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Title: Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study.
Author: Bouma EM; Riese H; Ormel J; Verhulst FC; Oldehinkel AJ
Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul;34(6):884-93.
Abstract: Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244)=5.30, p=.02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494)=9.73, p<.001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279)=15.12, p<.001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279)=19.03, p<.001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157)=0.58, p=.55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of low numbers of OC that were only progestin based.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STRESS | HORMONES | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 342582

Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of contraceptive methods by women with current venous thrombosis on anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review.
Author: Culwell KR; Curtis KM
Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):337-45.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: As nearly all women with venous thromboembolism (VTE) will be treated with anticoagulant therapy, it is important to consider how anticoagulation affects the safety of contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding use of contraceptive methods in women with current VTE on anticoagulant therapy. Due to the limited direct evidence that was identified, we expanded our search to include women on anticoagulant therapy for indications other than VTE and women with bleeding disorders. RESULTS: Six articles met our inclusion criteria. Three observational studies found the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (LNG-IUD) was an effective treatment for menorrhagia for women on anticoagulation therapy or with bleeding disorders. Prevention of recurrent hemorrhagic ovarian cysts was seen in women on chronic anticoagulation treated with depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in one small observational study. Among women with bleeding disorders, no complications were seen in 16 women with placement of the LNG-IUD. One pharmacokinetic study found no statistically significant interaction between combined oral contraceptives and warfarin. Other than one case report, no evidence was found regarding the risk of recurrent thrombosis in women on anticoagulation therapy using a contraceptive method. CONCLUSION: The majority of studies in this review examined treatment effects of the LNG-IUD or DMPA on complications of anticoagulation and found overall beneficial effects of their use in these circumstances. Minimal evidence in women with inherited bleeding disorders suggests that insertion of the LNG-IUD does not pose major bleeding risks in these women with appropriate management.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | THROMBOSIS | COMPLICATIONS | DRUGS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | INSERTION | DEPO-PROVERA | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health
Document Number: 342773

Title: Thrombophilic conditions in the adolescent: the gynecologic impact.
Author: Dietrich JE; Yee DL
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;36(1):163-75.
Abstract: As Virchow's triad suggests, a fine balance exists between the vascular wall, intravascular contents, and dynamic blood flow, such that a shift in this balance predisposes to thrombosis. Although thromboembolic events (TEs) are relatively infrequent in adolescents, the morbidity and mortality associated with TEs can be significant. Over the past 15 years, TEs and inherited and acquired thrombophilic conditions underlying them have become increasingly recognized in teens at risk, with combined hormonal contraception constituting one of the most significant of these risk factors. Therefore, managing gynecologic problems in teens who have thrombophilic conditions can be challenging. It is important to have a clear understanding about safe options available to help address adolescent gynecologic concerns in this setting and to manage situations collaboratively with a hematologist.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GYNECOLOGY | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | SCREENING | PROGESTERONE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System
Document Number: 342856

Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of combined oral contraceptives post abortion.
Author: Gaffield ME; Kapp N; Ravi A
Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):355-62.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Providing combined oral contraceptives (COCs) following surgical or medical induced abortion offers women an opportune moment to initiate a reliable contraceptive method. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review, searching MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library for articles in any language concerning COC use following spontaneous, induced (medical or surgical) or septic abortion, from 1966 through June 2008. Seven articles were identified and evaluated using the United States Preventive Services Task Force system. RESULTS: Immediate COC initiation after first-trimester medical or surgical induced abortion did not increase side effects or prolong vaginal bleeding compared with use of a placebo, copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD), nonhormonal contraceptive method or COC initiation at a later time. Initiating COCs after first-trimester surgical abortion produced small increases in coagulation parameters compared with IUD use; although they are statistically significant, their clinical relevance is unlikely. No study examined second-trimester induced or spontaneous abortion, or septic abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that COCs can be safely initiated immediately following surgical and medical abortion in the first-trimester of pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ABORTION | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | POSTABORTION CARE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Safety | Public Health | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342771 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral contraceptives alone and with spironolactone increase sCD40 ligand in PCOS patients.
Author: Kebapcilar L; Bilgir O; Taner CE; Kebapcilar AG; Kozaci DL; Alacacioglu A; Yildiz Y; Yuksel A; Sari I
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Aug 5;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to determine the effect of oral contraceptives (OCP) and OCP plus spironolactone (Sp) on plasma soluble CD40L levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. METHODS: Fifty-six women with PCOS were randomized into two treatment protocols: ethinylestradiol + cyproterone acetate (2 mg, EE/CA; n = 28), and EE/CA with spironolactone (Sp; n = 28). Plasma sCD40L levels were measured before and after a 3-month treatment. RESULTS: Before the initiation of treatment, the sCD40L levels were not significantly different between the groups [EE/CA (1.33 ng/mL) vs. EE/CA + Sp (1.23 ng/mL); P > 0.05]. In the post-treatment period, sCD40L concentrations were increased compared with pre-treatment values in the EE/CA and EE/CA + Sp groups (1.33 vs. 2.70 ng/mL, P = 0.011; and 1.23 vs. 2.41 ng/mL, P = 0.017; respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased plasma concentrations of sCD40L are associated with OCP and OCP + Sp treatment regimens in PCOS patients.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLIENTS | OVARIAN CYSTS | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | DRUGS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Lipids
Document Number: 342417

