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Title: Oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and the professional voice: An electrolaryngographic analysis.
Author: La FM; Howard DM; Ledger W; Davidson JW; Jones G
Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2009 Apr;34(2):11-19.
Abstract: Few studies have been concerned with the effects of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on those who use their voices as a tool of trade. A cohort study involving 20 female professional voice users was carried out assessing irregularity of vocal fold vibration, based on: 1) period-to-period frequency peaks (CFx), and 2) period-to-period amplitude peaks (CAx) in the cycle-to-cycle excitation of the vocal tract. These vocal measures and blood samples were collected at three points of the menstrual cycle, for both natural and OCP cycles. No significant differences were found in vocal parameters assessed between the natural and OCP cycles. The intake of this OCP was not found to have a systematic effect on the vocal parameters studied. Based on these results the modern OCP preparations can be considered safe medications which do not have a negative effect on voice quality in professional voice users.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ARTISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ANABOLIC STEROIDS | SONGS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Music | Culture | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329663

Title: Beyond douching: use of feminine hygiene products and STI risk among young women.
Author: Ott MA; Ofner S; Fortenberry JD
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2009 May;6(5):1335-40.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Use of feminine hygiene products (feminine wipes, sprays, douches, and yeast creams) by adolescent women is common, yet understudied. AIM: We examine the association among these genital hygiene behaviors, condom use, and sexually transmitted infection (STI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using the interview as our unit of analysis, we examined associations between genital hygiene behaviors (use of feminine wipes, feminine sprays, douches, or yeast creams), STI risk factors, and infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. METHODS: We recruited 295 adolescent women from primary care clinics as part of a larger longitudinal study of STI among high-risk adolescents. Participants completed face-to-face interviews every 3 months, and provided vaginal swabs for STI testing. Data were analyzed with repeated measures logistic models to control for multiple observations contributed by each participant. RESULTS: Participants reported douching in 25% of interviews, feminine sprays in 29%, feminine wipes in 27%, and yeast creams in 19% of interviews. We observed a co-occurrence of douching, spraying, and wiping. A past STI (6 months or more prior) was associated with increased likelihood of yeast cream use, and a recent STI (3 months prior) was associated with increased likelihood of feminine wipe use. Condom use was modestly associated with increased likelihood of douching. CONCLUSIONS: Young women frequently use feminine hygiene products, and it is important for clinicians to inquire about use as these products may mimic or mask STI. We found no associations between douching and STI, but instead modest associations between hygiene and STI prevention, suggesting motivation for self-care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342721

Title: Coca-Cola douches and contraception.
Author: Anderson DJ
Source: BMJ. 2008;337:a2873.
Abstract: Coca-Cola douches were a part of folklore about birth control during the 1950s and 1960s, before effective contraceptive methods were readily available. It was rumoured that the acidity of Coca-Cola killed sperm, and the classic coke bottle provided a convenient "shake and shoot" applicator. Recently, an old study from our group confirming the spermicidal effects of various Coca-Cola formulations was awarded the 2008 IgNobel prize in chemistry. The press releases surrounding our IgNobel award might have repopularised this method, and soft drink douches are apparently still used to prevent pregnancy in resource-poor settings. There are, however, many reasons why women should not rely on this method. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | ARTS AND CRAFTS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | CONTRACEPTION | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Contraceptive Agents | Infections | Diseases | Safety | Public Health
Document Number: 329788

Title: The implications of objectification theory for women's health: Menstrual suppression and "maternal request" cesarean delivery.
Author: Andrist LC
Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 May;29(5):551-565.
Abstract: Menstrual suppression with oral contraceptives and cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) are relatively new options for women and increasingly are available, particularly in developed countries, around the world. In this article, I explore these issues using objectification theory as a framework for deconstruction. I offer a provocative hypothesis: Women who objectify their bodies are not only interested in menstrual suppression, but also in surgicalized childbirth at their request. I argue that because patriarchal societies have aligned women's reproductive functions with nature, disinterest in menstruation and vaginal childbirth has become another way for women to separate themselves from their "earthly" nature and transform or maintain their bodies as idealized cultural symbols (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | CESAREAN SECTION | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | WOMEN'S STATUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CULTURE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326447

