1.  Title: 15andCounting advocacy. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: [London, United Kingdom, IPPF, 2009]. 11 p. Abstract: This document describes how individuals and community groups can raise awareness about the 15 and Counting campaign. The campaign focuses on meeting the youth-related goals of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. While it specifically focuses on 15 and Counting, the document's principles could be applied to the process of developing an advocacy plan for many other youth projects. Additional resources are available at: http://www.15andcounting.org/blog/?page_id=7. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | UGANDA | IRELAND | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | LEADERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROMOTION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ABORTION | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health Document Number: 329083 Notification |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: an institutional perspective. Author: Agadjanian V; Hayford SR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S103-S112. Abstract: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) units, where VCT/PMTCT/HAART have been integrated with traditional services, play a critical role in the connection between the massive HAART rollout and reproductive behavior. In this article, we use data from semi-structured interviews with MCH workers and ethnographic observations carried out in southern Mozambique to explore this role from the institutional perspective. We find that, along with logistical and workload problems, the de facto segregation of PMTCT/HAART clients within the “integrated” MCH system and the simplistic and uncompromising message discouraging further fertility and stressing condom-based contraception may pose serious challenges to a successful formulation and implementation of reproductive goals among seropositive clients. Although the recency of PMTCT/HAART services may partly explain these challenges, we argue that they are due largely to cultural miscommunication between providers and clients. We show how the cultural gap between the two is bridged by community activists and peer interactions among clients. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SUPPORT GROUPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | INTERVIEWS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341906 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of perceived morbidity and use of health services by children less than 15 years old in rural Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; van Ginneken JK; Timaeus I Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):119-29. Abstract: This study examined the association of a number of social and economic and other factors with perceived morbidity and use of health services by children in rural Bangladesh, using the data of a health and socioeconomic survey conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1996. One of the factors of interest was women's social position measured with indicators such as their education, domestic autonomy, social networks and social prestige. Other factors of interest were economic in nature and included the availability of high-quality primary health care (PHC) facilities in one part of the study area. A total of 52% of the 3,793 children below 15 had an episode of an acute illness in the month preceding the interview. The medical care sought for acute illnesses was grouped into four categories: medical doctors, paramedics, traditional and untrained village doctors (including drug sellers) and homeopaths. A total of 55% of the children who were sick in the past month consulted any type of health provider. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the various independent variables on the two dependent variables: perceived morbidity of under-15 children and health service use for under-15 sick children. The results revealed that age of the child was the most important factor influencing perceived morbidity while social and economic variables were in general not related to perceived morbidity. Prolonged and severe illnesses and illnesses of young and male children were more likely to be treated by health providers, particularly by physicians. While women's education and social network influenced visits to any health providers socioeconomic indicators influenced visits to physicians. Availability of PHC facilities in one part of the study area also led to more use of modern medical care. The findings highlight that improvement of women's education and of social and economic status in general, in combination with more availability of high-quality PHC will in Bangladesh lead to better health care of children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | MORBIDITY | INFECTIONS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330857 |
| 4. Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044. Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331004 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: the first year of treatment availability. Author: Birbeck GL; Chomba E; Kvalsund M; Bradbury R; Mang'ombe C; Malama K; Kaile T; Byers PA; Organek N Author: RAAZ Study Team Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;80(4):669-74. Abstract: We conducted a retrospective chart review of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic patients treated during the first 12 months after clinics opened in rural Zambia and assessed adherence based on clinic attendance, patient report, and staff assessment. We identified 255 eligible patients (mean age, 39.7 years; 44.3% male; 56.5% married; and 45.5% with only primary school education). Twenty percent had partners known to be HIV positive. Twenty percent were widowed. Thirty-seven percent had disclosed their HIV status to their spouse. Disclosure was less likely among women (27.5% versus 49.6%, P = 0.0005); 36.5% had "clinic buddies" to provide adherence support. Adherence rates were good for 59.2%. Disclosure of HIV status to ones' spouse (P = 0.047), knowing spouses' HIV status (P = 0.02), and having a clinic buddy (P = 0.01) were associated with good adherence. Social support is a key patient-level resource impacting ART adherence in rural Zambia. Limited spousal disclosure affects women more than men. Clinic buddies are associated with better adherence. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX FACTORS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | HIV | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331277 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Social Network Influences on Male and Female Condom Use Among Women Attending Family Planning Clinics in the United States. Author: Choi KH; Gregorich SE Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug 21; Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Research has shown that social networks play an important role in determining health behaviors. However, little is known about their influence on male and female condom use among women. METHODS:: We analyzed data obtained from 157 sexually-active women who enrolled in the Female Condom Intervention Trial from June 2003 to November 2004 in Northern California and completed an audio computer-assisted self interview at baseline and 3-months. RESULTS:: At the 3-month assessment, the mean number of male and female "conversation" network members (i.e., nonspouse/sex partner people with whom respondents had discussed male and female condoms in the past 3 months) was 1.62 and 1.03, respectively. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses showed that male and female condom use was higher among women with at least 1 network member who encouraged using the male condom (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.52, 7.56) and the female condom (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.95, 18.61), respectively. Female condom use was also associated with having "dense" female condom conversation networks (i.e., at least 2 of respondents' network members knew one another; OR, 8.42; 95% CI, 3.05, 23.29). CONCLUSIONS:: The significant association between conversation network characteristics and male and female condom use suggests that more research is needed to better understand the role of conversation networks in affecting condom use among women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 342592 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding the context of male and transgender sex work using peer ethnography. Author: Collumbien M; Quereshi AA; Mayhew SH; Rizvi N; Rabbani A; Rolfe B; Verma RK; Rehman H; Naveed-i-Rahat Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii3-ii7. Abstract: Objectives: To distinguish between three distinct groups of male and transgender sex workers in Pakistan and to demonstrate how members of these stigmatised groups need to be engaged in the research process to go beyond stated norms of behaviour. Methods: A peer ethnography study was undertaken in a major city in Pakistan. 15 male and 15 transgender sex workers were trained as peer researchers to each interview three peers in their network. Analysis was based on interviews with peer researchers as well as observation of dynamics during training and analysis workshops. Results: The research process revealed that, within the epidemiological category of biological males who sell sex, there are three sociologically different sexual identities: khusras (transgender), khotkis (feminised males) and banthas (mainstream male identity). Both khusras and khotkis are organised in strong social structures based on a shared identity. While these networks provide emotional and material support, they also come with rigid group norms based on expected "feminine" behaviours. In everyday reality, sex workers showed fluidity in both behaviour and identity according to the situational context, transgressing both wider societal and group norms. The informal observational component in peer ethnography was crucial for the accurate interpretation of interview data. Participant accounts of behaviour and relationships are shaped by the research contexts including who interviews them, at what stage of familiarity and who may overhear the conversation. Conclusions: To avoid imposing a "false clarity" on categorisation of identity and assumed behaviour, it is necessary to go beyond verbal accounts to document the fluidity of everyday reality. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | PEER GROUPS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | STIGMA | WORKSHOPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Social Problems | Education | Psychological Factors Document Number: 340119 |
| 9. Title: Comparison of Sexual Partnership Characteristics and Associations with Inconsistent Condom Use among a Sample of Adolescents and Adult Women Diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author: Foulkes HB; Pettigrew MM; Livingston KA; Niccolai LM Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009;18(3):393-399. Abstract: Abstract Background: This analysis compared characteristics of female adolescent and adult sexual partnerships and related these characteristics to inconsistent condom use. Methods: Data are from a study of 126 women with prevalent chlamydia infections who reported information about 172 sexual partnerships in the previous 3 months. Characteristics of sexual partnerships included type of partner (main vs. other), duration of sexual relationship (<3 months vs. >/=3 months), partner age difference (<2 years older vs. >/=2 years older), and two scale measures: overlap of social networks (a measure based on how well the participant knew her partner's friends, for example) and intimacy. Results: Compared with adult partnerships, adolescent partnerships were of shorter duration and had less social overlap but were more likely to be classified by the participants as main partnerships. Among adolescents, longer partnership duration was not associated with higher intimacy, yet higher intimacy was significantly correlated with inconsistent condom use. Conclusions: These differences suggest that adolescent females perceive and characterize their sexual relationships differently from adults. This, in turn, may have implications for risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prevention efforts for adolescents, including interventions and counseling, should consider the nature of their sexual partnerships. Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | CHLAMYDIA | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Behavior | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330416 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship of sexual dyad and personal network characteristics and individual attributes to unprotected sex among young injecting drug users. Author: Gyarmathy VA; Neaigus A Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):196-206. Abstract: We examine in the heterosexual partnerships (dyads) of IDUs the correlates of engaging in unprotected sex on three levels: individual attributes, social network characteristics, and dyad characteristics. Unprotected sex was significantly less likely to occur in dyads where the participant injected daily or had high safe-sex attitude scores, and in dyads where both members encouraged each other to use condoms. Unprotected sex was significantly more likely to occur in dyads that smoked crack together, shared needles with each other, and where the participant knew that the sex partner had concurrent sex partners. In the sexual dyads of IDUs there is a combined risk of unsafe injecting and unsafe sex. Both injecting and sexual risk, and their combination need to be addressed in interventions that target the sexual partnerships of IDUs. Such interventions should also aim to reduce injected and noninjected crack and other stimulant use associated with high-risk sex. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | IV DRUG USERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COUPLES | HETEROSEXUALS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | NEEDLE SHARING | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 340121 |
| 11. Title: Posttest counseling and social support from health staff caring for HIV-infected pregnant women in Vietnam. Author: Hanh NT; Rasch V; Chi BK; Gammeltoft T Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):193-202. Abstract: Women with HIV who want to have children face a range of challenges, quandaries, and hard decisions. This article examines the role of health staff in supporting HIV-infected pregnant women who desire to maintain their pregnancies. The article is derived from anthropological research conducted in Vietnam's Quang Ninh Province, an area that has a high HIV prevalence rate and is covered under the government's prevention of mother-to-child transmission program. The study included in-depth interviews with 23 HIV-infected women who had either recently given birth or were pregnant at the time of the research. Results showed that women were satisfied with the services they received from the program. The women believed that health care staff offered them not only medical care but also social and emotional support. The article concludes that the health care system is a vital point of support for pregnant women with HIV. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CARE AND SUPPORT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COUNSELING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health Services | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 342070 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Peer-group support intervention improves the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans: cluster randomized trial. Author: Kumakech E; Cantor-Graae E; Maling S; Bajunirwe F Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(6):1038-43. Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that AIDS orphanhood status is accompanied by increased levels of psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, intense guilt, shame, and anger. However, few studies have examined the possible reduction of psychological distress in AIDS orphans through the help of interventions that promote well-being. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based peer-group support intervention combined with periodic somatic health assessments and treatment on the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans in the Mbarara District of southwestern Uganda. In a cluster randomized controlled design, 326 AIDS orphans aged 10-15 years were assigned to either peer-group support intervention combined with monthly somatic healthcare (n=159) or control group (n=167) for follow-up assessment. Baseline and 10 week follow-up psychological assessments were conducted in both groups using self-administered Beck Youth Inventories. Complete data were available for 298 orphans. After adjusting for baseline scores, follow-up scores for the intervention group in comparison with controls showed significant improvement in depression, anger, and anxiety but not for self-concept. This study demonstrated that peer-group support intervention decreased psychological distress, particularly symptoms of depression, anxiety and anger. Thus, the use of peer-group support interventions should be incorporated into existing school health programs. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PEER GROUPS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | AIDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | SELF ESTEEM | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Mental Disorders Document Number: 341167 |
