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Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India)
Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331561

Title: Human resources for health: Tools and publications.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Mar. [2] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, fosters an enabling policy environment for improved health, especially HIV, family planning / reproductive health, and maternal health programs. Having adequate human resources is essential for scaling up and sustaining effective, accessible, high-quality health programs. To help ensure human resources, the project assists program planners to estimate human resource and training needs; identifies policy reforms to enable task-shifting and better workforce recruitment, training, and distribution; and mobilizes a multisectoral response by strengthening HIV-related human resources in workplaces, NGOs, and networks of people living with HIV (PLHIV). The project has also designed a Stigma Index that measures stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and behaviors among healthcare providers, highlighting an area that must be addressed by provider training initiatives. This flyer lists the project's computer models and publications on strengthening HIV-related human resource capacity.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | WORKERS | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | POLICY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information Processing | Information | Social Problems
Document Number: 331545

Title: Global action for health system strengthening: Policy recommendations to the G8 Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening.
Author: Japan Center for International Exchange. Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening
Source: Tokyo, Japan, Japan Center for International Exchange, 2009. 131 p.
Abstract: On January 16, 2009, a high-level working group on global health convened by the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) released a report to the Japanese government outlining measures that the G8 countries should take to set them on a path toward fulfilling their existing commitments to contributing to an overall improvement in the health of individuals and communities around the world. The Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contributions (the "Takemi Working Group") is chaired by Japan's former Senior Vice Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare Keizo Takemi and directed by JCIE President Tadashi Yamamoto. The Japanese government will pass the report to the Italian government, encouraging them to put these recommendations on the agenda of the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy. The report includes chapters by an international team of researchers and advisors on three specific building blocks of health systems-health financing, health information, and the health workforce-that are generally acknowledged to be critical components of any strong health system. While each paper offers specific recommendations for improvements that can be made in each individual building block, they also come to several common conclusions: 1.) While there is still a dire need for more resources-financial, human, and knowledge resources-in the global health field, there is also a critical need to use existing resources more efficiently and more effectively. Recognizing that the current global financial environment will make it even more difficult to secure the resources needed to make health systems work better for everyone, the paper writers recommend complementing the quest for more resources with creative thinking on ways to achieve better health outcomes with the resources we already have. 2.) The human security concept, which has become a pillar of Japan's foreign policy, is identified as a promising approach that can be adopted globally for strengthening health systems. Human security's emphasis on the wellbeing of individuals and communities is very much in line with the ultimate goal of health system strengthening: improving people's health and making health services available to all so that they can be healthy, productive members of society. Human security also responds to the complexity of health system strengthening with its focus on integrating community empowerment with protection strategies and its recognition of the dynamic way in which health is interconnected with many other human security challenges. 3.) In all areas of health system strengthening, donor countries tend to tell their partners in developing countries how they should behave and make decisions. This can lead to confusion, with contradicting instructions often coming from multiple donors and even from single donors, and loss of motivation for stakeholders in partner countries to take ownership of processes to improve their own health sectors. Contributing to this challenge, capacity for making informed decisions on health is often weak, further discouraging domestic decision making in planning and management of health systems. The paper writers all recommend that donor countries invest in capacity building for health sector decision making at the national and local levels and, at the same time, encourage stakeholders in partner countries to drive their own planning and implementation processes. 4.) Finally, the paper writers all recommend that the G8 follow through on its commitment to accountability by establishing an annual review of its activities and accomplishments within each of these three building blocks. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH POLICY | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INFORMATION SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information | Health Services
Document Number: 328416

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame?
Author: Aslam M
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784.
Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 341095