6.
Title: Experiences of abortion in Nepal and menstrual regulation in Bangladesh: a gender analysis.
Author: Bhandari A; Hom NM; Rashid S; Theobald S
Source: Gender and Development. 2008 Jul;16(2):257-272.
Abstract: The extent to which abortion and menstrual regulation services are safe, legal, and women-friendly is a strong proxy of gender equity. This article draws on women's voices from Nepal and Bangladesh to illustrate that even where services are provided legally, women can still face multiple barriers to access to services, and problematic quality of care. This is exacerbated by the stigma which surrounds these services. Stigma is directly related to gender inequality, and is constructed at both the community and provider level. It is imperative to overcome these barriers by promoting gender equality across the board, in all services and all contexts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | GENDER ISSUES | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | SEX DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 327789 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections in relation to lemon or lime juice douching among female sex workers in Jos, Nigeria.
Author: Imade G; Sagay A; Egah D; Onwuliri V; Grigg M; Egbodo C; Thacher T; Potts M; Short R
Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Feb;Atlanta, Georgia, CARE, 2007 May. 5(1):55-60. [11] p. (Voices from the Village: Improving Lives through CARE's Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs No. 1USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN: A-00-99-00009-00))
Abstract: The rates of sexually transmissible infections (STI), including HIV, are high among female sex workers (FSW) in Nigeria and the use of various local vaginal cleansing agents to prevent infection is a common practice. The present study was aimed at determining whether any association exists between current lime or lemon douching and the prevalence of STI and HIV infections among FSW in Jos, Nigeria. Consenting FSW who were users of lemon or lime (UL) or non-users (NUL) were recruited for the study between May and September 2006. A structured questionnaire was administered by trained counsellors. Pre-HIV test counselling was done. Participant's blood samples were tested for HIV and syphilis. Genital examination was done and high vaginal and endocervical samples were collected. The samples obtained were processed for STI using standard laboratory procedures. FSW found with treatable STI received free drugs. HIV results were disclosed after post-test counselling and positive FSW were referred to a HIV/AIDS facility for care, support and antiretroviral therapy. A total of 398 FSW (86 UL and 312 NUL) participated in the study. Their mean age was 27.6+or-7.0 years (range 16-63 years). HIV prevalence was high for both UL and NUL: 48.8 and 48.2%, respectively (odds ratio 1.0; 95% confidence interval 0.6-1.2, P=0.9427). The rates of bacterial vaginosis were not significantly higher in UL (UL 55.8%, NUL 44.0%, odds ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 0.96-2.65, P=0.06). There were no associations between the use of citrus douching and other STI. There were no significant associations between the prevalence of STI and HIV and lime or lemon juice usage.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning
Document Number: 322898

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of HIV-1 and antiretroviral therapy on herpes simplex virus type 2: a prospective study in African women.
Author: Mayaud P; Nagot N; Konate I; Ouedraogo A; Weiss HA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Oct;84(5):332-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To document the natural history of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in relation to HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Africa, a longitudinal study was conducted of women in the placebo arms of two randomised controlled trials of HSV-suppressive therapy in Burkina Faso. METHODS: 22 HIV-uninfected women (group 1), 30 HIV-1-infected women taking HAART (group 2), and 68 HIV-1-infected women not eligible for HAART (group 3) were followed over 24 weeks. HSV-2 DNA was detected on alternate weeks using real-time PCR from cervicovaginal lavages. Plasma HIV-1 RNA was measured every month. CD4 cell counts were measured at enrollment. RESULTS: Ulcers occurred on 1.9%, 3.1% and 7.2% of visits in groups 1, 2 and 3 (p = 0.02). Cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA was detected in 45.5%, 63.3% and 67.6% of women (p = 0.11), and on 4.3%, 9.7% and 15.5% of visits in the three groups (p<0.001). Among HIV-infected women, cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA was detected more frequently during ulcer episodes (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 2.79, 95% CI 2.01 to 3.86) and less frequently among women practising vaginal douching (aRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.91). Compared with women not taking HAART and with CD4 cell counts of 500 cells/microl or greater, women on HAART had a similar risk of HSV-2 shedding (aRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.73), whereas women with CD4 cell counts of 200-500 cells/microl were more likely to shed HSV-2 (aRR 1.71, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.86). CONCLUSIONS: HSV-2 reactivations occur more frequently among HIV-infected women, particularly those with low CD4 cell counts, and are only partly reduced by HAART. HSV therapy may benefit HIV-infected individuals during HAART.
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | COMPLICATIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SIDE EFFECTS | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning
Document Number: 328816

11.

12.