| 13. Title: Relationships between social norms, social network characteristics, and HIV risk behaviors in Thailand and the United States. Author: Latkin C; Donnell D; Celentano DD; Aramrattna A; Liu TY; Vongchak T; Wiboonnatakul K; Davis-Vogel A; Metzger D Source: Health Psychology. 2009 May;28(3):323-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Social norms have been associated with a wide range of health behaviors. In this study, the authors examined whether the social norms of HIV risk behaviors are clustered within social networks and whether the norms of network members are linked to the risk behaviors of their social network members. DESIGN: Data were collected from the baseline assessment of 354 networks with 933 participants in a network-oriented HIV prevention intervention targeting injection drug users in Philadelphia, United States, and Chiang Mai, Thailand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four descriptive HIV risk norms of sharing needles, cookers, and cotton and front- or back-loading among friends who inject were assessed. Results: Three of 4 injection risk norms (sharing needle, cookers, and cotton) were found to be significantly clustered. In Philadelphia, 1 network member's (the index participant) norms of sharing needles and front- or back-loading were found to be significantly associated with the network members' risk behaviors, and the norm of sharing cotton was marginally associated. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that among injection drug users, social norms are clustered within networks; social networks are a meaningful level of analyses for understanding how social norms lead to risk behaviors, providing important data for intervening to reduce injection-related HIV risks. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Document Number: 342066 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Multilevel analysis of HIV related risk behaviors among heroin users in a low prevalence community. Author: Li H; Goggins W; Lee SS Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:137. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Injecting drug users (IDU) are at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Their HIV prevalence however varies from place to place and may not be directly linked with the level of individual risk. This study explores the relative importance of individual and community level characteristics in the practice of HIV-related risk behaviors in IDU in Hong Kong where the HIV prevalence has remained low at below 1%. METHODS: Methadone clinics were used as the channel for accessing drug users in Hong Kong. HIV-related risk factors in drug users attending these clinics were retrieved from a questionnaire routinely administered to newly admitted and readmitted clients, and assessed using logistic regression and multilevel analyses. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2005, a total of 41,196 person-admissions were recorded by 20 methadone clinics. Male gender, older age and new admissions in bigger clinics located in districts with older median age were more likely to have engaged in HIV related risk behaviors including heroin injection, needle sharing, unprotected sex and having multiple sex partners (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Multilevel analysis is a useful adjunct for determining the association between risk behaviors and both individual and community factors in IDUs, which can be demonstrated even in low HIV prevalence settings. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | IV DRUG USERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341405 |
| 15. Title: Assessment of Kenyan sexual networks: Collecting evidence for interventions to reduce HIV / STI risk in Garissa, North Eastern Province, and Eastleigh, Nairobi. Author: Macintyre K; Eymoy HA; Hassan I; Adriance D; Nouga A Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Pathfinder International, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance North Eastern Province [APHIA], [2009]. 7 p. (USAID Associate Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-07-00023-00) Abstract: It is clear from the data gathered in this assessment that HIV prevention messages have reached Garissa, but more must be done to clarify and refine these messages and improve knowledge and behaviors regarding risky sex. Though this sample should not be viewed as representative of the NEP population as a whole, these data can be used by APHIA II NEP to create a targeted, evidence-based prevention strategy. APHIA II NEP plans to work with partners to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices through a strategic behavior change campaign with the following objectives: targeting key populations, leveraging the endorsement and influence of religious leaders, projecting familiar social settings and "our face" in all communication materials, [and] intensifying school-based programs. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENTIALS | ISLAM | NOMADS | FOREIGN AID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 331344 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Protecting the unprotected: mixed-method research on drug use, sex work and rights in Pakistan's fight against HIV/AIDS. Author: Mayhew S; Collumbien M; Qureshi A; Platt L; Rafiq N; Faisel A; Lalji N; Hawkes S Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii31-ii36. Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the nature and extent of human rights abuses against three vulnerable groups (injecting drug users (IDUs) and male and female sex workers), to understand the social and sexual linkages between them and to examine how protecting their rights could enhance the impact of HIV prevention policies. Methods: In-depth interviews were carried out with 38 high-risk respondents (IDUs and female, male and transgender sex workers) and a bio-behavioural survey was performed of 813 IDU/sex worker respondents in Rawalpindi. Results: People in all vulnerable groups interacted both sexually and socially. All groups experienced human rights abuses by state and non-state actors which increased their HIV risk. Non-state actors, including relations and sex worker clients, are responsible for verbal, physical and sexual violence. State actors (particularly police) perpetrate harassment, exploitation and abuse of all vulnerable groups with impunity. Health service providers fail to provide adequate services for vulnerable groups. Conclusions: High levels of discrimination and abuse of human dignity of all groups studied were revealed. This violates their physical and mental integrity and also leads to an increased risk of HIV. The sexual and social interactions between groups mean that human rights abuses experienced by one high-risk group can increase the risk of HIV both for them and other groups. The protection of human rights needs to become an integral part of a multisector response to the risk of HIV/AIDS by state and non-state agencies. The Government of Pakistan should work at both legal and programme levels to protect the rights of, and minimise discrimination against, groups vulnerable to HIV in order to reduce the potential for the spread of HIV before the epidemic takes hold. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | POLICE | SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 340115 |
