aggression | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325465

25.

Title: Intimate relations: Sex, lives and poverty. A resource for policy makers and programmers working in population and development.
Author: Asia-Pacific Alliance
Source: [Bangkok, Thailand], Asia-Pacific Alliance, 2008. [47] p.
Abstract: The New Zealand Coalition of the Asia Pacific Alliance, advancing the ICPD agenda proudly presents a new resource: Intimate Relations: Sex, Lives and Poverty. This resource has been created as a tool to highlight how sexual and reproductive health is crucial to achieve quality development (or more specifically, the MDGs). With a Pacific flavour, the resource highlights the issues and provides a set of questions to guide policy-makers and programmers in thinking about sexual and reproductive health in all that they do.
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | GOALS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | FOREIGN AID | EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Planning | Programs | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331849

26.

Title: Sakhi Saheli -- promoting gender equity and empowering young women: a training manual.
Author: CORO for Literacy; Population Council. Horizons
Source: New Delhi, India, Population Council, 2008. [130] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-000-97-00012-00)
Abstract: The Sakhi Saheli program was adapted from Instituto Promundo's Program M by CORO and Horizons/ Population Council as part of a larger research study aimed at reducing HIV risk among young men and women by addressing gender norms. In earlier phases of the study, the Yaari Dosti program with young men was piloted and evaluated leading to the work with young women in the last phase by piloting the Sakhi Saheli program. At the start of the Sakhi Saheli program, CORO and Horizons undertook qualitative research to explore young women's construction and expression of femininity and masculinity in two urban slum communities in Mumbai. A team of peer leaders from CORO was intensively trained in data collection methods to undertake social mapping, in-depth interviews and group discussions with girls and women aged 16-24 years and key informants such as parents, community elders and teachers. The peer leaders were engaged in interpreting and analysing research findings, under the guidance of the researchers. This training manual was prepared through a two-year-long participatory process undertaken in Mumbai, India. Young women were engaged as leaders in the design and implementation of program activities, which were subsequently validated through community-based research in selected urban slum communities in India. This manual aims to promote critical reflection on the social construction of gender that promotes inequality and women's vulnerabilities, and to create support for challenging these norms so as to enhance women's adoption of risk reduction practices. The manual is aimed at peer educators, community and health educators, teachers and/or other professionals working, with young women aged 16 to 24 years. Each section includes a series of educational activities based on participatory methods including role plays, games and interactive activities aimed at engaging young women in discussion, debate and critical thinking. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MOTHERS | INEQUALITIES | USAID | PERSONHOOD | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Human Rights | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Education | Crime
Document Number: 326011

27.
Title: Summary report of the Expert Group Consultation on Tracking and Monitoring Gender Equality and HIV / AIDS in Aid Effectiveness.
Author: Expert Group Consultation on Tracking and Monitoring Gender Equality and HIV in Aid Effectiveness (2008: Santo Domingo)
Source: In: Making aid more effective: Promoting better monitoring and tracking of gender equality in HIV and AIDS responses, edited by Robert Carr. New York, New York, United Nations Development Fund for Women [UNIFEM], 2008. :23-32.
Abstract: This chapter presents document highlights from an Expert Group Consultation convened by UNIFEM in collaboration with the European Commission to identify approaches to ensure that the aid effectiveness agenda promotes greater action on, and investment in, reducing HIV and AIDS among women. The consultation provided an opportunity to discuss how to make aid more effective in addressing the gender dimensions of the epidemic through the tracking of financing for gender equality in the response to HIV and identifying, reviewing and refining key programme indicators. Experts examined how and where gender equality and HIV are being woven into the aid effectiveness agenda, drawing on country examples and existing efforts. They also made recommendations for advocacy to ensure that aid is 'effective' for women. More importantly, this convening of experts provided an opportunity to examine strategies and tools to support nationally driven processes of tracking and monitoring progress to reduce HIV infections among women by improving their access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and by reducing violence they face. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | FOREIGN AID | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ADVOCACY | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Human Rights | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Communication
Document Number: 331402

28.

Title: Change lives, save lives. Reducing poverty with sexual and reproductive health.
Author: Family Planning International
Source: [Wellington, New Zealand], Family Planning International, [2008]. [15] p.
Abstract: This set of speech cards and briefing sheets are tools to use in your work to promote the sexual and reproductive health of your people. You can use these to inform yourself and others, and to stimulate discussion about the situation in your country. The key message contained in the speech cards and briefing sheets is that by investing in sexual and reproductive health you will be able to prevent and eradicate poverty in your communities and country. (Excerpt) .
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331851

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ethical aspects concerning termination of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women�s Health. FIGO committee report.
Author: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]. Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):97-98.
Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | FRANCE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ETHICS | WOMEN | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | BIRTH DEFECTS | ULTRASONICS | SCREENING | BELIEFS | CULTURE | RECOMMENDATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Human Rights | Political Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 327333 Notification

30.

Title: Keeping the promise: an agenda for action on women and AIDS.
Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. Global Coalition on Women and AIDS
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], UNAIDS, [2008]. 29 p.
Abstract: AIDS is affecting women and girls in increasing numbers, yet current AIDS responses do not, on the whole, tackle the social, cultural, and economic factors that put women at risk of HIV and that unduly burden them with the epidemic's consequences. The world's governments have repeatedly declared their commitment to improve the status of women and acknowledged the linkage with HIV. In some areas, progress has been made. By and large, though, efforts have been small-scale and haphazard. Major opportunities to stem the global AIDS epidemic have been missed. This book describes the UNAIDS-led Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, which is calling for a massive scaling up of AIDS responses for women and girls.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INHERITANCE | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Disease Transmission Control | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339988


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