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on menorrhagia in women taking anticoagulant medication after cardiac valve replacement.
Author: Kilic S; Yuksel B; Doganay M; Bardakci H; Akinsu F; Uzunlar O; Mollamahutoglu L
Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):152-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (LNG-IUDs) on menorrhagia in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy after cardiac valve replacement. STUDY DESIGN: Forty women with menorrhagia who underwent cardiac valve replacement and were taking anticoagulant medication were enrolled in the study. The women were randomly divided into two groups: LNG-IUDs were inserted into 20 women in Group 1 over the first 3 days of menstrual bleeding, while the women in Group 2 were followed without any intervention. The activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, hematocrit level, hemoglobin level, ferritin level and pictorial bleeding assessments for the quantity of menstrual bleeding were recorded. RESULTS: Three months after insertion of LNG-IUDs, the women in Group 1 had a significant decrease in blood loss and higher hemoglobin, hematocrit and ferritin values. No difference was detected for these parameters in the control group at the third and sixth months of the study. Coagulation parameters did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: LNG-IUDs can be considered as an effective non-surgical treatment for menorrhagia in women receiving anticoagulant therapy after cardiac valve replacement.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CLIENTS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | MENORRHAGIA | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | POSTOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | DRUGS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 342392

Title: Acute Renal Vein Thrombosis, Oral Contraceptives, and Protein S Deficiency: A Successful Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis.
Author: Kim HK; Choi HH; Lee JM; Huh S
Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2009 Jul 22;
Abstract: Acute renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is a rare but noteworthy form of venous thromboembolism. Traditional management has been systemic anticoagulation with heparin, followed by warfarin. We report a case of acute RVT with multiple pulmonary emboli that occurred in a 40-year-old woman who was taking oral contraceptives and was subsequently found to have protein S deficiency. The patient was treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis, and complete resolution of the RVT was achieved. This case suggests that oral contraceptive use in a patient with protein S deficiency may interact in a synergistic manner in the pathogenesis of thrombosis. Also, we believe that catheter-directed thrombolysis is warranted in selective cases in the absence of overriding contraindications.
Language: English
Keywords:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | RENAL EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 342328

Title: Symptomatic ileofemoral DVT after onset of oral contraceptive use in women with previously undiagnosed May-Thurner Syndrome.
Author: Murphy EH; Davis CM; Journeycake JM; Demuth RP; Arko FR
Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009 Mar;49:697-703.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: May-Thurner syndrome is characterized by left common iliac obstruction secondary to compression of the left iliac vein by the right common iliac artery against the fifth-lumbar vertebra. This anatomic variant results in an increased incidence of left-sided deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Furthermore, while a preponderance of left-sided DVT has been demonstrated in women during pregnancy and oral contraceptive use, patients are not typically screened for this condition after developing a left-sided DVT. As anticoagulation alone is ineffective for DVT treatment in the setting of May-Thurner anatomy, more aggressive treatment is warranted. Failure to diagnosis this condition predisposes these women to the unnecessary risks of recurrent DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome. METHODS: We present the occurrence of 7 adolescent patients with previously undiagnosed May-Thurner syndrome who presented with DVT after the initiation of oral contraceptive steroids (OCP) use. All 7 patients elected to proceed with mechanical thrombolysis/catheter based thrombolysis followed by endovascular stenting and were postoperatively treated with 6 months of warfarin. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 18.3 +/- 3.3 years (range, 16-24 years). Mean time to presentation after initiation of OCP was 5 weeks (range, 2-10 weeks). Mean time to intervention was 16.8 days (range, 10-24 days). All patients were treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Our rate of intraoperative clot resolution was 100%. All 7 patients were treated with self expanding nitinol stents after angioplasty of the iliac vein stenosis with resolution of the stenotic segment. Primary stent patency is 100% (7/7). Mean follow-up time is 13 +/- 13.84 months (range, 6-42 months). There have been no long-term complications related to surgical treatment or anticoagulation. All 7 patients have experienced resolution of left leg swelling and pain and have no evidence of post-thrombotic syndrome or DVT recurrence to date. CONCLUSIONS: Women on OCPs presenting with left-sidediliofemoral DVT should be screened for hypercoagulable disorders and underlying May-Thurner anatomy. Treatment of May-Thurner syndrome should include thrombolysis/thrombectomy and anticoagulation for current DVT in addition to angioplasty and stenting of the underlying obstruction.
Language: English
Keywords:
TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VASCULAR DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | TIME FACTORS | TREATMENT | SURGERY | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | EDEMA | PAIN | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Population Dynamics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms
Document Number: 329670