| 17. Title: Community-based psychosocial intervention for HIV-affected children and their caregivers: evaluation of the Salvation Army's Mama Mkubwa Program in Tanzania. Author: Nyangara F; Obiero W; Kalungwa Z; Thurman TR Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. 29 p. (SR-09-50USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: This report presents the post-test findings from an outcome evaluation of the Mama Mkubwa community-centered psychosocial support program implemented by the Salvation Army, Tanzania Command, that provides assistance to OVC and their families and communities. In addition, the paper discusses the programmatic implications of the findings for program implementers and policy-makers to help them make informed decisions on how to meet OVC needs and reduce their vulnerabilities. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 339997 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived condom norms and HIV risks among social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men. Author: Peterson JL; Rothenberg R; Kraft JM; Beeker C; Trotter R Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Feb;24(1):119-127. Abstract: The association between condom norms and unprotected sexual intercourse was examined within social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men (MSM) in an HIV epicenter of the southern United States. We used a chain-link design to recruit 158 young African American men: 95 initial participants, 56 contacts of participants (alters) and 7 contacts of alters. Men in the high-risk group, compared with those in the no-risk group, perceived significantly lower approval concerning condom use in their social and sexual networks. Also, 100 participants could be connected to each other in 86 dyads of social and sexual networks. Within these dyads, men perceived that their friends and acquaintances approved for them to use condoms but that their friends and acquaintances did not use condoms themselves. Low HIV risk behavior appears associated with perceived social norms that support one's use of condoms, even when perceived norms do not support condom use by network members themselves. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329525 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons for ineffective contraceptive use antedating adolescent pregnancies part 1: an indicator of gaps in family planning services. Author: Sheeder J; Tocce K; Stevens-Simon C Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 May;13(3):295-305. Abstract: PURPOSE: Identify new ways to increase the impact of pregnancy prevention interventions on the number of children born to adolescents. METHODS: The study participants, a racially/ethnically diverse group of 1,568, pregnant 13-18 year olds, reported why they had not used contraception at the time of conception. Their explanations were sorted into categories. The frequency with which each category was endorsed, the stability of these endorsements (Kappa statistic), and differences between adolescents who endorsed each category (stepwise logistic regression) were examined at two points in gestation. RESULTS: "Not ready to prevent pregnancy" was the most frequently endorsed category; it was often the only category endorsed. Logistical barriers and misperceptions about the need for contraception were the least frequently endorsed categories. The reasons individual patients gave for not using contraception changed (K < or = 0.4) during gestation. Yet, adolescents who were not ready to prevent conception consistently differed from those who were; they were more apt to be Hispanic, to live in non-chaotic environments with an adult father of the child rather than their parents, and to have goals compatible with adolescent childbearing. CONCLUSIONS: The most expedient way to strengthen the impact of pregnancy prevention programs on adolescent childbearing is to shift the focus of intervention from overcoming logistical barriers and misperceptions about the need for contraception, to helping young women develop goals that make adolescent childbearing a threat to what they want in life. This means intervening actively enough to ensure that goal setting translates into an internal desire to postpone childbearing beyond adolescence. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342485 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons for ineffective contraceptive use antedating adolescent pregnancies: part 2: a proxy for childbearing intentions. Author: Sheeder J; Tocce K; Stevens-Simon C Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 May;13(3):306-17. Abstract: PURPOSE: Compare the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes in a group of early/middle adolescents versus a group of late adolescents (specifically high school seniors, high school graduates, and GED certificate recipients). METHODS: The reasons given by a racially/ethnically diverse group of 1,568 pregnant 13-18 year olds for not using contraception were used to classify their pregnancies as intended or unintended. Proportion comparison tests and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Regardless of age, adolescents who intended to become pregnant conceived in an objectively more hospitable and supportive childbearing milieu than those who conceived unintentionally. This is evidenced by their greater likelihood of having goals compatible with adolescent childbearing, cohabitation with the father of the child, and living in a non-chaotic environment. However, pregnancy planning was not associated with improved compliance with preventive health care recommendations during gestation nor with infant outcomes. As such, the consequences among adolescents with intended pregnancies were negative, as evidenced by a higher rate of smoking, STDs late in gestation, school dropout, and repeat conception. CONCLUSIONS: Like adults, adolescents with intended pregnancies conceived in an objectively more supportive environment than their counterparts with unintended pregnancies. However, this advantage did not translate into better support, healthier maternal behavior during gestation, or improved pregnancy outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | TOBACCO USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342484 |
| 21. Title: The use of social network methodological framework in nursing care to breastfeeding women. Author: Souza MH; Souza IE; Tocantins FR Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2009 May-Jun;17(3):354-360. Abstract: This study aimed to discuss the contribution of the social network methodological framework in nursing care delivered to women who breastfeed their children up to six months of age. This qualitative study aimed to elaborate the social network map of 20 women through tape-recorded interview. Social network analysis evidenced a “strong” bond between these women and members from their primary network, especially friends, neighbors, mothers or with the child’s father, who were reported as the people most involved in the breastfeeding period. The contribution of this framework to nursing practice is discussed, especially in care and research processes. We believe that nurses’ appropriation of this framework can be an important support for efficacious actions, as well as to favor a broader perspective on the social context people experience. Spanish Abstract: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la contribución del marco metodológico de red social en la asistencia de enfermería, a partir de su aplicación en mujeres que amamantan sus hijos hasta seis meses de edad. Se trata de estudio de abordaje cualitativa, donde se buscó elaborar el mapa de red social de 20 mujeres, mediante entrevista grabada. El análisis de las redes sociales evidenció la presencia de vínculo “fuerte” de esas mujeres con miembros de la red primaria, especialmente con amigas, vecinas, su madre y con el padre del nińo, revelando ser esas las personas que más participan con ellas durante el amamantar. Se discute la contribución de ese marco de referencia para las prácticas de enfermería, particularmente para el proceso de asistir e investigar, acreditando que la apropiación de ese marco de referencia por enfermeros puede constituirse en un importante subsidio para la eficacia de sus acciones, así como favorecer una perspectiva más amplia acerca del contexto social experimentado por las personas. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MOTHERS | NURSES AND NURSING | SOCIAL NETWORKS | BREASTFEEDING | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Data Collection | Behavior Document Number: 339883 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Loneliness, social support and family function of people living with HIV/AIDS in Anhui rural area, China. Author: Sun YH; Sun L; Wu HY; Zhang ZK; Wang B; Yu C; Cao HY Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Apr;20(4):255-8. Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to investigate how loneliness was associated with social support and family function among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in an HIV-stricken area of China. Two hundred and nineteen PLWHA were surveyed using the UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles)-Loneliness Scale, the Social Support Rate Scale and the Family APGAR (Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve) Index. The results indicated that the majority (84.5%) of PLWHA had moderate to high levels of loneliness, with a mean score of 47.62 and a standardized score of 59.53. The level of loneliness was significantly different in subjects' occupations, but not in other sociodemographic variables. Social support, family function and all dimensions except utilizations of support were significantly negatively associated with loneliness. Multiple regression revealed that less social support and poor family function were associated with more loneliness. In conclusion, loneliness prevails among PLWHA. It may limit PLWHA's ability or access to social relationship. These findings support the hypothesis that if PLWHA are better supported and cared for, their negative psychosocial consequences might be prevented or at least reduced. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | FAMILY LIFE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341594 |
| 23. Title: Promoting food security and well-being among poor and HIV/AIDS affected households: lessons from an interactive and integrated approach. Author: Swaans K; Broerse J; Meincke M; Mudhara M; Bunders J Source: Evaluation and Program Planning. 2009 Feb;32(1):31-42. Abstract: Participatory and interdisciplinary approaches have been suggested to develop appropriate agricultural innovations as an alternative strategy to improve food security and well-being among HIV/AIDS affected households. However, sustainable implementation of such interactive approaches is far from easy and straight forward. This study reports of the Interactive Learning and Action (ILA) approach, a methodology for agricultural innovation which has been adapted to the context of HIV/AIDS. Role players in agriculture and health were brought together to stimulate and sustain innovation among three support groups for poor and affected households in a rural high HIV/AIDS prevalence area in South Africa. The effectiveness of the approach was evaluated using both outcome and process criteria. The results indicate that an interactive approach in which service providers/researchers engage themselves as actors to explore the livelihood system and develop appropriate solutions in joint collaboration with resource users has potential. However, it also revealed that cooperation among participants and stakeholders at the interface of agriculture and HIV/AIDS is complicated and sensitive to erosion. Of particular concern was the difficulty of mobilizing members from poor and affected households to participate and to overcome stigma and discrimination. Lessons and potential applications for the further development of interactive approaches are discussed. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURE | SUPPORT GROUPS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341362 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Slow to share: social capital and its role in public HIV disclosure among public sector ART patients in the Free State province of South Africa. Author: Wouters E; Meulemans H; van Rensburg HC Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):411-21. Abstract: HIV serostatus disclosure to community members has been shown to have potential public and personal health benefits. This study examined the impact of bonding and bridging social capital (i.e. close and distant ties) on public disclosure and described the complex relationship between bonding and bridging social capital in the context of serostatus disclosure among AIDS patients enrolled in South Africa's public sector antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. Data were collected from a cohort of patients enrolled in the public sector ART program in the Free State province of South Africa. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 268 patients at three points in time (<6 months of ART, 6-12 months of ART, and 18-24 of months ART). The relationship between bonding and bridging social capital and the impact of different forms of social capital on public disclosure were determined using a fully cross-lagged regression model. The impact of bonding social capital (treatment and emotional buddy) on public disclosure was positive and invariant across time. The results from the cross-lagged regression indicated that bridging social capital (community health worker and support group) only encouraged public disclosure in the second year of treatment. At the start of treatment, bivariate analysis showed a strong negative association between bonding and bridging social capital, which diminished at follow-up and eventually disappeared in the second year of treatment. This study identified bonding social capital as a leverage to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential risks in order to shift the balance toward consistent public disclosure. Furthermore, the importance of bridging social capital initiatives is demonstrated, especially for the most vulnerable patients, those who cannot capitalize their bonding social capital by disclosing their HIV serostatus to family and friends at the start of treatment. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | SUPPORT GROUPS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV INFECTIONS | NOTIFICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 341834 |
| 25. Title: The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Author: Abroms LC; Maibach EW Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:219-234. Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ways in which mass communication has been used-or can be used-to promote beneficial changes in behavior among members of populations. We use an ecological perspective to examine the ways in which mass media interventions can be used to influence public behavior both directly and indirectly. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people directly-by directly targeting the people burdened by the public health problem of concern and/or the people who influence them - have a long basis in public health history, and recent reviews have clarified our expectations about what can be expected from such approaches. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people indirectly-by creating beneficial changes in the places (or environments) in which people live and work-have equal if not greater potential to promote beneficial changes in population health behaviors, but these are currently less explored options. To have the greatest possible beneficial influence on public behavior with the public health resources available, we recommend that public health program planners assess their opportunities to use media to target both people and places in a manner that complements and extends other investments being made in population health enhancement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | MASS MEDIA | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326628 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons: a prospective study in Southwest Ethiopia. Author: Amberbir A; Woldemichael K; Getachew S; Girma B; Deribe K Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jul 30;8:265. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The devastating impact of AIDS in the world especially in sub-Saharan Africa has led to an unprecedented global effort to ensure access to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Given that medication-taking behavior can immensely affect an individual's response; ART adherence is now widely recognized as an 'Achilles heel' for the successful outcome. The present study was undertaken to investigate the rate and predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons in southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy unit of Jimma University Specialized Hospital. A prospective study was undertaken on a total of 400 HIV infected person. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire at first month (M0) and third month (M3) follow up visits. RESULTS: A total of 400 and 383 patients at baseline (M0) and at follow up visit (M3) respectively were interviewed. Self-reported dose adherence in the study area was 94.3%. The rate considering the combined indicator (dose, time and food) was 75.7%. Within a three month follow up period, dose adherence decreased by 2% and overall adherence rate decreased by more than 3%. Adherence was common in those patients who have a social support (OR, 1.82, 95%CI, 1.04, 3.21). Patients who were not depressed were two times more likely to be adherent than those who were depressed (OR, 2.13, 95%CI, 1.18, 3.81). However, at the follow up visit, social support (OR, 2.42, 95%CI, 1.29, 4.55) and the use of memory aids (OR, 3.29, 95%CI, 1.44, 7.51) were found to be independent predictors of adherence. The principal reasons reported for skipping doses in this study were simply forgetting, feeling sick or ill, being busy and running out of medication in more than 75% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The self reported adherence rate was high in the study area. The study showed that adherence is a dynamic process which changes overtime and cannot reliably be predicted by a few patient characteristics that are assumed to vary with time. Adherence is a process, not a single event, and adherence support should be integrated into regular clinical follow up. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | LOGISTIC MODEL | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ACCEPTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | NONACCEPTORS | DEPRESSION | DIET | HOSPITALS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SUPPORT GROUPS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Nutrition | Health Facilities | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328263 |
| 27. Title: HIV: death sentence or chronic and manageable disease? Changing attitudes of health providers and politicians towards women living with HIV in India. Author: Anand S Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(2):5-6. Abstract: The Right to Health is universally acknowledged as a human right and Article 21 of the Constitution of India considers it as inherent to the Right to Life. State health-care providers are obliged by law to provide medical treatment to all persons without discrimination of HIV status in emergency and nonemergency situations. A recent assessment by the Positive Women Network (PWN+) on the availability and accessibility of HIV/AIDS care and treatment in India found that health care is greatly influenced by gender and that women and children living with HIV face huge hurdles in accessing treatment and care because of discrimination by government health-care providers. Through focus groups discussions, PWN+ found a discrepancy between the government stance and realities on the ground. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | STAFF ATTITUDE | CHANGES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | INFORMATION NETWORKS | HIV | COUNSELING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Program Evaluation Document Number: 308006 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Men's social networks and contraception in Ghana. Author: Avogo W; Agadjanian V Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):413-429. Abstract: In this paper, longitudinal data from northern Ghana is used to assess the effects of encouragement to use family planning that men receive from their personal network partners on the adoption of modern contraception by their wives. The study tests a conceptual model that, in addition to the effect of men's network encouragement, incorporates the effect of encouragement to use family planning that women receive from their respective network partners and the effect of spousal communication on reproductive matters and approval of family planning. Results show that encouragement received by men from their social networks significantly increases the likelihood of subsequent contraceptive use by their wives but this effect operates primarily by galvanizing spousal communication on reproductive matters. The effect of encouragement received by women from their respective network partners is largely independent from the effect of male network encouragement but it influences contraceptive adoption both directly and through spousal communication. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 325410 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Alma-Ata: Rebirth and Revision 6 Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make? Author: Bhutta ZA; Ali S; Cousens S; Ali TM; Haider BA; Rizvi A; Okong P; Bhutta SZ; Black RE Source: Lancet. 2008 Sep 13;372(9642):972-89. Abstract: Several recent reviews of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and mortality have emphasised that a large range of interventions are available with the potential to reduce deaths and disability. The emphasis within MNCH varies, with skilled care at facility levels recommended for saving maternal lives and scale-up of community and household care for improving newborn and child survival. Systematic review of new evidence on potentially useful interventions and delivery strategies identifies 37 key promotional, preventive, and treatment interventions and strategies for delivery in primary health care. Some are especially suitable for delivery through community support groups and health workers, whereas others can only be delivered by linking community-based strategies with functional first-level referral facilities. Case studies of MNCH indicators in Pakistan and Uganda show how primary health-care interventions can be used effectively. Inclusion of evidence-based interventions in MNCH programmes in primary health care at pragmatic coverage in these two countries could prevent 20-30% of all maternal deaths (up to 32% with capability for caesarean section at first-level facilities), 20-21% of newborn deaths, and 29-40% of all postneonatal deaths in children aged less than 5 years. Strengthening MNCH at the primary health-care level should be a priority for countries to reach their Millennium Development Goal targets for reducing maternal and child mortality. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PREGNANT WOMEN | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | SUPPORT GROUPS | CESAREAN SECTION | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 328497 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria. Author: Buhler C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 24;18(20):569-610. Abstract: Personal networks are receiving increasing recognition as structural determinants of fertility. However, the network perspective also helps to explain personal motivations for having children. Using theories of interpersonal exchange, social capital, and the value of children, it is argued in this article that children can substantively improve their parents' social networks. Individuals perceive this potential advantageous development as a structural benefit and consider this value in their reproductive decisions. This argument is empirically explored with data from Bulgaria, collected in 2002. The results document the presence of structural evaluations among subjectively perceived childrelated benefits. Moreover, structural evaluations matter for the reproductive decisionmaking of Bulgarian |