1.  Title: Scientists recommend new design for female condom research. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2009]. [2] p. (Research Briefs on the Female Condom) Abstract: As the result of a USAID-supported workshop organized by the nonprofit organization CONRAD, scientists have proposed a new design for studies testing the effectiveness of innovations in the female condom. For a female condom to gain regulatory approval in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently requires that the product be tested in a large -- and often expensive -- phase III contraceptive-effectiveness trial. CONRAD held the workshop specifically so that experts on female condoms and semen biomarkers could explore acceptable alternatives to this type of trial. The experts identified the well-studied biomarker prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as the most promising marker to pursue for this application. The new study design uses PSA to show the presence of semen in the vagina, which should be a more reliable indicator of clinical condom failure than is the incidence of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection. A report of the workshop and the details of the study design are published in the journal Contraception. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | WORKSHOPS | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONDOM FAILURE | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | VAGINA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Condoms | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Genitalia, Female Document Number: 331704 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Biological Validation of Self-Reported Condom Use Among Sex Workers in Guinea. Author: Aho J; Koushik A; Diakite SL; Loua KM; Nguyen VK; Rashed S Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 13; Abstract: Self-reported condom use may be prone to social desirability bias. Our aim was to assess the validity of self-reported condom use in a population of female sex workers using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a gold standard biomarker of recent unprotected vaginal intercourse. We collected data on 223 sex-workers in Conakry, Guinea in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported condom use as well as to examine the predictors of discordance between self-report and PSA presence. PSA was detected in 38.4% of samples. Sensitivity of self-reported condom use was 14.6% and its specificity was 94.7%. Self-perceived high risk of HIV infection was the only significant independent predictor of misreported condom use. PSA could be useful to validate self-reported condom use in surveys and to allow a better understanding of factors associated with social desirability in sexual behaviour reporting. Language: English Keywords: GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | BIAS | DATA REPORTING | VALIDITY | VAGINA | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement | Data Collection | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342486 |
| 3. Title: Misoprostol for pregnancy termination in grand multiparous women with three cesarean deliveries. Author: Alsibiani SA Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3; Abstract: In countries in which women have high parity, pregnancy termination is common in women who have had multiple cesarean deliveries. Although a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is recommended for late abortion, in Saudi Arabia, mifepristone is not approved or available. There is little information about the safety of misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy or induction of labor in women with scarred uteri and multiple cesarean deliveries. Although there is no recommended dose or mode of administration for misoprostol in patients with scarred uteri and high parity, it is advisable to use a low dose. Misoprostol use in women with scarred uteri can lead to uterine rupture, but few incidences have been reported in the literature. However, caution is advisable. Misoprostol administered orally has a rapid onset of action and increases uterine tone, but contractions are not experienced unless repeated doses are administered. In addition, women usually prefer oral administration. Vaginal administration offers prolonged activity, greatest bioavailability, and a lower incidence of adverse effects. Use of misoprostol for termination of pregnancy in 2 grand multiparous (gravidity N10) women each with 3 previous cesarean deliveries is summarized in Table 1. According to the WHO expert dosage guidelines, the maximum dose was not exceeded in either patient. In patient 1 an intracervical Foley catheter with syntocinon infusion was used to ripen the cervix followed by oral administration of 800 µg of misoprostol. Patient 2 received a single dose of 800 µg of misoprostol vaginally. Favorable results were obtained in both women using a single high dose of misoprostol. The safety of using misoprostol in women with high parity and scarred uteri could not be ascertained from this study. A larger study is needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of this regimen in patients with high parity who have had more than 2 previous cesarean deliveries. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SAUDI ARABIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | CESAREAN SECTION | ABORTION | MULTIPARITY | MISOPROSTOL | UTERUS | RU-486 | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Drugs Document Number: 341466 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian activity and safety of a novel levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol continuous oral contraceptive regimen. Author: Archer DF; Kovalevsky G; Ballagh SA; Grubb GS Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):245-53. Abstract: BACKGROUND: A continuous regimen of oral levonorgestrel (LNG) 90 mcg/ethinyl estradiol (EE) 20 mcg was evaluated for inhibition of ovulation, time to return to ovulation after stopping treatment and safety. STUDY DESIGN: This open-label study was conducted in healthy women aged 18-35 years. Ovulation was documented before treatment, and then participants received oral tablets containing LNG 90 mcg/EE 20 mcg to be taken continuously for three 28-day intervals. Ovarian activity was assessed three times per week during the treatment period with transvaginal ultrasound scans and measurements of serum 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations. Safety assessments included physical examinations, laboratory evaluations and adverse event records. RESULTS: Thirty-seven of the 58 subjects who received treatment met predefined criteria for efficacy analysis. No on-treatment ovulations occurred in the efficacy or intent-to-treat population. There was evidence of ovulation within 37 days of stopping treatment for 46 (98%) of 47 subjects evaluated posttreatment. The final subject with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome ovulated by Day 66. The safety profile observed during this 84-day continuous regimen was similar to that seen with other low-dose oral contraceptives administered in a cyclic regimen. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous LNG/EE regimen completely inhibited ovulation, with little evidence of follicular development and with rapid return of ovulatory capacity after stopping treatment. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | SAFETY | ULTRASONICS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342575 |
| 5. Title: Sonographic findings of uterine rupture with expulsion of the fetus into broad ligament. Author: Attarde VY; Patil P; Chaudhari R; Zope N; Apte A Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2009 Jan;37(1):50-2. Abstract: We report the sonographic findings of a rare case of uterine rupture with extrusion of the fetus into the broad ligament during a second-trimester abortion. Sonography revealed the empty uterus with an indistinct defect on the side wall and the dead fetus lying outside, surrounded by a thin membrane. At surgery, the uterine rupture was confirmed with the fetus lying in the broad ligament. This study shows the importance of timely sonography in second-trimester abortion, enabling immediate management and preventing further complications. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | UTERINE PERFORATION | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | ULTRASONICS | UTERINE EFFECTS | ABORTION | MEDICAL PROCEDURES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Perforations | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 330846 Notification |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Safety of late second-trimester pregnancy termination by laminaria dilatation and evacuation in patients with previous multiple cesarean sections. Author: Ben-Ami I; Schneider D; Svirsky R; Smorgick N; Pansky M; Halperin R Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):154.e1-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there is an increased perioperative risk in termination of late second-trimester pregnancy after multiple cesarean sections by laminaria dilatation and evacuation. STUDY DESIGN: During the period between January 2002 and June 2008, 636 consecutive patients underwent late second-trimester (17-24 weeks) pregnancy terminations by dilatation and evacuation. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups: those with no previous cesarean section (n = 545), those with 1 previous cesarean section (n = 59), and those with several previous cesarean sections (n = 32). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in major perioperative complications, such as anesthetic complications, need for blood transfusion, and cervical lacerations comparing the 3 subgroups. Importantly, there were neither cases of uterine perforation nor retained products of conception in the 3 subgroups. CONCLUSION: Late second-trimester pregnancy termination after multiple cesarean sections by laminaria dilatation and evacuation is probably not associated with an increased perioperative risk. Larger studies are needed to empower this study. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | CESAREAN SECTION | ABORTION | SAFETY | UTERINE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342611 Notification |
| 7. Title: Three-dimensional ultrasound detection of abnormally located intrauterine contraceptive devices which are a source of pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Author: Benacerraf BR; Shipp TD; Bromley B Source: Ultrasound In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 29;34(1):110-115. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) that are located abnormally within the myometrium or cervix cause a higher incidence of pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding compared with normally positioned devices. METHODS: Over a period of 9 months, all patients with an IUD presenting at our unit for two-dimensional pelvic ultrasound underwent a three-dimensional (3D) volume reconstruction of the coronal view, to visualize the entire IUD within the cavity. The IUD was deemed malpositioned if any part extended past the cavity, into the myometrium or cervix. The indications for ultrasound were recorded at presentation for the exam. The presenting symptoms of patients with an abnormally located IUD were compared with those with normally positioned ones. RESULTS: Among 167 consecutive patients with an IUD evaluated using the 3D reconstructed coronal view, 28 (16.8%) had an IUD with side arms abnormally located within the myometrium. The abnormal positioning of the IUD arms wasonly detected using the 3D coronal view. A higher proportion of patients with an abnormally