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of etonogestrel contraceptive implant (Implanon) on portal blood flow and liver functions.
Author: Nasr A; Nafeh HM
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):236-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate changes in portal blood flow and liver functions among women using Implanon for 2 years. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty healthy Implanon users were enrolled in this longitudinal study and followed up for 24 months. Portal blood flow, assessed by color Doppler; prothrombin time and concentration; serum albumin; bilirubin; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured before and 24 months after insertion. RESULTS: After 24 months of Implanon insertion, there were no significant changes in portal blood flow, serum albumin, prothrombin time or concentration. However, there was a significant increase in serum levels of total and unconjugated bilirubin and GGT and a significant decrease in ALT and AST levels. All levels, however, remained within the normal range of values. CONCLUSIONS: Implanon use for 2 years does not seem to influence portal hemodynamics. Changes in serum levels of bilirubin, GGT, ALT and AST are unlikely to be of clinical significance.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VASCULAR DISEASES | HEPATIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | TIME FACTORS | BILIRUBINEMIA | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Thromboembolism | Embolism
Document Number: 330053

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Daily variation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol in women with normal menstrual cycles, undergoing oral contraception and in postmenopause.
Author: Pluchino N; Cubeddu A; Begliuomini S; Merlini S; Giannini A; Bucci F; Casarosa E; Luisi M; Cela V; Genazzani AR
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Jun 2;
Abstract: BACKGROUND Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are associated with the hormonal status of women. Moreover, the suprachiasmatic nucleus appears to be implicated in the modulation of BDNF central levels. We aimed to investigate whether BDNF circadian rhythms exist in women and if there is a relationship with cortisol circadian rhythmicity. Moreover, we aimed to establish whether the hormonal status influences BDNF diurnal variations. METHODS A total of 30 women were studied: 10 fertile ovulatory women, 10 women undergoing oral contraceptive (OC) therapy and 10 post-menopausal women. Basal BDNF and estradiol levels were assayed in blood samples collected after overnight fasting at regular intervals (08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00). BDNF and cortisol levels were measured in samples collected during the follicular and luteal phases in ovulatory women and once a month in OC and post-menopausal women. RESULTS Luteal BDNF levels were significantly higher than follicular levels in fertile women (P < 0.001). In OC women, BDNF levels were similar to the follicular BDNF levels, whereas in post-menopausal women, they were significantly lower (P < 0.001). BDNF showed a diurnal rhythm in the follicular phase and in women undergoing OC, although the diurnal rhythm was blunted in the luteal phase. In post-menopausal women, BDNF and cortisol levels significantly decreased during the day. CONCLUSIONS BDNF has a diurnal variation in women that is somewhat analogous to cortisol variation; however, the amplitude of the variation in BDNF levels appears to be influenced by ovarian function. Interactions between BDNF, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and sex steroids might play a critical role in the human homeostasis and adaptation.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUATION | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341570

12.

13.

Title: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance among volunteer blood donors in Yunnan, China.
Author: Tu YQ; Wang MJ; Yao J; Zhu XM; Pan PL; Xing WG; Zhang GH; Yang RG; Zheng YT; Jiang Y
Source: Transfusion. 2009 Sep;49(9):1865-73.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Drug resistance profiles of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in treatment-naive infections have been reported in developed countries. However, little is known in developing countries, including China, especially in treatment-naive volunteer blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty-two HIV-1-positive samples of blood donors were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Yunnan, China. Recent and long-term infections were distinguished by the HIV-1 subtypes B, E, and D immunoglobulin G-capture enzyme immunoassay assay. The nucleotide sequences of pol genes were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree and drug resistance analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 49 samples successfully analyzed, circulating strains were circulating recombinant form (CRF)08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%), and B (4.1%). No protease inhibitors (PI) major drug resistance mutation (DRM) was detected. Six samples (12.2%) displayed seven minor PI DRMs. Nine samples (18.4%) displayed 10 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor DRMs, and DRMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were present in one sample (2.0%). There was only one sample of the 49 (2.0%) in which the DRMs were of sufficient magnitude to result in a clinical change to drug susceptibility, but even in this sample, the clinical effect of these DRMs was predicted to be low. Significant differences were not observed between the long-term and recent infected population. Differences in DRMs were not observed between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma within an individual. CONCLUSIONS: CRF_BC was the dominant subtype circulating in HIV-1-infected donors in Yunnan. Prevalence of genotypic drug resistances among donors in Yunnan was low in this study. Surveillance on HIV-1 infections among blood donors should be continued in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | BLOOD DONORS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 342906