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Evaluation of hygienic douching on the vaginal microflora of female sex workers.
Author: Amaral R; Giraldo PC; Goncalves AK; Junior JE; Santos-Pereira S
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2007 Nov;18(11):770-773.
Abstract: To determine the frequency of abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in female sex workers (FSW) and the association between douching and vaginal microflora imbalance, a cross-sectional study enrolled 94 users and 61 non-users of vaginal douching. The social-demographic and sexual profile of these women was obtained and their abnormal vaginal flora, BV, vaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis and cytolitic vaginosis on blinded samples were identified by Gram stain. A stepwise multivariate regression determined the risk of development of vaginal microflora imbalance. Prevalence of abnormal flora, BV, candidiasis, trichomoniasis and cytolytic vaginosis in the entire FSW was 75.5%, 51.0%, 5.1%, 0.64% and 1.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences in these findings between users and non-users of vaginal douching. Regression analysis did not identify any increased risk for altered vaginal flora or BV in vaginal douche users. In conclusion, vaginal douching did not increase the rate of these alterations in FSW. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | VAGINOSIS | CANDIDIASIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | HYGIENE | EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 321630

14.

Title: [Relationship of laboratory results with clinical signs and symptoms of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the significance of the sexual partners for the maintenance of the infection] Correlacao entre os resultados laboratoriais e os sinais e sintomas clinicos das pacientes com candidiase vulvovaginal e relevancia dos parceiros sexuais na manutencao da infeccao em Sao Paulo, Brasil.
Author: Boatto HF; de Moraes MS; Machado AP; Girao MJ; Fischman O
Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 Feb;29(2):80-84.
Abstract: PURPOSE: to relate yeasts identified by laboratory tests to clinical signs and symptoms in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, and to investigate the importance of the sexual partners in the recurrence of the infection. METHODS: from July 2001 to July 2003, a sample of 179 patients aged from 18 to 65 years old, with clinical suspicion of fungal vaginitis were analyzed in a prospective study in Great S�o Paulo. Exclusion criteria included: pregnancy, impaired intrinsic or extrinsic immune response (including Aids), diabetes or immunosuppression; patients undergoing corticosteroid, antibiotic or hormone therapy, in post menopause, with intrauterine device (IUD) or making use of vaginal douches or spemicides. Samples of vaginal and penis secretions from partners of patients with relapse of vaginitis episodes were collected for microscopy and fungal culture. Fungal colonies isolated in CHROMagar Candida were identified by classical methods. Fisher's exact t-test was used to correlate the clinical picture with the yeasts isolated from patients. RESULTS: the most relevant clinical signs and symptoms were pruritus and vaginal discharge followed by erythema and edema, statistically independent from the etiological agent. Direct microscopy revealed yeasts in 77 patients with vulvovaginitis, and 40 Candida spp cultures were obtained. Candida albicans (70%), C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (7,5%) and C. guilliermondii (2,5%) were identified. The yeasts prevalent in partners were C. albicans and C. glabrata. The same species were detected in female and male sex partners in 87% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: fungal vulvovaginitis was more frequent in women between 18 and 34 years old. No correlation was observed between the species of yeast detected and clinical symptomatology. Sexual partners are important Candida spp reservoirs and may be related to the maintenance of the vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VAGINITIS | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception
Document Number: 324619

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen.
Author: Coffee AL; Sulak PJ; Kuehl TJ
Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):444-449.
Abstract: The study was conducted to assess hormone withdrawal symptoms, patient acceptance and occurrence and management of bleeding with an extended oral contraceptive (OC) regimen. Subjects were placed on an OC containing 3 mg drosperinone (DRSP) and 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (EE), in the standard 21/7 fashion for two cycles, before converting to an extended pattern of OC for women who indicated they had menstrually related symptoms such as headaches, cramping and mood swings (52 weeks with phone-call follow-up 6 months later). Daily assessments of bleeding, headache, pelvic pain, mood and number of pain pills were recorded. Results are reported as means with S.E., and values were compared using analysis of variance with Dunnett's post hoc test for comparison with 21/7 cycle, Duncan's post hoc test for comparison of changes during the course of the extended regimen and Pearson's chi-square for comparison of proportions. Of the 111 women who began the extended OC regimen, 80 completed 1 year of use.Mood scores, headache scores and pelvic pain were all improved in the extended OC intervals, compared to the 21/7 cycle (p less than .001 for all comparisons). Improvement in symptoms persisted throughout the 1 year extended regimen. The findings indicated that 53.7% of subjects had no breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting (BTB/BTS) during any given 28-day interval of the extended regimen. BTB/BTS decreased in the second half compared to the first half of the extended regimen. To manage BTB/BTS, instituting a 3-day hormone-free interval (HFI) was significantly more effective than continuing OCs (p less than .001). At the 6-month follow-up, most subjects had continued the extended regimen on their own with a high level of satisfaction. An extended OC regimen containing DRSP/EE significantly improved mood, headaches and pelvic pain scores throughout the 1 year of use, compared to a 21/7 cycle. Sustained BTB/BTS episodes occurred in 45 subjects (56%), decreasing in the second half of the study and effectively managed with a 3-day HFI. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SATISFACTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | WITHDRAWAL | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | HEADACHE | PELVIS | PAIN | ANALGESIA | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Anatomy | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 313555

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Validity of self-reported "safe sex" among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya -- PSA analysis.
Author: Gall MF; Behets FM; Steiner MJ; Thomsen SC; Ombidi W
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2007 Jan;18(1):33-38.
Abstract: We assessed the validity of self-reported sex and condom use by comparing self-reports with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection in a prospective study of 210 female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Participants were interviewed on recent sexual behaviours at baseline and 12-month follow-up visits. At both visits, a trained nurse instructed participants to self-swab to collect vaginal fluid specimens, which were tested for PSA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eleven percent of samples (n�329) from women reporting no unprotected sex for the prior 48 hours tested positive for PSA. The proportions of women with this type of discordant self-reported and biological data did not differ between the enrolment and 12-month visit (odds ratio [OR] 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99, 1.2). The study found evidence that participants failed to report recent unprotected sex. Furthermore, because PSA begins to clear immediately after exposure, our measures of misreported semen exposure likely are underestimations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANTIGENS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Perception | Psychological Factors | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 315842

17.

Title: Abortion.
Author: Habsjah A
Source: In: Rights and realities: monitoring reports on the status of Indonesian women's sexual and reproductive health and rights. Findings from the Indonesian Reproductive Health and Rights Monitoring amd Advocacy (IRRMA) Project, edited by Sivananthi Thanenthiran and Ayesha Khan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women [ARROW], 2007. :50-93.
Abstract: Although abortion is a common occurrence throughout the world - 46 million or 22% of all pregnancies worldwide end in induced abortion each year1 - it remains clandestine, stigmatised and unsafe for hundreds of thousands of women. This situation persists due to a lack of awareness in many countries of what the law actually permits and a general unwillingness among policymakers and health professionals to concretise women's reproductive rights. With only a few exceptions, every country in the world permits abortion under certain circumstances, such as to save a woman's life or to terminate a pregnancy resulting from rape or incest. Tragically, even in these countries, safe abortion is rarely accessible, rarely available and rarely affordable. Around the world, legal and medical professionals in countries with restrictive laws continue to describe abortion as "illegal," rather than acknowledge that women have a legal right to abortion under certain circumstances. As a result, policymakers, health professionals and activists have lost the opportunity to offer safe and legal abortion services to those who need them. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | PROGRESS REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Traditional Health Practices | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 319783 Notification

19.

Title: The clinical rationale for menses-free contraception.
Author: Lin K; Barnhart K
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2007 Oct;16(8):1171-1180.
Abstract: The impact of monthly menstruation may range from a minor inconvenience for some women to a major health concern for those who suffer from menstrual disorders and health conditions that are aggravated during their menstrual cycle. Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been used safely in continuous regimens for the treatment of menstrual disorders in some women and for others who choose to extend their 28-day menstrual cycle to accommodate major life events. There is no physiological requirement for the monthly hormone withdrawal bleed that is experienced by women taking cyclic OCs or for a menstrual period in women who do not desire to (or cannot) become pregnant. Thus, the use of continuous or extended-cycle OC regimens that eliminate the menstrual cycle represents a viable and attractive option for many women. The availability of more choices for menstrual suppression, such as continuous use of OCs, will improve the quality of life for many women who suffer from menstrual-related disorders and providegreater convenience for women with busy and active lifestyles. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | DYSMENORRHEA | MENORRHAGIA | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 321345

20.