located IUD presented with bleeding (35.7%) or pain (39.3%) compared with those with normally positioned IUDs (15.1% with bleeding and 19.4% with pain) (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Seventy-five percent of patients with an abnormally located IUD presented with bleeding or pain compared with 34.5% of those whose IUD was normally placed (P = 0.0001). Twenty of 21 patients with an abnormally located IUD presenting with pelvic pain or bleeding reported improvement in their symptoms after IUD removal. CONCLUSION: A 3D coronal view of the uterus is useful in the visualization of IUDs. The coronal view showing the entire device and its position within the uterus may help in identifying the cause of pelvic pain and bleeding in patients with an embedded IUD. Copyright (c) 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | ULTRASONICS | IUD COMPLICATIONS | IUD MIGRATION | BLEEDING | PAIN | MYOMETRIUM | CERVIX | INSERTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment Document Number: 341864 |
| 8. Title: Misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy termination in women with prior caesarean: a systematic review. Author: Berghella V; Airoldi J; O'Neill AM; Einhorn K; Hoffman M Source: BJOG. 2009 Aug;116(9):1151-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Second trimester pregnancy induction with misoprostol in women with prior caesarean delivery is not well studied. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of uterine rupture using misoprostol as an induction agent for pregnancy termination in the second trimester of pregnancy in women with prior caesarean delivery. SEARCH STRATEGY: Cases of women with a history of prior caesarean delivery and subsequent misoprostol induction for pregnancy termination in the second trimester (16-28 weeks) were obtained from two main data sources. First, a retrospective chart analysis was performed at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Christiana Hospital between 1998 and 2004. Second, multiple Medline, Scopus and POPLINE literature searches were performed. SELECTION CRITERIA: Case series and cohort studies of women with one or more prior caesarean delivery (of any type), and with a subsequent pregnancy with induction of labour for pregnancy termination at 16-28 weeks using misoprostol as the initial primary agent were included. Case reports were analysed separately. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Total cases were analysed by type and number of prior caesarean delivery, for the primary outcome of uterine rupture. MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of uterine rupture associated with second trimester misoprostol termination was 0.4% (2/461) in women with one prior low transverse, 0% (0/46) in those with two prior low transverse and 50% (1/2) in those with a prior classical caesarean delivery. One of the cases of uterine rupture in a woman with a prior low transverse caesarean required transfusion. None of the total eight cases (including case reports) of uterine rupture was associated with hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Second trimester misoprostol termination appears safe among women with one prior low transverse caesarean birth, as it is associated with incidences of uterine rupture of 0.4% (95% confidence interval 0.08-1.67%), of hysterectomy of 0% and of transfusion of 0.2%. There are insufficient data on risk with more than one prior caesarean birth or with prior classical caesarean birth. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | MISOPROSTOL | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | ABORTION | CESAREAN SECTION | UTERINE EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | INCIDENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Measurement Document Number: 342794 Notification |
| 9. Title: Novel progesterone receptor modulators with gene selective and context-dependent partial agonism. Author: Berrodin TJ; Jelinsky SA; Graciani N; Butera JA; Zhang Z; Nagpal S; Winneker RC; Yudt MR Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2009 Jan 15;77(2):204-15. Abstract: Progesterone receptor (PR) modulators are used in contraception and post-menopausal hormone therapy, and are under clinical development for reproductive disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Development of tissue selective PR modulators (SPRMs) with reduced side effects and improved pharmacology represents a large unmet medical need in the area of women's health. One approach to addressing this need is to focus on the two PR isoforms PR-A and PR-B. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed both distinct as well as overlapping gene regulation and functional responses of the two PR isoforms that suggests that PR-A selective modulators may retain a desired biological profile. We have identified a chemical series of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-substituted piperazine carbimidothioic acid esters (PCEs) that have partial PR agonist activity and selectively activate some PR-A isoform regulated genes in T47D cells. However, full microarray analysis in these cells does not predict a global isoform selective profile for these compounds, but rather a unique gene-selective profile is observed relative to steroidal progestins. Using multiplexed peptide interaction profiling and co-activator recruitment assays we find that the mechanism of partial agonism is only partly defined by the ability to recruit known co-activators or peptides but also depends on the cell and promoter context of the gene under investigation. The data demonstrate global consequences of mechanistic and functional differences that can lead to selective biological responses of novel steroid receptor modulators. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | UTERINE EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIOSIS | NEEDS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | PROGESTERONE | SCREENING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 329730 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Cervical obstruction complicating second-trimester abortion: treatment with misoprostol. Author: Borgatta L; Sayegh R; Betstadt SJ; Stubblefield PG Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Feb;113(2 Pt 2):548-50. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cervical cone biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedures (LEEP) may lead to cervical scarring, agglutination, or stenosis. Leiomyomas may also obstruct the lower uterine segment such that instruments cannot be passed from the vagina to the gestation. CASE: Two women requested second trimester abortion. Both women had undergone cervical LEEP. In addition, one woman had a 10-cm leiomyoma, which seemed to be obstructing the lower segment. In both, the external cervical os was essentially obliterated. After administration of misoprostol, the cervix softened markedly in 18-24 hours. In both women, the cervix dilated readily and allowed dilation and evacuation of the uterus. CONCLUSION: Misoprostol resulted in the ability to evacuate the uterus vaginally, in a situation that might have otherwise resulted in hysterotomy. Language: English Keywords: MASSACHUSETTS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | CERVICAL EFFECTS | CERVICAL LACERATION | GROWTH | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Diseases | Child Development | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330357 Notification |
| 12. Title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog combined with a low-dose oral contraceptive to treat heavy menstrual bleeding. Author: Cetin NN; Karabacak O; Korucuoglu U; Karabacak N Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar;104(3):236-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives used alone and in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog to treat heavy menstrual bleeding. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with heavy menstrual bleeding were prospectively randomized into two treatment groups to receive either a low-dose oral contraceptive alone (group 1), or combined with a GnRH analog (group 2) for 6 months. The patients' hormonal profiles, and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured at the beginning and at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels significantly improved in both groups after 6 months of treatment (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Even in the first month of the study, the number of pads used and the duration of menstruation were significantly decreased in both groups and markedly lower in group 2 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The addition of a GnRH analog to low-dose oral contraceptive treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding resulted in bettercontrol of vaginal bleeding, even in the first month of therapy. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | MENORRHAGIA | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | GONADOTROPINS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 341388 |
| 13. Title: Prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor for tubo-ovarian abscess. Author: Charonis G; Larsson PG Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(6):680-684. Abstract: Objective. The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most preferred method of reversible contraception in the world today. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently recommends that women who had a copper IUCD inserted around age 40 do not need to have it extracted until one year after the menopause. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Skovde Central Hospital, Sweden. Population. All 114 women receiving in-patient treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over five years between January 2001 and December 2005. Methods. Comparison between cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses and salpingitis with focus on the effects of IUCDs used continually for >5 years after insertion. Main outcome measures. Age-adjusted risk of PID within or after five years of use, microbiological findings in blood, intraabdominal pus, cervical secretions or on extracted IUCDs. Results. There were 31 cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses, 63 of salpingitis, four of endometritis, and 16 of mild genital infection. When comparing women with the same IUCD>5 years to women having the same IUCDLanguage: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | IUD | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 341046 |
| 14. Title: Mifepristone plus vaginal misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol alone for medical abortion in gestation 63 days or less in Nepalese women: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Author: Chawdhary R; Rana A; Pradhan N Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2009 Feb;35(1):78-85. Abstract: AIM: To compare the efficacy of mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol with misoprostol alone for pregnancy termination up to 63 days. METHOD: This exploratory study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal as a part of a thesis study for a period of one year from April 2005-2006. After confirming a pregnancy < or =63 days gestation by transvaginal ultrasound, an equal number of women (50) were randomized into (i) group A, women who received 200 mg oral mifepristone (RU 486) on day 1 and vaginal misoprostol 800 microg on day 3; and (ii) group B, women who received vaginal misoprostol (800 microg) on day 1 and 3 (total dose 1600 microg). The primary study outcome measure was complete abortion without surgical intervention making comparisons between these two groups in terms of