14.
Title: Iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant, lactating women and infants (0-1 yr) residing in areas with an effective Universal Salt Iodization program.
Author: Wang Y; Zhang Z; Ge P; Wang Y; Wang S
Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;18(1):34-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine nutrition and thyroid function of pregnant women, lactating women and infants residing in areas where the Universal Salt Iodization program is in place. METHODS: Pregnant women, lactating women and infants were selected randomly in the regions where iodized salt coverage rate is more than 90% since 2000. Urine iodine levels of pregnant woman, lactating woman and infants, milk iodine of lactating woman, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 of women were tested respectively. RESULTS: Median Urinary Iodine (MUI) of infants, three groups of pregnant women (first, second and third trimester) and two groups lactating women (breastfeeding less than or more than six months) were 233, 174, 180, 147, 126 and 145 microg/L, respectively. Median milk iodine of lactating women was 163 microg/L. Percentage of milk iodine < 150 microg/L of early lactating women was 40% less than that of late lactating women (p < 0.01).There was a positive correlation between urine iodine of infants and milk iodine of lactating women (r = 0.526, p = 0.000). T4 of two women were above or below the reference range. Total 15.4% women's TSH were abnormal. Most of these women's urinary iodine were lower than 150 microg/L. CONCLUSION: Iodine status of most of the target population for Universal Salt Iodization program is adequate, but iodine deficiency still existed in some. To assure every new life's brain not be damaged by iodine deficiency, iodine status of targeted populations should be monitored and supplements provided according to the monitoring outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | THYROID EFFECTS | PROTEIN BOUND IODINE ALTERATIONS | NUTRITION | DIET | LACTATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Endocrine Effects | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Health | Maternal Physiology
Document Number: 342000

15.

Title: The profile of IgG-antibody response against merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Sudan.
Author: A-Elgadir TM; Elbashir MI; Berzins K; Masuadi EM; A-Elbasit IE
Source: Parasitology Research. 2008 Feb;102(3):401-409.
Abstract: In this study, antibodies (Ab) directed against three MSP antigens; MSP1/19, MSP2/A, and MSP2/B were analyzed in blood samples obtained from 223 Sudanese patients who presented with either severe malaria (SM) or uncomplicated malaria (UM) and from 117 malaria-free donors (MF). The results showed that the prevalence of MSP Abs was associated with the clinical outcome of malaria infection, and the Ab prevalence was age-dependent (P less than 0.0005). More importantly, the prevalence of MSP Abs against the test antigens was lower in SM compared to UM (P=0.001 to 0.020), suggesting a protective role for these Abs against SM. Furthermore, the Ab responses between individual complications of SM were significantly different. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TARGET POPULATION | PROTEINS | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | IMMUNITY, NATURAL | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 325608

16.

Title: Effect of low dose oral pill on haemostatic parameters in a set of Pakistani population.
Author: Afsar NA; Barakzai Q; Adil SN
Source: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2008 May;58(5):229-233.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to observe the adverse effects of low dose combination contraceptive pills on blood coagulation in a set of local population. Between December 2002 to December 2003 a comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi and Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Fifty women of reproductive age were divided in two equal groups; one being the users of combination oral contraceptive pills (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) and the other being matching controls not taking any hormonal contraceptives. We studied, CBC, PT and INR, APTT, BT and platelet aggregation against ADP, collagen, epinephrine and ristocetin. PT, INR, and platelet aggregation response to ADP, collagen, epinephrine, and ristocetin were not significantly different among the groups. However, APTT was shortened in users of contraceptives (p = 0.003). The referred oral contraceptive is associated with enhanced activity of intrinsic pathway of secondary haemostasis. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 327014

17.

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differential antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins in Malawian children with severe malaria.
Author: Doba�o C; Rogerson SJ; Mackinnon MJ; Cavanagh DR; Taylor TE
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Mar;197(5):766-774.
Abstract: Cerebral malaria (CM) and severe malarial anemia (SMA) are 2 major causes of death in African children infected with Plasmodium falciparum. We investigated levels of naturally acquired antibody to conserved and variable regions of merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1 and MSP-2, apical membrane antigen (AMA)-1, and rhoptry-associated protein 1 in plasma samples from 126 children admitted to the hospital with CM, 59 with SMA, and 84 with uncomplicated malaria (UM) in Malawi. Children with SMA were distinguished by very low levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G to the conserved C-terminus of MSP-1 and MSP-2 and to full-length AMA-1. Conversely, children with CM had significantly higher levels of IgG to the conserved regions of all antigens examined than did children withUM(for MSP-1 and AMA-1, P less than .005; for MSP-2, P less than .05) or SMA (for MSP-1 and MSP-2, P less than .001; for AMA-1, P less than .005). These distinct IgG patterns might reflect differences in age, exposure to P. falciparum, and/or genetic factors affecting immune responses. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | ANTIBODIES | PROTEINS | ANTIGENS | MEMBRANE PROTEINS | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | AGE FACTORS | GENETICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 324965

19.

Title: The cognitive link between geography and development: Iodine deficiency and schooling attainment in Tanzania.
Author: Field EM; Robles O; Torero M
Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008 Mar. 63 p. (NBER Working Paper No. 13838)
Abstract: An estimated 20 million children born each year are at risk of brain damage from in utero iodine deficiency, the only micronutrient deficiency known to have significant, non-reversible effects on cognitive development. Cognitive damage from iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has potentially important implications for economic growth through its effect on human capital attainment. To gauge the magnitude of this influence, we evaluate the impact of reductions in fetal IDD on child schooling attainment that resulted from an intensive distribution of iodized oil capsules (IOC) in Tanzania. We look for evidence of improvements in cognitive ability attributable to the intervention by assessing whether children who benefited from IOC in utero exhibit higher rates of grade progression at ages 10 to 14 relative to siblings and older and younger children in the district who did not. Our findings suggest that reducing fetal IDD has significant benefits for child cognition: Protection from IDD in utero is associated with 0.36 years of additional schooling. Furthermore, the effect appears to be substantially larger for girls, consistent with new evidence from laboratory studies indicating greater cognitive sensitivity of the female fetus to maternal thyroid deprivation. There is no indication that IOC improved rates of illness or school absence due to illness, suggesting that IOC improves schooling through its effect on cognition rather than its effect on health. However, there is weak evidence that the program also reduced child but not fetal or infant mortality, which may bias downward the estimated effect on education. Cross-country regression estimates corroborate the results from Tanzania, indicating a strong negative influence of total goiter rate and strong positive influence of salt iodization on female school participation. Together, these findings provide micro-level evidence of the direct influence of ecological conditions on economic development and suggest a potentially important role of variation in rates of learning disability in explaining cross-country growth patterns and gender differences in schooling attainment. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | FETUS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GOITER | PREVALENCE | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | PROTEIN BOUND IODINE ALTERATIONS | SEX FACTORS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Thyroid Effects | Endocrine Effects | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition
Document Number: 325671

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-affinity binding of southern African HIV type 1 subtype C envelope protein, gp120, to the CCR5 coreceptor.
Author: Fromme BJ; Coetsee M; Van Der Watt P; Chan MC; Sperling KM; Katz AA; Flanagan CA
Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2008 Dec;24(12):1527-36.
Abstract: HIV-1 subtype C is the fastest spreading subtype worldwide and predominantly uses the CCR5 coreceptor, showing minimal transition to the X4 phenotype. This raises the possibility that envelope proteins of HIV-1 subtype C have structural features that favor interaction with CCR5. Preference for CCR5 could arise from enhanced affinity of HIV-1 subtype C for CCR5. To test this, we have characterized the interaction of gp120 envelope proteins from HIV-1 subtype C clones with CD4 and CCR5. Recombinant gp120 proteins from isolates of HIV-1 subtypes B and C were expressed, purified, and assessed in a CD4 binding assay and a CCR5 chemokine competition binding assay. All gp120 proteins bound to CD4-expressing cells, except one, 97ZA347ts, which had Arg substituted for the Cys239 in the conserved C2 loop. Reconstitution of Cys239, using site-directed mutagenesis, restored CD4 binding, while introducing Arg or Ser into position 239 of the functional Du151 gp120 protein abrogated CD4 binding. This shows that the Cys228-Cys239 disulfide bond of gp120 is required for high-affinity binding to CD4. Recombinant gp120 proteins from two HIV-1 subtype B clones bound CCR5 in the presence of CD4, while gp120 from the X4-tropic, HxB2, clone did not bind CCR5. gp120 from two functional HIV-1 subtype C clones, Du151 and MOLE1, bound CCR5 with high affinity in the presence of CD4 and Du151 showed significant CCR5 binding in the absence of CD4. A gp120 from a nonfunctional subtype C clone had lower affinity for CCR5. These results indicate that HIV-1 subtype C proteins have high affinity for CCR5 with variable dependence on CD4.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | HIV | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING CAPACITY | GENETICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329729

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women in two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Author: Hoeger K; Davidson K; Kochman L; Cherry T; Kopin L; Guzick DS
Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Nov;93(11):4299-306.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. DESIGN: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. INTERVENTIONS: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. RESULTS: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted ina significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). CONCLUSIONS: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUPPORT GROUPS | OBESITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | LIFE STYLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ANDROGENS | LIPIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | TESTOSTERONE | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Measurement
Document Number: 329306

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of switching from oral to transdermal or transvaginal contraception on markers of thrombosis.
Author: Jensen JT; Burke AE; Barnhart KT; Tillotson C; Messerle-Forbes M; Peters D
Source: Contraception. 2008 Dec;78(6):451-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to determine the impact of switching from oral to transdermal patch or vaginal ring contraception on biomarkers of thrombosis. STUDY DESIGN: Current healthy oral contraceptive (OC) users were randomized to switch to either a contraceptive ring (CR) or patch (CP) and underwent phlebotomy to measure surrogate biomarkers of thrombosis [sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free protein S and activated protein C resistance (APC-r)] before switching, and during the fourth cycle of use of the new method. RESULTS: Of 142 reproductive age women enrolled, 120 sample pairs were available for analysis. SHBG increased significantly from baseline in CP users [mean change (95% CI), +29.9 nM (9.6-50)] but not in CR users [-1.6 (-16.6 to 13.5)]. Protein S decreased significantly from baseline in CP users [mean change -7.1% (-12.1 to -2.1)], but increased significantly in CR users [+5.3% (1.1-9.6)]. The APC-r ratio did not undergo a significant change from baseline in either group [CP +0.06 (-0.06 to 0.18), CR +0.02 (-0.10 to 0.14)]. Compared to CR users, subjects using the CP had significantly higher SHBG [187.5 (167.0-208), 146 (132.6-159.4), p=.012], significantly lower protein S [81.8 (76.8-86.8), 93.6 (89.1-98.1), p=.001] and similar APC-r ratios [2.99 (2.85-3.14), 3.09 (2.96, 3.22), p=.3] at the Cycle 4 visit. CONCLUSION: OC users who switch to the ring exhibit beneficial changes in biomarkers of thrombosis, while those switching to the patch display a shift favoring clot formation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | VAGINAL RING | THROMBOPHLEBITIS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330526

23.

Title: The G(-2518)A polymorphism of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and its serum and peritoneal fluid levels in Korean women with endometriosis.
Author: Kim JY; Kim H; Suh CS; Kim SH; Choi YM
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Jul;139(1):106-110.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between endometriosis and the G(-2518)A polymorphism of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and serum and peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels in Korean women. The G(-2518)A polymorphism of MCP-1 was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 105 women with and in 101 women without endometriosis. Serum and peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The genotype frequencies of the MCP-1 G (-2518)A polymorphism were GG 36.9%, AG 52.9%, and AA 10.2%. MCP-1 genotype frequencies and serum and peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels were similar in those with or without endometriosis and were not dependent on disease stage. A significant correlation was found between serum and peritoneal fluid levels of MCP-1. However, no differences were found between MCP-1 genotypes in terms of serum and peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels. Serum and peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels and the G (-2518)A MCP-1 polymorphism were found not to be associated with endometriosis in Korean women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 327490

24.

Title: Predictors of seropositivity to human papillomavirus type 53: one of the most prevalent high risk-related cervical human papillomaviruses.
Author: Malik ZA; Hailpern SM; Burk RD
Source: Viral Immunology. 2008 Sep;21(3):371-7.
Abstract: Persistent cervicovaginal infection with high-risk types of HPV is the major risk factor for subsequent cervical neoplasia. HPV53, part of the alpha 6 species group along with HPV types 30, 56, and 66, is one of the most prevalent high risk-related HPV types, yet little is known about the molecular basis of its benign behavior. We generated and utilized HPV53 virus-like particles (VLPs) to investigate risk factors for its seroprevalence in a population of young college women. Seropositivity to HPV53 VLPs was determined using a polymer-based ELISA to measure IgG reactive antibodies. Cervicovaginal cells were collected for HPV DNA detection and typing by MY09/11 PCR. A questionnaire queried for HPV risk factors to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Prevalence of cervicovaginal HPV DNA was 26% (n = 148); 3% of women (n = 17) had HPV53 DNA and 7% (n = 40) were seropositive to HPV53. Seroprevalence of IgG to HPV53 VLPs in women with cervicovaginal HPV53, HPV53-related types (HPV30, 55, and 66), other HPV types, and no HPV was 41%, 11%, 7%, and 6%, respectively (p(trend) < 0.001). Risk factors independently associated with HPV53 VLP seropositivity included use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (OR: 4; 95% CI: 1.8, 9), having >or=2 regular partners in the last 6 months (OR: 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.1, 5.8), having a regular male partner with >or=4 lifetime sex partners (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1 6), seropositivity to HPV16 (OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 3.1, 14.5), and isolation of HPV53 DNA from cervicovaginal lavage (OR: 17.3; 95% CI: 5.3, 55.9). In conclusion, host serological responses to HPV53 VLPs are strongly type-specific, and subjects' risk for HPV53 seropositivity is independently associated with sexual behavior and OCP use.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | STUDENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | HPV | UNIVERSITIES | CERVICAL CANCER | RISK BEHAVIOR | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Cancer | Neoplasms | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 328826

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Anthropometric and immunological success of antiretroviral therapy and prediction of virological success in west African adults.
Author: Messou E; Gabillard D; Moh R; Inwoley A; Sorho S
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jun;86(6):435-442.
Abstract: The 6 month assessment of the response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical step. In sub-Saharan Africa, few people have access to plasma viral-load measurement. We assessed the gain or loss in body mass index (BMI), alone or in combination with the gain or loss in CD4+ T-cell count (CD4), as a tool for predicting the response to ART. In a cohort of 622 adults in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of BMI and CD4 for treatment success defined as viral-load undetectability (less than 300 copies/ml) as gold standard. After 6 months of ART, the median change in BMI was an increase of 1.0 kg/m/2 (interquartile range, IQR: 0.0-2.1), the median change in CD4 an increase of 148/microl (IQR: 54-230) and 84% of patients reached viral-load undetectability. The distribution of change in BMI was similar among patients who reached undetectability and those who did not (increases of 1.06 kg/m/2 versus 0.99 kg/m/2, P = 0.51). With larger changes in BMI, the specificity for treatment success increased but its sensitivity decreased and its positive predictive value was stable around 85%. All results remained similar when combining changes in BMI with those in CD4 and when stratifying by groups of baseline BMI or CD4. In settings where viral-load measurement is not available, a high BMI gain does not reflect virological success, even when combined with a high CD4 gain. In our population, most patients with detectable viral-load had probably adhered to the drug regimen sufficiently to reach significant gains in body mass and CD4 count but had adhered insufficiently to reach viral suppression. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | BODY WEIGHT | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | MEASUREMENT | USER COMPLIANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Behavior
Document Number: 327000

26.

Title: Immunoglobulin profile of Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.
Author: Nmorsi OP; Ukwandu NC; Isaac C; Ekoma NE; Asibor V
Source: African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008 Jan;7(2):77-80.
Abstract: The immunoglobulin profiles of 126 Nigerian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum in their peripheral blood were investigated. The mean malarial parasitaemia was 4699.17 plus or minus 3695.2 microl. The mean immunoglobulin profile of these infected children were 2.68 plus or minus 0.019 mg/dl for IgA, 0.031 plus or minus 0.01 mg/dl for IgD, 1358.29 plus or minus 123.57 ng/dl for IgE, 19.09 plus or minus 1.27 mg/dl for IgG and 2.80 plus or minus 0.57 mg/dl for IgM. The relationship between the IgD and IgE were positively correlated with the ages of the volunteers at (r = 0.89 and r = 0.97, respectively). The levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were negatively correlated with the ages of the infected children (r = -0.96, r = -0.99 and r = -0.85, respectively). The relationship between the level of parasitaemia and IgA, IgD and IgM were negatively correlated (r = -0.82, r = -0.84 and r = -0.82, respectively). IgG correlated positively with the level of malarial parasitaemia (r = 0.99). We deduce that high IgE and low levels of IgA and IgM are associated with the high risk of P. falciparum malaria attack in our community. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | MALARIA | PARASITES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 325602

27.

28.