Title: [Preference of Brazilian women regarding menstrual changes] Preferencias de mulheres brasileiras quanto a mudancas na menstruacao.
Author: Ribeiro CP; Hardy E; Hebling EM
Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 Feb;29(2):74-79.
Abstract: PURPOSE: to evaluate the association between women's menstrual experience and preferred changes in their menstrual cycles. METHODS: a cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 420 women were interviewed. Participants complied with the following criteria: age (18 to 20, 25 to 34 and 45 to 49 years); schooling (or=12 years); having menstruated during the three months previous to the study. Subjects were selected in the city of Campinas (SP), in nine private and seven public health services. For data collection, a questionnaire was prepared on the basis of the results of a previous pilot study that consisted of small groups. A data bank was prepared with the information registered in the questionnaires and the analysis was carried out with SAS, version 8.2. For the statistical analysis, the Pearson 2 test and the Fisher exact test were used to evaluate the association between variables (p<0.05). RESULTS: most subjects preferred greater than once a month intervals between menstruations. There was an association of the typical menstrual intervals experienced by women (p=0.0248) and the degree of interference of menstruation with daily activities (p=0.048) with the preferred interval between menses. However, there was no association between preferred intervals by women and the following characteristics of pain: duration, intensity and use of medication. CONCLUSIONS: the results suggest that women would like intervals longer than one month or to never menstruate.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | TIME FACTORS | ATTITUDES | QUALITY OF LIFE | MENSTRUATION | PAIN | ANALGESIA | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 324618

21.
Title: Menstrual control in the developmentally delayed adolescent: new treatment options.
Author: Amesse LS; Boyce C; Pfaff-Amesse T
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2006 Jun;19(3):237-241.
Abstract: Menstruation can be a difficult transition for many adolescents. It often results in the loss of school time and may curtail extra-school activities. For the developmentally delayed teenager, menstruation can be stressful not only for the adolescent but also for her caretakers. Many of these adolescents do not have the ability to care for themselves, and as a result, the responsibility for menstrual hygiene will fall upon family members or other responsible individuals. A significant proportion of these girls will need continued care throughout their lives, so they will not be involved in bearing or raising children. Fertility issues are often a major concern and this should be addressed in considering treatment options. Indeed, some of these teenagers may become sexually active and the prevention of unintended pregnancies should be considered an important aspect of their care. The physician making recommendations for these adolescents often faces difficult choices as to the proper management. However, more medical and surgical treatment options are becoming available and will be discussed below. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENTAL RETARDATION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | FEMALE STERILIZATION | HYSTERECTOMY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraception | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sterilization, Sexual
Document Number: 302503

22.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Will period-free hormonal contraception become the norm of the twenty-first century?
Author: Aubeny E
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Mar;11(1):1-5.
Abstract: The feelings of women about their menstruations has been modified due to the use of hormonal contraception. Women using oestroprogestative pills know that menstruations are triggered by the cessation of their absorption rather than any other physiological phenomenon. They know that the amenorrhea which appears under progestative contraception is both non pathological and reversible. Consequently, a good many women, confident in terms of birth control by these very efficient contraceptive methods, wish also to space out those considered useless and unpleasant periods for 3 to 6 months and even for 1 year or more. The actual hormonal contraceptive methods theoretically allow this spacing out of the menstruations but often by dint of much metrorragia. Indeed, while the first studies on those ''non-periods'' contraceptive methods seem to show their harmlessness, they must be further evaluated in a more specific way. Additional studies must thus be pursued in this direction. This new request from women about their periods while being often undervalued by physicians, must now be taken into account for future contraceptive methods. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ESTROGENS | AMENORRHEA | TIME FACTORS | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | METRORRHAGIA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms
Document Number: 295017

23.
Title: [Acceptability of intrauterine levonorgestrel delivery system (Mirena 52 mg) after estrogen-progesterone oral contraception: results of a prospective multicentric study of 211 patients aged 25 -- 35 years] Acceptabilite du systeme intra-uterin au levonorgestrel Mirena 52 mg apres contraception orale oestroprogestative. Resultats a 1 an d'une etude prospective multicentrique sur 211 patientes de 25 a 35 ans.
Author: Collinet P; Nayama M; Cosson M
Source: Journal�de Gynecologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 2006;35(8):778-784.
Abstract: Use of an intrauterine levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) delivery system (Mirena 52mg has become popular in recent years, particularly among younger women. Mirena is currently the contraceptive method of choice used as an alternative to classical copper-containing intrauterine devices after oral contraception. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction among young women during the first year of use of the intrauterine hormonal system. This multicentric phase IV trial with a non-comparative methodology was conducted among 211 young women aged 25-35 years. The SIU-LNG was prescribed for women who wanted to change their contraception after oral estrogen progesterone taken for at least three months prior to inclusion in the study. A total of 211 patients were included and review was planned at one year: 197 patients (93.36%) were reviewed. Mean patient age was 31.48 � 3.25 years. The SIU-LNG was inserted successfully at the first attempt in 99.05% of women. The continuation rate was 85.65%at one year. Evaluation of cycle characteristics showed less voluminous blood loss and fewer dysmenorrheal phenomena as well as, in 40%, the development of amenorrhea. At the last visit, 85% of women were satisfied or very satisfied with this method of contraception. As has been demonstrated in earlier studies, Mirena offers a contraception with a reliability equivalent to that of oral estrogen progesterone (IP: 0 - 0.2), with very few hormonal side effects due to the low plasma passage of levonorgestrel. Mirena is particularly well adapted for young women who desire a reliable long-term easy-to-use contraception after taking oral contraception. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | AMENORRHEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Usage | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases
Document Number: 311423