complete abortion rate, need for manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete abortion and pregnancy continuation after reconfirming the diagnosis on transvaginal ultrasound, besides comparing the side effects/complications. RESULTS: Fewer side effects and a more complete abortion rate (94%) was observed in group A (mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol) in comparison to vaginal misoprostol alone (total dose 1600 microg) giving a complete abortion rate of 86% along with a significant hematocrit drop on follow-up day 10 (P = 0.03) besides having increased duration of bleeding (P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Mifepristone oral (200 mg) followed by vaginal misoprostol (800 microg) on day 3 provides a better success rate (94%) with fewer complications than vaginal misoprostol 800 microg used on days 1 and 3 for medical abortion of pregnancies up to 63 days. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | RU-486 | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | VAGINA | ULTRASONICS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 341125 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage? Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5. Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality Document Number: 342845 |
| 16. Title: Expectant management of pregnancy-related high-velocity uterine arteriovenous shunt diagnosed after abortion. Author: Degani S; Leibovitz Z; Shapiro I; Ohel G Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Jul;106(1):46-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess sonographic and clinical outcome in women with pregnancy-related uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) diagnosed after abortion. METHOD: Twelve patients diagnosed as having AVMs after abortion were followed-up until resolution of the lesions. RESULTS: The 9 asymptomatic patients were managed expectantly for 4 to 10 weeks without further complications. None of the 12 required aggressive interventions such as transcatheter arterial embolization, and 6 had uncomplicated pregnancies after resolution of the lesions. CONCLUSION: Expectant management is an option in many women with pregnancy-related uterine AVMs. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | POSTABORTION | POSTABORTION CARE | UTERINE EFFECTS | MANAGEMENT | ULTRASONICS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 342604 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Insertion of intrauterine contraceptives immediately following first- and second-trimester abortions. Author: Drey EA; Reeves MF; Ogawa DD; Sokoloff A; Darney PD; Steinauer JE Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):397-402. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to assess the continuation and patient satisfaction with intrauterine contraception (IUC) insertion immediately after elective abortion in the first and second trimesters in an urban, public hospital-based clinic. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of 256 women who elected to have insertion of a copper-T IUC (CuT380a) or a levonorgestrel-releasing IUC (LNG-IUC) were followed postoperatively by phone calls or chart review to evaluate satisfaction and continuation with the method. RESULTS: Of our 256 subjects, 123 had first-trimester abortions and 133 had second-trimester abortions (14 or more weeks). Median time to follow-up was 8 weeks (range 7-544 days). Nineteen discontinuations occurred: eight (6.5%, 95% CI 2.8-12.4%) following first-trimester and 11 (8.3%, 95% CI 4.2-14.3%) following second-trimester abortion (p=.6). Five women reported expulsion; one (0.8%, 95% CI 0.0-4.4%) in the first-trimester group and four (3.0%, 95% CI 0.8-7.5%) in the second-trimester group. (p=.4) Seven infections resulting in discontinuation occurred (2.7%, 95% CI 1.1-5.6%); none were positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia at time of insertion. No perforations occurred. Nearly all (93.8%) of the women were satisfied with IUC. Rates of satisfaction between women after first- and second-trimester abortions were equal. CONCLUSION: In an urban clinic, IUC has high initial continuation and high patient satisfaction when inserted immediately following either first- or second-trimester abortions. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | UTERUS | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | SATISFACTION | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | IUD EXPULSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Planning Programs | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330942 |
| 18. Title: [An uncommon localization of pyoderma gangrenosum on the penis of an HIV infected patient in the Ivory Coast] L'atteinte du penis, une localisation rare du pyoderma gangrenosum: a propos d'un Author: Ecra E; Ahogo KC; Sangare A; Kaloga M; Kassi K; Kouame K; Kacou DE; Gbery IP; Yoboue YP; Kanga JM Source: Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique. 2009 May;102(2):85-7. Abstract: Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon chronic ulcerative dermatosis with unknown aetiology and with a pathology which is still obscure. In 15-45% of cases, it is related to intestinal chronic inflammatory disease (MICI), to a systemic disease that it can sometimes reveals or to an immunodeficiency This disease starts whether with a pustule, a bubble or a nodule which leads during its evolvement to a superficial ulceration with clear edges. Its diagnosis is easy and is mainly clinical. It is a disease which is localized preferably in lower limbs. Treatment is mainly based on oral route corticotherapy. We report a case of gangrenosum pyoderma localized on the penis in a 43-year-old HIV infected patient. It is an uncommon localization, misleading and delicate. We have treated successfully this patient by oral corticotherapy combined with local antiseptic treatments for 6 months. Language: French Keywords: COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | TREATMENT | DRUGS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342812 |