Peer Reviewed

Title: The intergenerational impact of the African orphans crisis: a cohort study from an HIV/AIDS affected area.
Author: Beegle K; De Weerdt J; Dercon S
Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Apr;38(2):561-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of orphanhood among children has been greatly exacerbated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. If orphanhood harms a child's development and these effects perpetuate into adult life, then the African orphan crisis could seriously jeopardize the continent's future generations. Whether or not there exists an adverse, causal and intergenerational effect of HIV/AIDS on development is of crucial importance for setting medical priorities. This study is the first to empirically investigate the impact of orphanhood on health and schooling using long-term longitudinal data following children into adulthood. METHODS: We examined a cohort of 718 children interviewed in the early 1990s and again in 2004. Detailed survey questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were administered at baseline and during a follow-up survey. Final attained height and education (at adulthood) between children who lost a parent before the age of 15 and those who did not were compared. RESULTS: On average, children who lose their mother before the age of 15 suffer a deficit of around 2 cm in final attained height (mean 1.96; 95% CI 0.06-3.77) and 1 year of final attained schooling (mean 1.01; 95% CI 0.39-1.81). This effect is permanent and the hypothesis that it is causal cannot be rejected by our study. Although father's death is a predictor of lower height and schooling as well, we reject the hypothesis of a causal link. CONCLUSIONS: The African orphan crisis, exacerbated by the HIV/AIDS epidemic will have important negative intergenerational effects.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | HIV | AIDS | HUMAN CAPITAL | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341016

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk status of HIV-1 infection in the very low epidemic country, Mongolia, 2007.
Author: Davaalkham J; Unenchimeg P; Baigalmaa Ch; Oyunbileg B; Tsuchiya K; Hachiya A; Gatanaga H; Nyamkhuu D; Oka S
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jun;20(6):391-4.
Abstract: Thirty-six HIV-1 cases had been reported by December 2007 in Mongolia. Therefore, Mongolia has been regarded as a very low HIV-1 epidemic country, although the surveillance system is not fully developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk status of HIV-1 infection in Mongolia. A total of 1415 blood samples from high-risk populations including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, mobile men, tuberculosis patients and male sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic clients and 1050 samples from healthy controls were collected. The seroprevalences of anti-HIV-1/2, anti-Treponema pallidum, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antibody in the high-risk populations were 0%, 23.1%, 15.5%, 8.0% and 48.2%, and those in the controls were 0%, 3.1%, 14.7%, 4.4% and 44.4%, respectively. HIV-1 prevalence is currently low. However, according to the high prevalence of STIs in the high-risk populations, the risk status for HIV-1 infection is estimated to be high.
Language: English
Keywords:
MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MIGRANT WORKERS | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEPATITIS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Viral Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 342444

Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective.
Author: Foner N
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29.
Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts?
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341298

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessing HIV Risk in Workplaces for Prioritizing HIV Preventive Interventions in Karnataka State, India.
Author: Halli SS; Buzdugan R; Ramesh BM; Gurnani V; Sharma V; Moses S; Blanchard JF
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To develop a modelfor prioritizing economic sectors for HIV preventive intervention programs in the workplace. METHODS:: This study was undertaken in Karnataka state, India. A 3-stage survey process was undertaken. In the first stage, we reviewed secondary data available from various government departments, identified industries in the private sector with large workforces, and mapped their geographical distribution. In the second stage, an initial rapid risk assessment of industrial sectors was undertaken, using key-informant interviews conducted in relation to a number of enterprises, and in consultation with stakeholders. In the third stage, we used both quantitative (polling booth survey) and qualitative methods (key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions) to study high-risk sectors in-depth, and assessed the need and feasibility of HIV workplace intervention programs. RESULTS:: The highest risk sectors were found to be mining, garment/textile, sugar, construction/infrastructure, and fishing industries. Workers in all sectors had at best partial knowledge about HIV/AIDS, coupled with common misconceptions about HIV transmission. There were intersector and intrasector variations in risk and vulnerability across different geographical locations and across different categories of workers. This has implications for the design and implementation of workplace intervention programs. CONCLUSIONS:: There is tremendous scope for HIV preventive interventions in workplaces in India. Given the variation in HIV risk across economic sectors and limited available resources, there will be increased pressure to prioritize intervention efforts towards high-risk sectors. This study offers a model for rapidly assessing the risk level of economic sectors for HIV intervention programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WORKERS | WORKPLACE | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342228

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Herpes simplex virus-2 infection in male rural migrants in Shanghai, China.
Author: He N; Cao H; Yin Y; Gao M; Zhang T; Detels R
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):112-4.
Abstract: The overall herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seroprevalence was 5.5% among male rural migrants working in construction sites, markets and factories, 5.4% among those reporting having had sexual intercourse and 5.8% among those reporting no sexual intercourse. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that migrants having higher income were more likely to have HSV-2 infection. None of the HSV-2-positives realized their infection status. Future sexually transmitted disease (STD) intervention programmes should target migrants with higher income and migrant market vendors and should not exclude those who self-report no STDs or no history of sexual intercourse.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MIGRANT WORKERS | MEN | HERPES GENITALIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 331171

13.

Title: Condom use among married women at risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Qin QR; Li LH; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 13;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with condom use among married women in rural China, and provide evidence for implementing education strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV. METHODS: A total of 737 sexually active married rural women who were aged between 18 and 49 years and had heard of AIDS were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed in 8 villages of Anhui province, China. RESULTS: The rate of condom use was only 5.4%.There were no significant differences in sexual behavior and condom use between married women whose husbands were away as migrant workers and the wives of nonmigrant men, except in knowledge of free condom sources. Significant factors associated with condom use included age, level of education, knowledge about condoms, training about condoms, sources of condoms, and husbands' attitude toward condoms. CONCLUSIONS: More educational interventions are needed to increase condom knowledge and promotion, especially among less educated women and married women left behind by migrant husbands.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | MIGRANT WORKERS | SPOUSE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341460

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks and migratory status among female sex workers in a rural Chinese county.
Author: Hong Y; Li X; Yang H; Fang X; Zhao R
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):212-20.
Abstract: Currently, there are millions of female sex workers (FSWs) in China and these women play a critical role in the escalating HIV epidemic in the country. Existing studies revealed high mobility of this population, but data on the relationship of FSWs' migratory status and their HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks are limited. A cross-sectional survey was administered among 454 FSWs in a rural county of Guangxi, China. Sexual risks and current infections of sexually transmitted disease (STD) were compared among local FSWs (i.e. those who were the county residents or from other parts of Guangxi) and those FSWs who migrated from outside Guangxi. Data reveal that local FSWs were younger, less educated and newer to the sex industry, and had more sexual risks and higher rates of STDs compared to migrant FSWs. This relationship remains significant after controlling for potential confounders. A higher level of sexual risks and STDs among local FSWs than migrant FSWs in the rural Chinese county suggests the need to examine the relationship between migratory status and HIV/AIDS-related risks within specific social and cultural contexts. The data also underscore an urgent need for culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS-prevention intervention efforts among FSWs in rural or less developed areas in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MIGRANT WORKERS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330805

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV-related risk behaviours and the correlates among rickshaw pullers of Kamrangirchar, Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study using probability sampling.
Author: Hoque HE; Ono-Kihara M; Zamani S; Ravari SM; Kihara M
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:80.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: National HIV serological and behavioural surveillance of Bangladesh repeatedly demonstrated a very high proportion of rickshaw pullers in Dhaka city, having sex with female sex workers (FSWs) and using illicit substances. However, no study has been conducted to identify the correlates of having sex with FSWs among this population. This study aimed to describe behavioural profile of rickshaw pullers in Dhaka city using probability samples and to identify the correlates for having sex with FSWs in order to focus HIV prevention intervention. METHODS: Six hundred rickshaw pullers were randomly selected from rickshaw garages in the Kamrangirchar area, the single largest slum cluster of Dhaka, Bangladesh, during March-April 2008 using the Proportion Probability to Size method. Participants were interviewed, with a response rate of 99.2% (n = 595), using a structured questionnaire and asked about illicit substance use, sexual behaviour and risk perception for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Independent predictors of having sex with FSWs were analysed by multivariate analysis. A qualitative study was subsequently conducted with 30 rickshaw pullers to supplement the findings of the initial survey. RESULTS: The proportion of survey respondents who had sex with FSWs and those who used illicit substances in the previous 12 months period were 7.9% and 24.9%, respectively, much lower than the results achieved in the 2003-04 behavioural surveillance (72.8% and 89.9%, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed the characteristics of younger age, being never married, living alone with family remaining in other districts and using illicit substances in the previous 12 months were significantly associated with having sex with FSWs. CONCLUSION: HIV-related risk behaviour of our study population of the rickshaw pullers was lower than what has been suggested by the results of behavioural surveillance. While this discrepancy should be addressed in further studies, our study emphasizes the importance of focused HIV prevention programs for rickshaw pullers as high-risk behaviour is displayed at an unacceptable level and concentrated in identifiable sub-populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | LABOR FORCE | SLUMS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAMPLING ERRORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 341351

16.