Title: Possible biochemical impact of malaria infection in subjects with HIV co-infection in Anambra state, Nigeria.
Author: Onyenekwe CC; Ukibe N; Meludu SC; Ifeanyi M; Ezeani M; Onochie A
Source: Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 2008 Jun;45(2):151-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to determine possible contributory impact of malaria infection on some biochemical markers in subjects with HIV co-infection in order to know if they are adverse or protective. METHODS: Participants were recruited at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 45); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 57). Standard laboratory methods were used for the HIV and Plasmodium falciparum antigen screening, malaria parasite density, CD4+ T-cell count, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, serum iron and albumin concentrations. RESULTS: The results showed that serum iron and albumin were significantly reduced and raised respectively in 'Malaria-HIV co-infection group' compared with 'HIV infection group' (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05). A positive association was observed between age and serum iron concentration in malaria and HIV co-infected group (r = 0.580; p < 0.05) while negative associations were observed between PCV and serum iron (r = - 0.388; p < 0.05) and between CD4+ T-cells and serum iron concentration (r = -0.362; p < 0.05) in malaria and HIV co-infected group. The CD4+ T-cell count, WBC count, PCV were not significantly different between the Malaria-HIV co-infection group and HIV infection group. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: In the present study serum iron and albumin concentrations were the most sensitive indicators that showed the contributory impact of malaria infection on biochemical index in HIV co-infected subjects. The findings suggest that at the defined stage of HIV infection in the present study, malaria co-infection may moderate the impact of HIV infection on iron metabolism and hepatic synthesis of albumin.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | MALARIA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | AGE FACTORS | SERUM IRON LEVEL | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Parasitic Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Immunity | Immune System
Document Number: 328787

29.

Title: Serum cytokines as biomarkers for nonsurgical prediction of endometriosis.
Author: Othman EE; Hornung D; Salem HT; Khalifa EA; El-Metwally TH
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Apr;137(2):240-246.
Abstract: The objective was to test the ability of a group of serum cytokines, either individually or in combination, to serve as biomarkers for the nonsurgical diagnosis of endometriosis. Subjects were allocated to two groups according to their laparoscopic diagnosis. The first group consisted of patients with endometriosis and the second group was made up of infertile women with no pelvic pathology (controls). Blood samples were collected preoperatively and stored. Cytokines were measured in the serum of all participants using the Bio-Plex Protein Array System. Nonparametric statistics and the Mann-Whitney test were used to compare groups. Subjects were seen at the Gynecologic endoscopy unit. Three cytokines were significantly higher in the serum of subjects with endometriosis than in the control group: interleukin-6 (IL-6) [4.41 pg/ml (range: 1.47-15.01) versus 0.97 pg/ml (range: 0.29-2.98), respectively; p less than 0.001], monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [37.91 pg/ml (range: 24.54-94.74) versus 22.13 pg/ml (range: 13.85-39.45), respectively; p less than 0.001], and interferon-gamma (INF-y) [19.01 pg/ml (range: 1.19-73.52) versus 0.30 pg/ml (range: 0.00-13.05), respectively; p less than 0.001]. There was no statistically significant difference between subjects with endometriosis and controls in the serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-15 (IL-15) were undetectable in the serum of both groups. None of the measured cytokines showed significant correlation with the cycle phase or stage of endometriosis. In a multivariate analysis, serum interleukin-6 provided a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 66% to discriminate between endometriosis patients and controls at a cutoff point of 1.9 pg/ml. Adding monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interferon-gamma to interleukin-6 did not increase the discriminative ability over that achieved by measuring serum interleukin-6 alone. Serum of subjects with endometriosis contains significantly higher levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and interferon-gamma than control women. Serum interleukin-6 measurements discriminate between women with endometriosis and controls. Interleukin-6 provides a promising serum marker for the nonsurgical prediction of endometriosis. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 325920

30.

Title: MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives.
Author: Roberts SC; Gosling LM; Carter V; Petrie M
Source: Proceedings. Biological Sciences / the Royal Society. 2008 Dec 7;275(1652):2715-22.
Abstract: Previous studies in animals and humans show that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence individual odours and that females often prefer odour of MHC-dissimilar males, perhaps to increase offspring heterozygosity or reduce inbreeding. Women using oral hormonal contraceptives have been reported to have the opposite preference, raising the possibility that oral contraceptives alter female preference towards MHC similarity, with possible fertility costs. Here we test directly whether contraceptive pill use alters odour preferences using a longitudinal design in which women were tested before and after initiating pill use; a control group of non-users were tested with a comparable interval between test sessions. In contrast to some previous studies, there was no significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men among women during the follicular cycle phase. However, single women preferred odours of MHC-similar men, while women in relationships preferred odours of MHC-dissimilar men, a result consistent with studies in other species, suggesting that paired females may seek to improve offspring quality through extra-pair partnerships. Across tests, we found a significant preference shift towards MHC similarity associated with pill use, which was not evident in the control group. If odour plays a role in human mate choice, our results suggest that contraceptive pill use could disrupt disassortative mate preferences.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION | LEUKOCYTOSIS | ANTIGENS | MATE SELECTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System |