| 19. Title: Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza, Palestine. Author: El Qouqa IA; Shubair ME; Al Jarousha AM; Sharif FA Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;13(3):334-41. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle of replication. The organism is recognized as one of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection throughout the world. Since there have been no previous studies dealing with chlamydial diagnosis in Palestine, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics. METHODS: Endocervical swabs were collected from 109 women, aged 18-52 years (median 29 years), attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza. These specimens were processed using molecular (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA; IDEIA PCE Chlamydia) techniques. RESULTS: The results obtained show that the overall prevalence rate of C. trachomatis was 20.2%. The sensitivity was 73% for the EIA, 86% for the MOMP (major outer membrane protein gene)-based PCR, and 100% for the plasmid-based PCR. Meanwhile the specificity was 94% for the EIA, 98% for the plasmid-based PCR, and 100% for the MOMP-based PCR. In multivariate analysis, only cervical discharge was significantly associated with positivity for C. trachomatis (adjusted odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.0-15.5; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that a significant proportion of Palestinian women expressed evidence of exposure to C. trachomatis. Women with cervicitis are more likely to have been previously infected or exposed to Chlamydia infection. Furthermore, PCR proved to be superior and more efficient in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis than EIA. Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | INFERTILITY | CERVICAL EFFECTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Reproduction | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342115 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Development of a scrotal vasocutaneous fistula producing viable spermatozoa 9 years after vasectomy. Author: Gaden S; Kasraie J Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Mar;91(3):929.e17-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of scrotal vasocutaneous fistula discharging viable sperm. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: A hospital-based assisted conception center. PATIENT(S): A 37-year-old male presenting for fertility treatment 9 years after vasectomy with a scrotal vasocutaneous fistula that caused a painful, intermittently rupturing, subcutaneous cyst. INTERVENTION(S): Analysis of fistula discharge and planned fistula resection with vasovasostomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Diagnostic semen analysis to determine presence or absence of spermatozoa in fistula discharge. RESULT(S): A very low concentration of live spermatozoa were identified in the fistula discharge. CONCLUSIONS(S): We believe this is the first time that live spermatozoa, potentially suitable for assisted conception treatment using intracytoplasmic sperm injection have been identified in the discharge from a vasocutaneous fistula. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | MEN | VASECTOMY | SPERMATOZOA | FISTULA | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341006 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention of tamoxifen induced endometrial polyps using a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system long-term follow-up of a randomised control trial. Author: Gardner FJ; Konje JC; Bell SC; Abrams KR; Brown LJ; Taylor DJ; Habiba M Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2009 Sep;114(3):452-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: In a RCT, we have previously shown that the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena) produces a decidual response protecting the endometrium at one year follow-up. We here report on the long-term follow-up of this group of women, to test the hypothesis that a LNG-IUS could prevent the pro-proliferative uterine responses of tamoxifen for up to 4.5 years. METHODS: A randomised-controlled trial of postmenopausal women who had taken at least one year of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two women were recruited. Nine were found to be ineligible after randomisation. The average duration of follow-up was 26.25 months (IQR 14.5-36 months) in the surveillance group and 24.2 months (IQR 13.75-32.5 months) in the LNG-IUS group. Women with LNG-IUS in situ at the time of final assessment had decidualised endometrium, and no polyps. In the surveillance group new polyps arose in 8 cases. There were 3 new polyps in the group initially randomised to LNG-IUS, one in a patient who did not have the device inserted and 2 occurred in patients following the removal of the LNG-IUS. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression models identified only endometrial thickness at trial entry as a statistically significant variable (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.22, p=0.01) for the development of polyps. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that LNG-IUS induces benign endometrial changes and prevents endometrial polyps but only during its use in women taking tamoxifen. Endometrial thickness is a risk factor for the development of polyps. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CLIENTS | BREAST CANCER | TAMOXIFEN | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | HYSTEROSCOPY | ULTRASONICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342402 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Trial of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Chinese Men. Author: Gu Y; Liang X; Wu W; Liu M; Song S; Cheng L; Bo L; Xiong C; Wang X; Liu X; Peng L; Yao K Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009 Jun;94(6):1910-1915. Abstract: Context: Hormonal male contraceptive regimens effectively and reversibly suppress sperm production but there are few large-scale efficacy studies. Objective: The safety, contraceptive efficacy, reversibility and feasibility of injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) in tea seed oil as a hormonal male contraceptive was assessed. Design: This was a mutilcenter, phase III, contraceptive efficacy clinical trial. Participants: 1045 healthy fertile Chinese men were recruited throughout China into the study. Intervention(s): Monthly injections of 500 mg TU, administered for 30 months. A definition of severe oligozoospermia (Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MEN | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTIS | SEMEN | HORMONES | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Sterilization, Sexual | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Endocrine System | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330735 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Lack of utility of risk score and gynecological examination for screening for sexually transmitted infections in sexually active adolescents. Author: Guimaraes EM; Guimaraes MD; Vieira MA; Bontempo NM; Seixas MS; Garcia MS; Daud LE; Cortes RL; Alves Mde F Source: BMC Medicine. 2009;7:8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections constitute the main health risk among adolescents. In developing countries the diagnosis and treatment of cervical infections is based on the syndromic approach. In this study we estimated the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among female adolescents from a Health Sector of the city of Goiania, Brazil, and validated cervicitis diagnosis using World Health Organization/Ministry of Health risk score and gynecological examination. METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based sample of 914 15- to 19-year-old female teenagers was randomly selected and referred to the local Family Health Program. Of these, 472 (51.6%) were sexually active and gynecological examinations were carried out for 427. Endocervical samples were collected to perform the polymerase chain reaction for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Performance of risk score, the presence of mucopurulent discharge, friability, ectopia and pain during cervical maneuver were compared with the presence of C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae or both. RESULTS: The prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae was 14.5% and 2.1%, respectively. The risk score had a specificity of 31.9% (95% confidence interval, 21.2 to 44.2) and a positive predictive value of 20.8% (95% confidence interval, 13.5 to 29.7). Friability was the component of the gynecological examination that presented the best performance with a sensitivity of 43.5%, specificity of 81.0%, and 30.6% of positive predictive value. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of infection by C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae was high among these sexually active adolescents. The syndromic approach is clearly inadequate for screening and treating these infections in this population. Therefore, the implantation of other strategies to control these infections among adolescents is urgently required. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | GYNECOLOGY | CERVICAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | CHLAMYDIA | GONORRHEA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Behavior | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 331079 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Interaction of contraceptive antimicrobial peptide nisin with target cell membranes: implications for use as vaginal microbicide. Author: Gupta SM; Aranha CC; Bellare JR; Reddy KV Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):299-307. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nisin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is currently the focus of clinical trials as an intravaginal microbicide. Therefore its mechanism of interaction with various cell membranes was studied. STUDY DESIGN: Flow cytometry was used for quantitative estimation of membrane damage by nisin which was further determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Affinity of nisin for different unilamellar liposome vesicles was determined spectroflurometrically and confirmed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS: Propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry exhibited selective membrane permeabilizing effect of nisin on sperm and bacterial membranes which correlated with ultrastructural changes. In vitro interaction of nisin with liposome model vesicles revealed significant leakage of calcein from liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (POPC/POPG) (e.g., bacteria) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (POPC/POPS) (e.g., spermatozoa) as compared to phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPC/POPE) vesicles (e.g., red blood corpuscles). LSCM results were in complete agreement with cell membrane affinity studies. CONCLUSION: This unique property of nisin can be exploited in the development of a safe and effective vaginal microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STIs/AIDS) and unplanned pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | IN VITRO | MICROBICIDES | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342572 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Cervical dilation in second-trimester abortion. Author: Hayes JL; Fox MC Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):171-8. Abstract: Dilation and evacuation, the most common method performed for second-trimester abortion in the United States, requires sufficient cervical dilation to reduce the risk of complications such as cervical laceration or uterine perforation. The cervix may be prepared with osmotic dilators such as laminaria, Lamicel, or Dilapan-S, or with pharmacologic agents such as misoprostol. Dilapan-S and Lamicel achieve their maximum dilation faster than laminaria, making same-day procedures possible. Misoprostol has limited data supporting its use in this setting. Decisions regarding which method is best are clinician-dependent, and factors such as gestational age and time allowed for preparation should be considered. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CERVICAL DILATATION | RISK FACTORS | CERVICAL EFFECTS | BLEEDING | ABORTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 342247 Notification |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Serum levonorgestrel levels and endometrial thickness during extended use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Author: Hidalgo MM; Hidalgo-Regina C; Bahamondes MV; Monteiro I; Petta CA; Bahamondes L Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):84-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a contraceptive method approved for five years of use. However, there is some evidence that its life span may be longer. The aim of the study was to evaluate serum levonorgestrel (LNG) and estradiol (E(2)) levels and endometrial thickness every 6 months from 7 to 8 1/2 years after insertion. STUDY DESIGN: At the end of the approved 5-year life span, no replacement devices were available; therefore, 86 women were allowed to retain the same device for a further 2 years. At the 7-year follow-up visit, the women who consented were again allowed to retain the same device for a further 18 months and were followed-up at six-monthly intervals. At each visit, vaginal sonography was performed to measure endometrial thickness, and a blood sample was taken to measure LNG and E(2). RESULTS: Eighty-four months after insertion, 67 women aged 34.3+/-0.8 years (mean+/-SEM) (range, 25-49 years) returned for follow-up. Mean+/-SEM LNG levels decreased from an initial 253+/-27 pg/mL (range, 86-760) during the first 2 months following insertion to 137+/-12 (range, 23-393) at 84 months and 119+/-9 pg/mL (range, 110-129) at 102 months of use (+/-SEM). At 84 months of use, mean+/-SEM endometrial thickness was 2.8+/-0.1 mm, increasing to 3.8+/-0.5 mm at 102 months of use. The incidence of amenorrhea decreased from 41.8% at 84 months to 31.5% at 102 months of use. No correlation was found between LNG levels and bleeding patterns; however, a weak correlation was found between high body mass index (kg/m(2)), high weight, and low serum LNG levels. E(2) levels were similar to those of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle of regularly menstruating women. CONCLUSIONS: During extended use of the LNG-IUS, serum LNG levels were nearly half those found in the first 2 months of use (Wilcoxon signed rank test); serum E(2) levels were normal. Despite the very thin endometrium, menstrual bleeding was reinstated in many cases. At the end of its 5-year life span, there is a window for changing the LNG-IUS, and physicians and users should not be concerned about delaying replacement of the device for a short time beyond the approved life span; however, maintaining the same device long after its approved life span cannot be recommended. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | ESTRADIOL | ENDOMETRIUM | TIME FACTORS | ULTRASONICS | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | AMENORRHEA | INCIDENCE | MENSTRUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproduction Document Number: 342787 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Good performance of rapid prostate-specific antigen test for detection of semen exposure in women: implications for qualitative research. Author: Hobbs MM; Steiner MJ; Rich KD; Gallo MF; Alam A; Rahman M; Menezes P; Chipato T; Warner L; Macaluso M Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug;36(8):501-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valid biomarker of semen exposure in women and has been used to assess reliability of self-reported sexual behavior as well as serve as a proxy measure for condom efficacy. Quantitative PSA tests are expensive and require specialized equipment. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive test for PSA would facilitate semen biomarker evaluation in a variety of research settings. This study evaluated the performance of a rapid PSA test compared with a quantitative assay to identify semen in vaginal swab specimens. METHODS: We tested 581 vaginal swabs collected from 492 women participating in 2 separate research studies in Bangladesh and Zimbabwe. PSA in vaginal secretions was detected using the quantitative IMx (Abbott Laboratories) assay and the ABAcard p30 (Abacus Diagnostics) rapid immunochromatographic strip test. RESULTS: The ABAcard test was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 98%-100%) and 96% specific (95% CI, 93%-97%) compared with the quantitative test in detecting >1.0 ng PSA/mL vaginal swab eluate. Rapid PSA results were semiquantitative and correlated well with PSA concentrations (kappa = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.90). CONCLUSION: Rapid PSA detection requires no instrumentation and can be performed easily and economically. Having rapid PSA results available immediately following interview provides opportunities to explore discrepancies between the objective marker of recent semen exposure and self-reported behaviors. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEMEN | PROSTATE | ANTIGENS | TESTING | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | |