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Title: Scientists recommend new design for female condom research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2009]. [2] p. (Research Briefs on the Female Condom)
Abstract: As the result of a USAID-supported workshop organized by the nonprofit organization CONRAD, scientists have proposed a new design for studies testing the effectiveness of innovations in the female condom. For a female condom to gain regulatory approval in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently requires that the product be tested in a large -- and often expensive -- phase III contraceptive-effectiveness trial. CONRAD held the workshop specifically so that experts on female condoms and semen biomarkers could explore acceptable alternatives to this type of trial. The experts identified the well-studied biomarker prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as the most promising marker to pursue for this application. The new study design uses PSA to show the presence of semen in the vagina, which should be a more reliable indicator of clinical condom failure than is the incidence of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection. A report of the workshop and the details of the study design are published in the journal Contraception. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | WORKSHOPS | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONDOM FAILURE | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | VAGINA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Condoms | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Genitalia, Female
Document Number: 331704

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Biological Validation of Self-Reported Condom Use Among Sex Workers in Guinea.
Author: Aho J; Koushik A; Diakite SL; Loua KM; Nguyen VK; Rashed S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 13;
Abstract: Self-reported condom use may be prone to social desirability bias. Our aim was to assess the validity of self-reported condom use in a population of female sex workers using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a gold standard biomarker of recent unprotected vaginal intercourse. We collected data on 223 sex-workers in Conakry, Guinea in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported condom use as well as to examine the predictors of discordance between self-report and PSA presence. PSA was detected in 38.4% of samples. Sensitivity of self-reported condom use was 14.6% and its specificity was 94.7%. Self-perceived high risk of HIV infection was the only significant independent predictor of misreported condom use. PSA could be useful to validate self-reported condom use in surveys and to allow a better understanding of factors associated with social desirability in sexual behaviour reporting.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | BIAS | DATA REPORTING | VALIDITY | VAGINA | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement | Data Collection | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342486

Peer Reviewed

Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage?
Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342845

4.
Title: [An uncommon localization of pyoderma gangrenosum on the penis of an HIV infected patient in the Ivory Coast] L'atteinte du penis, une localisation rare du pyoderma gangrenosum: a propos d'un
Author: Ecra E; Ahogo KC; Sangare A; Kaloga M; Kassi K; Kouame K; Kacou DE; Gbery IP; Yoboue YP; Kanga JM
Source: Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique. 2009 May;102(2):85-7.
Abstract: Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon chronic ulcerative dermatosis with unknown aetiology and with a pathology which is still obscure. In 15-45% of cases, it is related to intestinal chronic inflammatory disease (MICI), to a systemic disease that it can sometimes reveals or to an immunodeficiency This disease starts whether with a pustule, a bubble or a nodule which leads during its evolvement to a superficial ulceration with clear edges. Its diagnosis is easy and is mainly clinical. It is a disease which is localized preferably in lower limbs. Treatment is mainly based on oral route corticotherapy. We report a case of gangrenosum pyoderma localized on the penis in a 43-year-old HIV infected patient. It is an uncommon localization, misleading and delicate. We have treated successfully this patient by oral corticotherapy combined with local antiseptic treatments for 6 months.
Language: French
Keywords:
COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | TREATMENT | DRUGS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342812

Peer Reviewed

Title: Good performance of rapid prostate-specific antigen test for detection of semen exposure in women: implications for qualitative research.
Author: Hobbs MM; Steiner MJ; Rich KD; Gallo MF; Alam A; Rahman M; Menezes P; Chipato T; Warner L; Macaluso M
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug;36(8):501-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valid biomarker of semen exposure in women and has been used to assess reliability of self-reported sexual behavior as well as serve as a proxy measure for condom efficacy. Quantitative PSA tests are expensive and require specialized equipment. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive test for PSA would facilitate semen biomarker evaluation in a variety of research settings. This study evaluated the performance of a rapid PSA test compared with a quantitative assay to identify semen in vaginal swab specimens. METHODS: We tested 581 vaginal swabs collected from 492 women participating in 2 separate research studies in Bangladesh and Zimbabwe. PSA in vaginal secretions was detected using the quantitative IMx (Abbott Laboratories) assay and the ABAcard p30 (Abacus Diagnostics) rapid immunochromatographic strip test. RESULTS: The ABAcard test was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 98%-100%) and 96% specific (95% CI, 93%-97%) compared with the quantitative test in detecting >1.0 ng PSA/mL vaginal swab eluate. Rapid PSA results were semiquantitative and correlated well with PSA concentrations (kappa = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.90). CONCLUSION: Rapid PSA detection requires no instrumentation and can be performed easily and economically. Having rapid PSA results available immediately following interview provides opportunities to explore discrepancies between the objective marker of recent semen exposure and self-reported behaviors.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEMEN | PROSTATE | ANTIGENS | TESTING | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Measurement
Document Number: 342948

7.
Title: Studies of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) for HIV-1-discordant couples using washed sperm and the nested PCR method: a comparison of the pregnancy rates in HIV-1-discordant couples and control couples.
Author: Kashima K; Takakuwa K; Suzuki M; Makino M; Kaneko S; Kato S; Hanabusa H; Tanaka K
Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;62(3):173-6.
Abstract: In this study, the efficacy and safety of assisted reproduction techniques with the sperm-washing method and nested PCR assay were evaluated in HIV-1-discordant couples, as many HIV-1-positive people of reproductive age are getting married and wish to have children safely. Twenty-seven HIV-1-discordant couples (husband, positive; wife, negative) were enrolled in this study. The spermatozoa were separated from semen samples by density gradient centrifugation and the swim-up method. HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA were checked using nested PCR with a detection limit of one copy before fertilization and before embryo transfer. Clinical outcomes were compared with those of matched control couples. Thirty-eight cycles of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection were performed in HIV-1-discordant couples, where the pregnancy rates per embryo transfer and per couple were 60.6 and 63.0%, respectively. These rates were significantly higher than those in control couples (P<0.05). Furthermore, all of the females and babies remained HIV-1 negative throughout the study period. Our data strongly suggest that this technique will allow HIV-1-discordant couples to conceive more safely and effectively.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SAFETY | HIV INFECTIONS | SPERMATOZOA | SEMEN | EMBRYO TRANSFER | IN VITRO | PREGNANCY RATE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Public Health | Health | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Clinical Research | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342657

8.
Title: Testicular cell junction: a novel target for male contraception.
Author: Lee NP; Wong EW; Mruk DD; Cheng CY
Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2009;16(7):906-15.
Abstract: Even though various contraceptive methods are widely available, the number of unwanted pregnancies is still on the rise in developing countries, pressurizing the already resource limited nations. One of the major underlying reasons is the lack of effective, low cost, and safe contraceptives for couples. During the past decade, some studies were performed using animal models to decipher if the Sertoli-germ cell junction in the testis is a target for male fertility regulation. Some of these study models were based on the use of hormones and/or chemicals to disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (e.g., androgen-based implants or pills) and others utilized a panel of chemical entities or synthetic peptides to perturb spermatogenesis either reversibly or non-reversibly. Among them, adjudin, a potential male contraceptive, is one of the compounds exerting its action on the unique adherens junctions, known as ectoplasmic specializations, in the testis. Since the testis is equipped with inter-connected cell junctions, an initial targeting of one junction type may affect the others and these accumulative effects could lead to spermatogenic arrest. This review attempts to cover an innovative theme on how male infertility can be achieved by inducing junction instability and defects in the testis, opening a new window of research for male contraceptive development. While it will still take much time and effort of intensive investigation before a product can reach the consumable market, these findings have provided hope for better family planning involving men.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | TESTIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330600

Peer Reviewed

Title: Levonorgestrel enhances spermatogenesis suppression by testosterone with greater alteration in testicular gene expression in men.
Author: Lue Y; Wang C; Cui Y; Wang X; Sha J; Zhou Z; Xu J; Wang C; Hikim AP; Swerdloff RS
Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2009 Mar;80(3):484-92.
Abstract: Prior studies have demonstrated that combined treatment of testosterone with a progestin induces a more rapid and greater suppression of spermatogenesis than testosterone treatment alone. We hypothesized that the suppressive effects of the combination of testosterone undecanoate (TU) injections plus oral levonorgestrel (LNG) on spermatogenesis may be mediated through a greater perturbation of testicular gene expression than TU alone. To test this hypothesis, we performed open testicular biopsy on 12 different adult healthy subjects: 1) four healthy men as controls; 2) four men 2 wk after TU treatment; and 3) four men 2 wk after TU + LNG administration. RNA isolated from biopsies was used for DNA microarray using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Gene expression with >or=2-fold changes (P < 0.05) compared with control was analyzed using the National Institutes of Health Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery 2008 resource. The TU treatment altered the gene expression in 109 transcripts, whereas TU + LNG altered the gene expression in 207 transcripts compared with control. Both TU and TU + LNG administration suppressed gene expression of insulin-like 3; cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A1 in Leydig cells; and inhibin alpha in Sertoli cells; they increased proapoptotic transcripts BCL2-like 14, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; and they decreased X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. In comparison with TU treatment alone, TU + LNG treatment upregulated insulin-like 6 and relaxin 1, and downregulated RNA-binding protein transcripts. We conclude that TU + LNG administration induces more changes in testicular gene expression than TU alone. This exploratory study provided a novel and valuable database to study the mechanisms of action of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis in men and identified testicular-specific molecules that may serve as potential targets for male contraceptive development.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | PROGESTERONE | SPERMATOGENESIS | TESTIS | TESTOSTERONE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | LEVONORGESTREL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Androgens | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 341724

10.

Title: Maternal Use of Oral Contraceptives During Early Pregnancy and Risk of Hypospadias in Male Offspring.
Author: Norgaard M; Wogelius P; Pedersen L; Rothman KJ; Sorensen HT
Source: Urology. 2009 Jul 8;
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between maternal use of oral contraceptives in early pregnancy and increased prevalence of hypospadias in male offspring. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based case-control study using data from nationwide medical databases. Among live male births between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2005, we identified all cases of hypospadias recorded anytime postpartum (n = 1683) and randomly selected 10 controls per case without such a diagnosis (n = 15 650), matched by year and hospital of birth. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate prevalence ratios stratified according to time of diagnosis (within 6 months postpartum, >6 months postpartum), controlling for potential confounding factors including maternal age, birth order, maternal smoking, prescriptions for ovulation-inducing drugs, antiepileptics, and antidiabetics, and a maternal diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: We included 1683 cases of hypospadias and 15 650 population controlsduring 1996-2005. Among the 1186 boys who had their hypospadias diagnosis recorded within 6 months postpartum, 28 (2.4%) had been exposed to oral contraceptives between 30 days before conception until the end of the first trimester. Among the controls, 307 (2.8%) were similarly exposed, corresponding to a prevalence ratio of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.57-1.27) after adjusting for possible confounders. For a diagnosis registered >6 months postpartum, the adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.61-2.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support the hypothesis that maternal use of oral contraceptives around conception is associated with an increased prevalence of hypospadias in the offspring.
Language: English
Keywords:
DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | INFANT | BIRTH DEFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 342127

11.

Title: Do phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors protect against condom-associated erection loss and condom slippage?
Author: Sanders SA; Milhausen RR; Crosby RA; Graham CA; Yarber WL
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2009 May;6(5):1451-6.
Abstract: Introduction. Some physicians prescribe phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for men who experience condom-associated erection difficulties with a view to increasing condom use and reducing risk of sexually transmitted infections. Aim. To examine whether the prevalence of erection-related condom problems differs between men using and not using PDE5i at the last condom-protected penile-vaginal (PVI) or penile-anal intercourse. Methods. Seven hundred-five men who had used a male condom during the past 3 months for PVI were selected from a sample recruited through advertisement to an electronic mailing list for a large, internet-based, sexual-enhancement product company. An internet-based questionnaire posted in 2006 assessed condom-use errors and problems. Main Outcome Measures. Men who did and did not use PDE5i during the last time a condom was used were compared on: (i) erection loss while applying a condom; (ii) erection loss during sex while using a condom; (iii) condom slipped off during sex; (iv) delayed condom application (penetration of the vagina or anus prior to application of the male condom); (v) early condom removal (condom taken off and intercourse continued without it); (vi) "problem with the way the condom fit"; (vii) "problem with the way the condom felt"; and (viii) condom breakage. Results. Controlling for age, marital status (yes/no), and having children (yes/no), PDE5i users, compared with nonusers, were: (i) three times more likely to report erection loss during sex while using a condom (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.40-7.39, P = 0.006); (ii) almost five times more likely to report the condom slipped off during sex (AOR = 4.75, 95% CI = 1.68-13.44, P = 0.003); and (iii) more than twice as likely to remove condoms before sex was over (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.09-5.56, P = 0.03). Conclusions. Physicians prescribing PDE5i may want to evaluate whether men are experiencing condom-associated erection difficulties and, if they are, consider titrating dosages and/or making referrals for psychosexual therapy and/or condom skills education.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Health
Document Number: 341196

12.

Title: Paternal age and reproduction.
Author: Sartorius GA; Nieschlag E
Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 Aug 20;
Abstract: BACKGROUND Due to various sociological factors, couples in developed countries are increasingly delaying childbearing. Besides ethical, economical and sociological issues, this trend presents us with several complex problems in reproduction. Although it is well-known that maternal age has a negative effect on fertility and increases the risk of adverse outcome during pregnancy and in offspring, the paternal influence on these outcomes is less well researched and not well-known. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, and retrieved original articles and review articles to update our previous survey in this journal. RESULTS This review highlights the link between male age and genetic abnormalities in the germ line and summarizes the knowledge about the effects of paternal age on reproductive function and outcome. Increasing paternal age can be associated with decreasing androgen levels, decreased sexual activity, alterations of testicular morphology and a deterioration of semen quality (volume, motility, morphology). Increased paternal age has an influence on DNA integrity of sperm, increases telomere length in spermatozoa and is suggested to have epigenetic effects. These changes may, at least in part, be responsible for the association of paternal age over 40 years with reduced fertility, an increase in pregnancy-associated complications and adverse outcome in the offspring. CONCLUSION Although higher maternal age can be an indication for intensive prenatal diagnosis, including invasive diagnostics, consideration of the available evidence suggests that paternal age itself, however, provides no rationale for invasive procedures.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | COUPLES | MEN | GENETICS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | AGE FACTORS | SEMEN | RISK FACTORS | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Health
Document Number: 342552

13.

Title: Novel Epididymal Proteins as Targets for the Development of Post-Testicular Male Contraception.
Author: Sipila P; Jalkanen J; Huhtaniemi IT; Poutanen M
Source: Reproduction. 2009;137:379-389.
Abstract: Apart from condoms and vasectomy, modern contraceptive methods for men are still not available. Besides hormonal approaches to stop testicular sperm production, the postmeiotic blockage of epididymal sperm maturation carries lots of promise. Microarray and proteomics techniques and libraries of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in combination with digital differential display tools and publicly available gene expression databases, are being currently used to identify and characterize novel epididymal proteins as putative targets for male contraception. The data reported indicate that these technologies provide complementary information for the identification of novel highly expressed genes in the epididymis. Deleting the gene of interest by targeted ablation technology in mice or using immunization against the cognate protein are the two preferred methods to functionally validate the function of novel genes in vivo. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of several epididymal proteins shown either in vivo or in vitro to be involved in the epididymal sperm maturation. These proteins include CRISP1, SPAG11e, DEFB126, carbonyl reductase P34H, CD52 and GPR64. In addition, we introduce novel proteinases and protease inhibitor gene families with potentially important roles in regulating the sperm maturation process. Furthermore, potential contraceptive strategies as well as delivery methods will be discussed. Despite the progress made in recent years, further studies are needed to reveal further details in the epididymal sperm maturation process and the factors involved, in order to facilitate the development of new epididymal contraceptives.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | PROTEINS | SPERM MATURATION | GENETICS | EPIDIDYMIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Spermatogenesis | Reproduction | Testis | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 329671

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in the Rakai District, Uganda.
Author: Suntoke TR; Hardick A; Tobian AA; Mpoza B; Laeyendecker O; Serwadda D; Opendi P; Gaydos CA; Gray RH; Wawer MJ; Quinn TC; Reynolds SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(2):97-101.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a real-time PCR assay that reliably and accurately detects the predominant sexually transmitted aetiological agents of genital ulcer disease (GUD) (Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)) and to assess the use of real-time PCR diagnostic testing in a rural African field site. METHODS: Two multiplex real-time PCR reactions were used to detect H ducreyi/and HSV-1/HSV-2 in ulcer swabs from 100 people with symptomatic genital ulcers in rural Rakai, Uganda. Results were compared with syphilis, HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology. RESULTS: Of 100 GUD samples analysed from 43 HIV positive and 57 HIV negative individuals, 71% were positive for one or more sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogens by real-time PCR (61% for HSV-2, 5% for T pallidum, 3% for HSV-1, 1% for H ducreyi and 1% for dual H ducreyi/HSV-2). The frequency of HSV in genital ulcers was 56% (32/57) in HIV negative individuals and 77% (33/43) in HIV positive individuals (p = 0.037). Assay reproducibility was evaluated by repeat PCR testing in the USA with 96% agreement (kappa = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: STI pathogens were detected in the majority of GUD swab samples from symptomatic patients in Rakai, Uganda, by real-time PCR. HSV-2 was the predominant cause of genital ulcers. Real-time PCR technology can provide sensitive, rapid and reproducible evaluation of GUD aetiology in a resource-limited setting.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CHANCROID | HERPES GENITALIS | SYPHILIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 341909

15.

Title: Declining semen quality among south Indian infertile men: A retrospective study.
Author: Adiga SK; Jayaraman V; Kalthur G; Upadhya D; Kumar P
Source: Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 2008 Jan-Jun;1(1):15-18.
Abstract: Male reproductive function has recently attracted increasing attention due to reports on time-related decline in semen quality. Furthermore, regional differences in the semen quality have also been reported. The aim was to investigate the semen quality among large cohort of infertile individuals at a regional level, in terms of the sperm concentration, total sperm motility, sperm morphology and incidence of azoospermia over a period of 13 years. The setting for the study was the University infertility clinic at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal which is a tertiary healthcare center serving the general population. The design used was a retrospective analysis. This includes a total of 7770 subjects who presented for semen analysis from 1993-2005. The data regarding ejaculate volume, sperm density, motility, morphology and the incidence of azoospermia were collected. The statistical analysis used was a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and Chi square analysis. The average sperm density among infertile men during 2004-2005 was 26.61 plus or minus 0.71 millions/ml which was significantly lower than the average sperm density observed in 1993-1994 (38.18 plus or minus 1.46 millions/ml). Similar trend was also observed for sperm motility (47.41% motile sperms vs 61.16%) and normal sperm morphology (19.75% vs 40.51%). Interestingly, the incidence of severe oligospermia (mean sperm density less than 10 millions/ml) observed in 2002-2005 and 1993-1997 demonstrated a significant inverse relationship (p less than 0.001). Our study provides the first evidence that the quality of human semen evaluated for infertility is deteriorating in the southern part of the India over the years, probably due to environmental, nutritional, life style or socioeconomic causes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | INFERTILITY | TIME FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SEMEN | SPERM COUNT | SPERMATOZOA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Germ Cells
Document Number: 325575

16.

Title: Medical treatment of retrograde ejaculation in diabetic patients: A hope for spontaneous pregnancy.
Author: Arafa M; El Tabie O
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 Jan;5(1):194-198.
Abstract: Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Different therapeutic approaches are present, whether medical or surgical, with limited success rates. The aim of the present study is to evaluate different drug regimens for the medical treatment of RE in diabetic patients. Thirty-three diabetic patients with RE (23 complete and 10 partial) were included in the study. Patients were given three sequential courses of medical treatment: imipramine 25 mg twice/day, pseudoephidrine 120 mg twice/day, or combination of the two drugs. Establishment of antegrade ejaculate in cases with complete RE and improvement of semen quality in case of partial RE. In cases with complete RE, imipramine was successful in producing antegrade ejaculate in 10 patients (38.5%), while pseudoephedrine was successful in 11 patients (47.8%), and both drugs given together was successful in 16 patients (61.5%). In cases with partial RE, there was significant increase in the antegrade semen sample as regards semen volume, sperm count, total, and progressive motility with imipramine alone, pseudoephidrine alone, and both drugs. From the present study we can conclude that medical treatment for RE in diabetic patients is a promising method and should be the first line of treatment in these cases. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | DIABETES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | PREGNANCY | DRUGS | TREATMENT | SEMEN | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Diseases | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 313373

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prostate-specific antigen in vaginal fluid after exposure to known amounts of semen and after condom use: comparison of self-collected and nurse-collected samples.
Author: Bahamondes L; Diaz J; Marchi NM; Castro S; Villarroel M; Macaluso M
Source: Human Reproduction. 2008 Nov;23(11):2444-51.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in vaginal fluid indicates exposure to semen, and was used to assess condom effectiveness, although validity and reliability have not been fully evaluated. Our objective was to compare PSA in self-collected samples with samples collected by a nurse. METHODS: We conducted two studies, each with 100 women aged 18-48 years. In the first, a nurse exposed each participant to her partner's semen (10, 100 and 1000 microl), and nurse and participant collected samples. In the second, each participant sampled before and after using two male condoms (MC) and two female condoms (FC); a nurse collected another sample afterwards. RESULTS: PSA concentration increased with semen exposure, but was lower in nurse-collected samples. Both procedures were sensitive, almost 100% after exposure to 100-1000 microl of semen. PSA detection rates with MC and FC were 13% and 28% in self-collected samples, 8% and 9% in nurse-collected samples. Concordance between sample types was 93% with the MC (95% CI: 89%; 96%), 78% with the FC (95% CI: 72%; 84%). PSA decay between sampling times may explain higher values in self-collected samples. CONCLUSIONS: PSA is a highly sensitive surrogate endpoint for condom effectiveness studies. Self-collected and nurse-collected samples are equivalent, but sample collection timing is critical.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | EXPOSURE | ANTIGENS | SEMEN | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Factors | Health | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 341725

18.

Title: Environmental erectile dysfunction: Can the environment really be hazardous to your erectile health?
Author: Burnett AL
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2008 May-Jun;29(3):229-236.
Abstract: The proposal that exposures to environmental or occupational substances may affect erection ability is a tenable one and would add to a growing list of pathogenic risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction. Several lines of evidence gained by clinical epidemiologic and biomedical research investigations lend support. Several environmental toxicants to include lead, organic solvents, and pesticides have been implicated as possibly hazardous agents. Effects on the nervous and hormonal systems have been proposed as the leading mechanisms by which environmental toxicants adversely impact erectile function. Synthesis of the current evidence supports a possible risk association between environmental exposures and erectile dysfunction. However, scientific support is lacking to establish a direct causal association at this time. More scientific work is needed to identify specific environmental agents that may harm erectile function and define their exact mechanisms of action in this regard. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | IMPOTENCE | ENVIRONMENT | EXPOSURE | TOXICITY | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors | Health
Document Number: 326080

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Male fertility control--where are we?] Preface. [editorial]
Author: Colvard D; Habenicht UF; Harper MJ
Source: Contraception. 2008 Oct;78(4 Suppl):S1-2.
Abstract: The Application of Molecular Pharmacology for Posttesticular Activity (AMPPA) project was conceived by a group of founding fathers, which included Gunter Stock, Egon Diczfalusy and Mahmoud Fathalla (who was at that time associated with the Rockefeller Foundation) as a novel cooperation between the public and the private sectors- Ernst Schering Research Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. AMPPA started in 1997 and ran for a 5-year period. The aim was to conduct basic research on the epididymis to identify novel targets for male contraception that would act posttesticularly. This was to be achieved by a network of investigators who met every 6 months to review progress and plan for the future [1]. Results from the initial AMPPA collaboration have been reported, along with others, in a special issue of the Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology [2]. Toward the end of AMPPA, it was decided that additional effort was needed to develop new leads for nonhormonal male contraception and that the research scope should be enlarged to encompass postmeiotic testicular targets. A new partnership was therefore formed between Schering AG and CONRAD to support a program to last for at least three years. This project began in 2003 and was named Application of Molecular Pharmacology for Post-meiotic Activity-II (AMPPA-II). Both parties contributed equally to funding the network of investigators. Direction for the program was shared equally between Schering (Ulrich Gottwald and Ursula-F. Habenicht) and CONRAD (Doug Colvard and Michael Harper). AMPPA-II investigators focused on biological validation of targets for male contraception, in particular, on regulators of epididymal initial segment function, antioxidant enzymes, sperm volume-regulating channels, calcium regulation, tyrosine kinases and epididymal genes regulated by androgens. Selection of targets for further evaluation was based on several criteria, including target validation potential (e.g., by gene "knockout" mice), target organ specificity, existence of functional human homolog, drugability, appropriate tools (e.g., assays, biomarkers) and patentability. Completion of AMPPA-II was constrained by available resources and corporate reprioritization that occurred when Bayer AG took over Schering AG in early 2006. At the final meeting of AMPPA-II in May 2007, the participants in this unique endeavor unanimously concluded that it had been successful, and certain promising targets for male contraception had been identified that should continue to be pursued. The final AMPPA-II meeting was immediately followed by a meeting on June 1, 2007, to review and discuss important aspects of the present and future of male contraceptives entitled, "Male Fertility Control-Where are we?" The attendees sought to address questions such as "Where do we stand?," "What progress was made?" and "Is there a social and medical need?" and to illuminate bridging approaches between female and male fertility control, to share some thoughts on the putative consumer and to discuss the role of public-private partnership to accelerate the long way from research to the product. The chapters that follow represent presentations and comments from this last meeting. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CRITIQUE | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | TESTIS | SPERM COUNT | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 329141

20.

Title: Proteomic analysis of testis biopsies in men treated with injectable testosterone undecanoate alone or in combination with oral levonorgestrel as potential male contraceptive.
Author: Cui Y; Zhu H; Zhu Y; Guo X; Huo R
Source: Journal of Proteome Research. 2008 Sep;7(9):3984-93.
Abstract: Treatment with injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) alone or in combination with oral levonorgestrel (LNG) resulted in marked decreases in sperm concentrations. In this study, we used proteomic analyses to examine the cellular/molecular events occurring in the human testis after TU or TU + LNG treatment. We conducted a global proteomic analysis of the human testicular biopsies before and at 2 weeks after TU alone or TU + LNG treatment. Proteins showing significant changes in expression were identified and analyzed. As a result, 17 and 46 protein spots were found with significant differential expression after the treatment with TU alone and TU + LNG, respectively. TU treatment changed the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), proteasome inhibitor PI31 subunit (PSMF1), and superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial precursor (SOD2). These proteins inhibit "assembly", induce cell death, and promote compensatory "cell survival" in the testis. After TU + LNG treatment, "proliferation/cell survival" and "apoptosis/death" were the predominant responses in the testis. TU + LNG treatment inhibited the expression of Prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta subunit (P4HB) and Annexin A2 (Annexin II). These proteins are involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation, respectively. TU + LNG treatment also enhanced the expression of SOD2 and Parvalbumin alpha (Pvalb). These two proteins may protect testicular cells against apoptosis/death and promote cell survival. In conclusion, TU and TU + LNG treatments suppress spermatogenesis through different pathways by changing the expression of different proteins. hnRNP K, PSMF1, SOD2, P4HB, Annexin II, and Pvalb, are key proteins that may be early molecular targets responsible for spermatogenesis suppression induced by hormone treatment.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | MEN | TESTOSTERONE | TESTIS | LEVONORGESTREL | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | GENETICS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Male
Document Number: 328845

21.

Title: Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: Choosing the best approach to improve patient satisfaction
Author: Egydio PH
Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jan;10(1):158-166.
Abstract: The aim was to discuss important points on medical history, preoperative evaluation, real expectations, and selection of the appropriate surgical procedure to improve patient satisfaction after surgical procedures for Peyronie's disease. Recent advances in approaches to Peyronie's disease are discussed based on the literature and personal experiences. Issues concerning surgical indication, patient selection, surgical techniques, and grafting are discussed. Lengthening procedures on the convex side of the penile curvature by means of grafting offer the best possible gain from a reconstruction standpoint. Penile rectification and rigidity are required to achieve a completely functional penis. Most patients experience associated erectile dysfunction (ED), and penile straightening alone may not be enough to restore complete function. Twenty-five patients were submitted to total penile reconstruction on length and girth with concomitant penile prosthesis implant. The maximum length restoration was possible and limited by the length of the dissected neurovascular bundle. The mean age was 55.4 years (32-69 years) and the mean angle of curvature 74.2 +or- 22.4 (0-100). Pericardial grafting was used to cover the defect. The mean follow-up time was 11.2 +or- 5.9 months (3-22 months). Mean functional penile length gain was 3.40 +or- 0.73 cm (2-5 cm). Penile prosthesis maintained the penis straight. No infections occurred. Sexual intercourse was restored in all patients and all reported recovered self-esteem. Improving patient satisfaction with the surgical treatment includes proper preoperative evaluation on stable disease, penile shortening, vascular and erectile status, patient decision and selection as well as extensive discussion on surgical technique for restoring functional penis (length and rigidity). Length and girth restoration is very important for self-esteem and patient satisfaction. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | CLIENTS | IMPOTENCE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | MALE UROLOGIC SURGERY | SATISFACTION | TREATMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 323376

22.

Title: Prevalence of chronic prostatitis symptoms in a randomly surveyed adult population of urban-community-dwelling Nigerian males.
Author: Ejike CE; Ezeanyika LU
Source: International Journal of Urology. 2008 Apr;15(4):340-343.
Abstract: Chronic prostatitis is a debilitating disease of the prostate gland that is characterized by chronic pelvic pain. Unlike the developed world, the prevalence of chronic prostatitis and its impact on the quality of life (QOL) of the sufferer is not known in Nigeria. This work was carried out to fill this vacuum. A random cross-sectional survey of apparently normalmen of ages 20-70 years, living in Nsukka, a university town in South-eastern Nigeria, using the National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) was carried out. The self reported pain and QOL scores were used to identify subjects with chronic prostatitis symptoms and the subjects' QOL status, respectively. Of the 1507 men studied, 12.21% had symptoms suggestive of chronic prostatitis. Subjects with chronic prostatitis symptoms (CPS) (mean relative age 40.98 plus or minus 12.51 years) had higher mean pain and voiding scores (5.65 plus or minus 1.99 and 2.61 plus or minus 2.23, respectively) compared with subjects without CPS (0.44 plus or minus 0.73 and 1.29 plus or minus 1.70 for pain and voiding scores, respectively; mean relative age 41.99 plus or minus 12.99 years). A total of 39.62% of the population had pain in at least one location, while 22.69% of the population had impaired QOL. Chronic prostatitis symptoms are as common in Nigeria as they are in the developed world, and so are their effects on the QOL of the sufferer. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | PROSTATE | CHRONIC DISEASES | PREVALENCE | PAIN | QUALITY OF LIFE | URBAN AREAS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Measurement | Signs and Symptoms | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 325954

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Socio-cultural, psychosexual and biomedical factors associated with genital symptoms experienced by men in rural India.
Author: Gautham M; Singh R; Weiss H; Brugha R; Patel V
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Mar;13(3):1-12.
Abstract: Biomedical, anthropological and psychiatric frameworks have been used to research different elements of men's sexual health - sexually transmitted infections, psychosexual concerns and psychological distress - but rarely within the same study. We combined these in a study in rural north India. In Tehri Garhwal and Agra districts, we explored male perceptions of genital and sexual symptoms through focus group discussions and then conducted a clinic-based survey of 366 symptomatic men who presented at rural private provider clinics. Men's urine specimens were tested for gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Researchers screened them for probable psychological distress by administering the General Health Questionnaire (12-items). Results revealed that local and traditional notions of health influenced men's symptom perceptions, with semen loss their predominant concern. Dhat, commonly perceived as an involuntary semen loss, corresponded most closely with the symptom of urethral discharge, but was attributed mainly to non-infectious causes. It could also manifest as a syndrome with physical weakness and mental lethargy. FGD participants lacked correct and complete information on reproductive health. Around 75% of the symptomatic men presented with dhat, but only 5.5% tested positive for gonorrhoea or chlamydia. Application of syndromic sexually transmitted infection (STI) guidelines in these settings could result in over diagnosis and over treatment with antibiotics. In contrast, there was a significant association between dhat and probable psychological distress as detected by the GHQ (Adjusted OR, GHQ case positive: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.51-4.68). Our study confirms the existence of a dhat syndrome in rural India, which is culturally influenced and reflects heightened psychosexual concerns as well as mental distress states. Comprehensive health services for men should include assessments of their psychosexual needs and be supported by reproductive / sexual health education. STI treatment guidelines for urethral symptoms should be revised and be based on epidemiological data. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | RURAL POPULATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PERCEPTION | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | CULTURE | STRESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior
Document Number: 324176

24.

Title: Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples.
Author: Gdoura R; Kchaou W; Ammar-Keskes L; Chakroun N; Sellemi A
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2008 Mar-Apr;29(2):198-206.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was threefold: to compare semen and first void urine (FVU) specimens from asymptomatic infertile men for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasma, and genital mycoplasma infections using in-house inhibitor-controlled polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-microtiter plate hybridization assay; to determine the prevalence of those organisms in infertile men in Tunisia; and to study the relationship between these bacteria and male infertility. Paired urine and semen specimens from 104 patients were examined by in-house PCR for the presence of DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum) and genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium). Semen analysis was assessed according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Nominal scale variables, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance test were used for statistical analysis. There was a very high concordance (greater than 95%) and a very good agreement (k greater than 0.9) between the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasmas, and Mycoplasma hominis in semen and corresponding FVU specimens. Our findings also show a high concordance (81.1%) and a good agreement (k = 0.79) between the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in both specimens. C trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas, and genital ureaplasmas were found to be widespread among infertile male patients in Tunisia, as shown by their respective prevalences of 43.3%, 18.3%, and 14.4%. The mean values of seminal volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and leukocyte count were not significantly related either to the detection of C trachomatis DNA or to that of genital ureaplasma or mycoplasma DNA in semen specimens. Using our in-house PCR, both semen and FVU were found to be sensitive diagnostic specimens for the detection of C trachomatis, ureaplasmas, and mycoplasmas. The FVU, a less invasive and self-collected specimen, can serve as a marker for the presence of these organisms in the genital tract and can be used as a reliable way of detecting asymptomatic carriers of infection. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MEN | INFERTILITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | DATA COLLECTION | TESTING | SEMEN | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 324384

25.
Title: Prevalence of genital Chlamydia in Iranian males with urethritis attending clinics in Mashhad.
Author: Ghanaat J; Afshari JT; Ghazvini K; Malvandi M
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Nov-Dec;14(6):1333-7.
Abstract: Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease which can cause severe consequences. Effective prevention requires knowledge of prevalence of infection in order to target interventions in a cost-effective manner. To determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in Mashhad, northeastern Islamic Republic of Iran, this study was performed among male patients with urethritis. Urethral discharge was collected from 150 patients. Cell culture was established for diagnosis of Chlamydia in genital specimens. Cell culture showed that 9.3% of patients in this study were infected with Chlamydia. This study provides strong evidence that prevalence of Chlamydia in our region is quite high, which necessitates screening and treatment for the infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | PREVALENCE | CHLAMYDIA | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330303

26.

Title: Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: An overview.
Author: Gurbuz N; Mammadov E; Usta MF
Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jan;10(1):36-43.
Abstract: In humans androgen decline is presented as a clinical picture which includes decreased sexual interest, diminished erectile capasity, delayed or absent orgasms and reduced sexual pleasure. Additionally, changes in mood, diminished well being, fatigue, depression and irritability are also associated with androgen insufficiency. The critical role of androgens on the development, growth, and maintanence of the penis has been widely accepted. Although, the exact effect of androgens on erectile physiology still remains undetermined, recent experimental studies have broaden our understanding about the relationship between androgens and erectile function. Preclinical studies showed that androgen deprivation leads to penile tissue atrophy and alterations in the nerve structures of the penis. Furthermore, androgen deprivation caused to accumulation of fat containing cells and decreased protein expression of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and nNOS), and phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5), which play crucial role in normal erectile physiology. On the light of the recent literature, we aimed to present the direct effect of androgens on the structures, development and maintanence of penile tissue and erectile physiology as well. Furthermore, according to the clinical studies we conclude the aetiology, pathophysiology, prevalance, diagnosis and treatment options of hypogonadism in aging men. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREVALENCE | TESTOSTERONE ANALYSIS | MEN | IMPOTENCE | ANDROGENS | TESTOSTERONE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 323374

27.

Title: The inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions of crude garlic (Allium sativum) feeding.
Author: Hammami I; Nahdi A; Mauduit C; Benahmed M; Amri M
Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jul;10(4):593-601.
Abstract: Aim: To investigate the effects of crude garlic on adult male rat reproductive functions. Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into five groups: group 1 (untreated) and groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed for 30 days with 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% crude garlic, respectively. Testes and accessory organs were weighed and some markers were assessed. Light and electron microscopy observations were also performed. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the body weight of groups 4 (14%; P < 0.01) and 5 (20%; P < 0.01); of the prostate weight in group 5 (29.1%; P < 0.05) and of seminal vesicle weight in groups 3 (14.4%; P < 0.01), 4 (18.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (27.3%; P < 0.01). In contrast, testis and epididymis weights were unchanged. In epididymis tissue, the alpha glucosidase activity and the spermatozoa density were unchanged. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone serum levels in groups 3 (77.3%; P < 0.01), 4 (77.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (90.9%; P < 0.01), associated with a significant increase in LH serum levels (P < 0.01). Testicular histology showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Moreover, testicular function was affected; a significant decrease in phosphatase acid activity (P < 0.01) and testosterone (P < 0.05) contents were observed. Conclusion: Crude garlic consumption during 1 month reduced testosterone secretion and altered spermatogenesis at 10%, 15% and 30% doses. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | MEDICINAL PLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | BODY WEIGHT | PROSTATE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTIS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TESTOSTERONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins
Document Number: 327404

28.

Title: Do lifestyle changes work for improving erectile dysfunction?
Author: Horasanli K; Boylu U; Kendirci M; Miroglu C
Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jan;10(1):28-35.
Abstract: The main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is organic in nature, with vascular etiologies being the most common risk factors. Although there have been sufficient data on the relationship between ED and several well-recognized risk factors, including aging, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and pelvic surgeries, little attention has been paid by the urologists to the role of lifestyle factors in ED. However, accumulating data from basic science and clinical studies have determined a link between the occurrence of ED and a number of lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity. The application of findings from animal and human studies to the clinical practice regarding the modification of lifestyle factors could help improving ED as well as reducing the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. This communication addresses the impact of lifestyle factors on erectile function and the potential benefits of modifying these factors to improve ED in respect to the current evidence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | RISK BEHAVIOR | LIFE STYLE | IMPOTENCE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323373

29.

Title: Role of postcircumcision mucosal cuff length in lifelong premature ejaculation: A pilot study.
Author: Hosseini SR; Khazaeli MH; Atharikia D
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 Jan;5(1):206-209.
Abstract: Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most prevalent sexual dysfunction among men. Several theories about its etiology have been made. One of the conflicting factors is the effect of circumcision on ejaculation, and there are some concerns about leaving so much mucosa during circumcision. In our study the relationship between mucosal cuff length and PE was investigated. Eighty-four circumcised men were studied, including 42 men with PE and 42 men without. The following data and measurements were investigated: age, education, smoking, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), circumcision timing, stretched penile, penile skin, and mucosal cuff lengths. Main Outcome Measure: Penile, mucosal cuff, and penile skin lengths, the IELT. The mean penile, mucosal cuff, and penile skin lengths were 121.1 +or- 12.8, 15.4 +or- 4.8, and 80.8 +or- 21.0 mm in PE men, respectively, and were 130.1 +or- 10.4, 14.7 +or- 3.4, and 88.7 +or- 12.2 mm in the control group, respectively. No statistically significant differences were seen regarding the length of the penis (P = 0.80), mucosal cuff (P = 0.84), and penile skin (P = 0.99). The two groups were not different regarding education (P = 0.90), smoking (P = 0.70), and circumcision timing (P = 0.65). Postcircumcision mucosal cuff length is not a risk factor for PE. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | SEX BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 313415

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Update on nonoxynol-9 as vaginal spermicide.
Author: Iyer V; Poddar SS
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):339-50.
Abstract: Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is a typical surfactant. For more than 30 years that very property of N-9 has been successfully exploited for its spermicidal action. It is available as an over-the-counter, locally acting vaginal spermicide. The suitability of N-9 as a spermicide is elaborated in this article. The reasons why N-9 may fail as a contraceptive are discussed. In spite of many drawbacks, which are mentioned in the article, N-9 is still often resorted to as a locally acting contraceptive. The review ends with suggestions to alter the molecular structure of N-9 and to adjust the dosages.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NONOXYNOL-9 | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CERVICAL MUCUS | SEMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 331176


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