Title: Home truths: facing the facts on children, AIDS, and poverty. Final report of the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS.
Author: Irwin A; Adams A; Winter A
Source: Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS, 2009. [84] p.
Abstract: This report summarizes two years of research and analysis of AIDS- related policies, programs, and funding sources and their effectiveness in addressing the needs of children. It calls for greater emphasis on strengthening families and communities to enable them to give children the care and support they are uniquely suited to provide. The report also recommends new approaches to address the simultaneous impacts of HIV, poverty, food insecurity, and social inequality that many countries confront today.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TREATMENT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330184

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Geophagy (Soil-eating) in relation to Anemia and Helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania.
Author: Kawai K; Saathoff E; Antelman G; Msamanga G; Fawzi WW
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jan;80(1):36-43.
Abstract: Geophagy, the regular and deliberate consumption of soil, is prevalent among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the associations of geophagy with anemia and helminth infection among 971 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. About 29% of pregnant women regularly consumed soil. Occupation, marital status, and gestational age were associated with geophagy. Ascaris lumbricoides infection was associated with the prevalence of geophagy (adjusted-prevalence ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-2.40); however, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis showed no association. Anemia and red blood cell characteristics suggestive of iron deficiency were strongly correlated with geophagy at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, we found evidence suggesting that soil consumption may be associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted-relative risk 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.36) and a lower hemoglobin concentration (adjusted-mean difference -3.8 g/L; 95% CI [-7.3, -0.4]). Pregnant women should be informed about the potential risks associated with soil consumption.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PARASITIC DISEASES | ANEMIA | COMPLICATIONS | OCCUPATIONS | MARITAL STATUS | GESTATIONAL AGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Human Resources | Nuptiality | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 330314

18.
Title: Care seeking for STI symptoms in Pakistan.
Author: Khan AA; Naghma-e-Rehan; Qayyum K; Khan A
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Sep;59(9):628-30.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among sex workers and drug users in Pakistan. METHODS: Interviews were conducted on 3640 sex workers, injection drug users and truckers about STI symptoms within the past year and currently and the care they sought for them. RESULTS: Nearly half (46%) reported STI symptoms in the past 12 months and 55% went for treatment. Most of the care sought was from the private sector and more by IDUs and female sex workers. Increasing age or having a genital ulcer predicted care seeking. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the need to understand the factors determining care seeking among members of high risk groups; and emphasizing the role of the private health care providers in treatment and control of STIs.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | IV DRUG USERS | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342954

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Outputs and cost of HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Author: Kumar SG; Dandona R; Schneider JA; Ramesh YK; Dandona L
Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:82.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers form part of the HIV control efforts, but systematic data on the outputs and cost of providing such services in India are not readily available for further planning and use of resources. METHODS: Detailed cost and output data were collected from written records and interviews for 2005-2006 fiscal year using standardized methods at six sampled HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The total economic cost for these programmes was computed and the relation of unit cost of services per truck driver with programme scale was assessed using regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 120,436 truck drivers were provided services by the six programmes of which 55.9% were long distance truck drivers. The annual economic cost of providing services to a truck driver varied between programmes from US$ 1.52 to 4.56 (mean US$ 2.49). There was an inverse relation between unit economic cost of serving a truck driver and scale of the programme (R2 = 0.63; p = 0.061). The variation between programmes in the average number of contacts made by the programme staff with truck drivers was 1.3 times versus 5.8 times for contacts by peer educators. Only 1.7% of the truck drivers were referred by the programmes for counseling and HIV testing. CONCLUSION: These data provide information for further planning of HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers and estimating the resources needed for such programmes. The findings suggest the need to strengthen the role of peer educators and increase referral of truck drivers for HIV testing.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TRUCK DRIVERS | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PEER EDUCATORS | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342438

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk behaviour for women working in recreational venues in Mwanza, Tanzania: considerations for the acceptability and use of vaginal microbicide gels.
Author: Lees S; Desmond N; Allen C; Bugeke G; Vallely A; Ross D
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1.
Abstract: Qualitative research was conducted to explore the social context of sexual-risk behaviour among women working in recreational occupations, during a feasibility study in preparation for the Phase III clinical trial of vaginal microbicides in Mwanza, Tanzania. Participant observation was conducted in 68 recreational venues. Six focus group discussions were conducted with women working in recreational occupations and two with male customers at these venues. Findings revealed that these women are at risk of HIV due their dependence on sexual transactions to improve their economic circumstances, which take place in environments and relationships where condom use is difficult. However, the findings revealed that, in spite of constraints, women did take actions to prevent HIV by negotiating for condom use or avoiding perceived risky practices or partnerships, in particular moving to more casual partnerships where condom negotiation is more acceptable. This indicates that, given their perception of their own risk, women working in recreational occupations will welcome an effective microbicide. However, sustained use will depend on how formulations overcome the difficulties women currently experience with condom negotiation and the specific environments and relationships in which they engage in sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 341493

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection among cross-border truck drivers in Hong Kong.
Author: Leung PH; Boost MV; Lau JT; Wong AT; Pang M; Ng TK; Tong ET
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Feb;85(1):27-29.
Abstract: Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for chlamydial infection in cross-border truck drivers. Methods: 225 Hong Kong-based cross-border truck drivers were screened for chlamydial infection. Associations between infection and potential risk factors were determined by questionnaire. Results: 8.5% of drivers were positive for chlamydial infection. Of 62% of drivers reporting recent sex with commercial sex workers (CSW), 39% had not used condoms. 75% of drivers with extramarital sex partners (ESP) also frequented CSW and 47% of this group had not used condoms with CSW. 43.3% PCR-positive cases reported symptoms. No risk factor was associated with chlamydial infection after adjustment, although "had sex with ESP" approached significance. Conclusions: The prevalence of chlamydial infection among cross-border truck drivers was not strikingly high, although drivers engaged in sex with both ESP and CSW, with many admitting unprotected intercourse. The findings highlight the importance of promoting safe sex to truck drivers.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEX WORKERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | BORDER CROSSING | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SCREENING | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexual Partners | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340111

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Characteristics and determinants of sexual behavior among adolescents of migrant workers in Shangai (China).
Author: Li S; Huang H; Cai Y; Xu G; Huang F; Shen X
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:195.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: China is facing a critical challenge of rapid and widespread human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) increase. Rural-to-urban migration plays a crucial role in shifting the HIV/sexual transmitted infection (STI) epidemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexual behaviors and the correlates among the early adolescents of migrant workers in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 junior high schools from April to June of 2008. A total of 2821 adolescents aged 14.06 +/- 0.93 years (8.9% of migrant workers vs. 91.1% of general residents) participated in the survey. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and behaviors associated with increased risk for HIV/STI. RESULTS: The percentage of adolescents who ever had sexual intercourse or had sexual intercourse in last three months was 7.2% and 4.3% in adolescents of migrant workers, respectively; in contrast, 4.5% and 1.8% in their peers of general residents, respectively. 47.3% adolescents of migrant workers and 34.3% of those adolescents of general residents reported no condom use in sexual intercourse during last three months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that migration was a independent risk factor for sexual intercourse in last three months in our sampled adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.72). In adolescents of migrant workers, factors such as lower family income (OR: 2.22, CI: 1.09-3.05 for low level; OR:1.25, CI: 1.04-1.59 for medium level), younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.09-1.57), lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.90-0.97), and fewer communication on HIV/AIDS related issues (OR: 0.79, CI: 0.90-0.97) were related to sexual intercourse in last three months. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we advocated that heightened concerns targeting the adolescents of migrant workers be particularly necessary, given their higher level of sexual experience, lower socioeconomic status, restricted reproductive health information, and vulnerability to HIV/STI.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | NEEDS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 342979

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand.
Author: Michinobu R
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8.
Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341173

24.

Title: Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health among women in an ancient mining area in Brazil.
Author: Miranda AE; Mercon-de-Vargas PR; Corbett CE; Corbett JF; Reynaldo D
Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud P�blica / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Feb;25(2):157-161.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the reproductive profile and frequency of genital in fections among women living in the Serra Pelada, a former mining village in the Par� state, Brazil. A descriptive study of women living in the mining area of Serra Pelada was performed in 2004 through interviews that gathered demographics and clinical data, and assessed risk be haviors of 209 randomly-selected women. Blood samples were collected for rapid assay for HIV; specimens were taken for Pap smears and Gram stains. Standard descriptive statistical analy ses were performed and prevalence was calculated to reflect the relative frequency of each dis ease. Of the 209 participants, the median age was 38 years, with almost 70% having less than four years of education and 77% having no income or under 1.9 times the minimum wage of Brazil. About 30% did not have access to health care services during the preceding year. Risk behaviors included: alcohol abuse, 24.4%; illicit drug abuse, 4.3%; being a sex worker, 15.8%; and domestic violence, 17.7%. Abnormal Pap smear was found in 8.6%. Prevalence rates of in fection were: HIV, 1.9%; trichomoniasis, 2.9%; bacterial vaginosis, 18.7%; candidiasis, 5.7%; Chlamydial-related cytological changes, 3.3%; and HPV-related cytological changes, 3.8%. Women living in this mining area in Brazil are economically and socially vulnerable to health problems. It is important to point out the importance of concomitant broader strategies that include reducing poverty and empowering women to make improvements regarding their health.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MINE WORKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PAP SMEAR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINOSIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Behavior | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Reproductive Tract Infections | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341876

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated factors among specific population subgroups in Cameroon.
Author: Mosoko JJ; Macauley IB; Zoungkanyi AC; Bella A; Koulla-Shiro S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):277-287.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with HIV infection among specific population subgroups and complement the HIV surveillance system in Cameroon. Five subgroups (truck drivers, femalesex- workers, university students, health service providers, and residents along Chad-Cameroon petroleum pipeline) were targeted in 2004. Potential participants were approached at their geographically diverse areas and consented to participate in the study. Anonymous blood samples were collected. 4,011 participants were surveyed (35% students, 25% sex-workers, 20% pipeline residents, 12.5% health service providers, 7.5% truck drivers). HIV prevalence was highest among sex-workers [26.4%, (95% CI, 23.6-29.2)], pipeline residents [19.9% (95% CI, 17.1-22.7)] and truck drivers [16.3% (95% CI, 12.3-20.9))] and lowest among health service providers [5.2% (95% CI, 3.4-7.5)] and university students [3.8% (95% CI, 2.9-5.0)]. Risky sexual behaviours were practiced in all subpopulations. Multivariable analysis shows in female-sex-workers that; older age, residing in the grassland region (Northwest and West Provinces) and inconstant condom use were significantly associated with HIV infection. Despite a moderate HIV prevalence in the general Cameroonian population, some subgroups are at much higher risk for HIV transmission and practicing risky sexual behaviours. There is need for expanded prevention and care programs with emphasis on truck drivers, sex-workers and pipeline residents.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TRUCK DRIVERS | STUDENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Education | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 340125

26.

Title: Alleviating the burden of responsibility: report on a study of men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho.
Author: Newman C; Makoae N; Reavely E; Fogarty L
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Jan. 101 p.
Abstract: This study demonstrates a range of perspectives about gender and HIV/AIDS care from those participating in and potentially affected by health care initiatives, and makes recommendations for increasing the number of male community-based providers of HIV/AIDS care. The objectives of the study were as follows: 1. Determine the need to bring men into community-based HIV/AIDS care and Support; 2. Determine the feasibility of engaging men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support, especially the gender-related and cultural factors that need to be addressed to increase male involvement in community-based care, based on an analysis of gender relations in Lesotho; 3. Identify factors that facilitate or hinder substantive and sustained male involvement in community-based HIV/AIDS care and support; and 4. Make recommendations for feasible gender-redistributive recruitment, training, support or retention strategies to increase the number of male communitybased providers of HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho.
Language: English
Keywords:
LESOTHO | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Culture
Document Number: 325235

27.
Title: Mothers' community participation and child health.
Author: Nobles J; Frankenberg E
Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Mar;50(1):16-30.
Abstract: We use rich data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey to assess the relationship between mothers' access to social capital via participation in community activities and their children's health. We exploit the advantages of longitudinal data and community fixed effects to mitigate some of the concerns about spuriousness and reverse causality that predominate in this literature. We find that children from families with relatively low levels of human and financial capital fare better with respect to health status when their mothers are more active participants in community organizations. In fact, the association between maternal participation and child health is strong and positive only for children from relatively disadvantaged backgrounds, as measured by their mothers' educational and household economic resources. The results suggest that in poorer settings community involvement may benefit disadvantaged families, possibly by providing resources and information that would otherwise be inaccessible.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | MOTHERS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | CHILD HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341532

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Penile oil injection, penile implantation and condom use among Myanmar migrant fishermen in Ranong, Thailand.
Author: Ohnmar -; Geater AF; Winn T; Chongsuvivatwong V
Source: Sexual Health. 2009 Aug;6(3):217-221.
Abstract: Background: The present study describes sexual risk behaviours including penile oil injection and implantation among migrant Myanmar fishermen in Thailand, and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 639 Myanmar fishermen in Ranong, Thailand was conducted in 1999 following in-depth interviews. Results: Prevalence of penile oil injection, penile implantation, and both practices were 48 (7.5%), 79 (12.4%) and nine (1.4%) respectively. Over one-third (38.6%) of those who had injected oil had various kinds of problems during sex. One-year period prevalence of sex with commercial sex workers (CSW) was higher in those with unusual practices than others (61.9% v. 22.8%, P < 0.0001). The condom use rate with CSW at all times was non-significantly lower among those with unusual practices (32.9%) than others (44.5%). From multivariate analysis, oil injections are associated with young age, low education, ethnicity, and longer stay in Thailand, whereas the duration of stay in Thailand is the only factor associated with the practice of penile implantation. Both oil injection (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.60), and penile implantation (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.99) have independent predictive risk of having sex with CSW in addition to other factors (younger age, single, and Walat boat type). Conclusion: These exorbitant practices were common, associated with not using condoms and probably resulted from the working environment in Thailand. Further study is needed to reduce this risk behaviour.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | FISHING | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITALIA, MALE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Data Collection
Document Number: 342418

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Temporary migration and changing family dynamics: implications for social development.
Author: Rahman M
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2009;15(2):161-174.
Abstract: Drawing upon longitudinal data, this research documents the relationship between migration and development by highlighting the conditions which promote changes in social and familial relations, social positioning, and intergenerational relationships within the families who experience temporary outmigration and the return of at least one male member. The fieldwork data (based on two surveys) derive from research conducted on Bangladeshi temporary migrants in Singapore and in an 'origin' village in Bangladesh in 2001 and 2006. The study reports that male labour migration has contributed to social changes in their own families and villages over time that are most likely to stimulate, in turn, macro-changes in Bangladeshi society in the long run.
Language: English
Keywords:
SINGAPORE | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY LIFE | SOCIAL MOBILITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Studies | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics
Document Number: 328737

30.

Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of all cancers combined and site-specific cancers in Shanghai.
Author: Rosenblatt KA; Gao DL; Ray RM; Nelson ZC; Wernli KJ; Li W; Thomas DB
Source: Cancer Causes and Control. 2009 Feb;20(1):27-34.
Abstract: From 1998 to 1991, an in-person baseline interview was administered to approximately 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China. The cohort was followed until July 2000 for incident cancer cases. Incidence rate ratios (RR) for 12 types of cancers in users of oral contraceptives (OCs) were calculated using Cox Proportional Hazards analysis. There was a reduced risk of uterine corpus cancer for women who had ever used OCs (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.45-1.04) and a trend of decreasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.015). There was an increased risk of colon cancer in women who had used OCs for 10 years or more (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.40) and an increased risk of rectal cancer in women who had ever used OCs (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.98-1.75), with a trend of increasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.017), but these associations may have been due to uncontrolled confounding by physical activity or other non-causal factors. No associations were observed between OCs and the risk of all cancers combined or for any of the nine other cancers. It is unlikely that the use of OCs has contributed to the temporal trends in cancer incidence in China in recent decades.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PREVALENCE | CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | UTERINE CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Safety | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 330727


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