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The use of oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and drospirenone in an extended regimen over 126 days.
Author: Foidart J; Sulak PJ; Schellschmidt I; Zimmermann D
Source: Contraception. 2006;73:34-40.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the bleeding profile, acceptance and safety of an extended 126-day regimen of the oral contraceptive Yasmin� [30 �g ethinylestradiol (EE) and 3 mg drospirenone (DRSP)]. Methods: Using daily diaries, 177 women recorded bleeding events throughout the 126-day cycle. At end of treatment, the women completed questionnaires reflecting their satisfaction with the extended regimen. A subset of 30 women underwent endometrial histology sampling after completion of the extended regimen. Results: Of 177 women assigned to the extended regimen, 80.8% completed the extended 126-day regimen. Approximately 40% of the women reported complete absence of bleeding, while in 60% a shift towards less intense bleeding was observed. The first onset of bleeding occurred after a median of 99.0 days into the extended cycle. The acceptance of the extended regimen was high, with 68.4% of the women expressing satisfaction. The general safety profile with the extended use was comparable to that seen with the conventional 21+7-day regimen. All endometrial biopsies with sufficient material for analysis were normal and supported the endometrial safety of the extended regimen. Conclusion: This study showed that the continuous use of a 30-�g EE and 3-mg DRSP formulation over 126 days was safe, efficacious, well accepted by the users and resulted in a considerable reduction of bleeding. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, NORTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | HISTOLOGY | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | TIME FACTORS | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Safety | Public Health | Health | Biology | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 293357

25.
Title: Intergenerational transfer of douching information.
Author: Rupp R; Short MB; Head-Carroll Y; Rosenthal SL
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2006 Apr;19(2):69-73.
Abstract: The objective was to characterize the discussions on douching that female parents/guardians have with daughters. A questionnaire assessing personal douching history, beliefs on the practice of douching, and what they had discussed or intended to discuss about douching with their daughters was administered to women who were parenting females 11-21 years of age. Fifty-seven women who had douched or currently douche completed the questionnaire. Fifty-six of the women had discussed or planned to discuss the subject with their daughters. The girls with whom they had had a discussion were significantly older (16.2 years) than those with whom they planned to have a discussion (14.1 years). Most (73%) of the women had encouraged or planned to encourage douching, while only 18% had or planned to discourage it. Mothers had or planned to have the conversation in the context of menses (76%), sexual activity (40%), or when their daughter instigated the conversation (44%). Over 40% of the mothers had not or did not intend to discuss any negatives about douching. Only ten of the women stated that a health care provider had spoken to them or their daughter about the subject. Female parents/guardians are an important source of information about douching for their daughters. Health care providers need to educate girls as well as the women who parent them on the health risks associated with douching. Public campaigns aimed at decreasing douching should target this intergenerational transfer of information. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MOTHERS | DAUGHTERS | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INFORMATION SOURCES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Information
Document Number: 299751

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors influencing young women's decision making regarding hormonal contraceptives: a qualitative study.
Author: Cheung E; Free C
Source: Contraception. 2005;71:426-431.
Abstract: Discontinuation of hormonal contraceptives is correlated with the experience of unwanted effects and is an important cause of unwanted pregnancy. Previous studies have not identified the factors that influence whether a woman will switch to another hormonal contraceptive, switch back to condom use or stop contraception altogether when side effects are experienced. This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to explore factors influencing young women�s decision making regarding highly effective hormonal contraceptives in 51 women aged 16�25 years living in or just outside London, UK. Young women�s decision making regarding hormonal contraceptives is not simply determined by the experience of unwanted effects but reflects the meaning of unwanted effects in relation to underlying beliefs regarding the nature of hormones in contraceptives, �natural� menses, menstrual control and the importance of avoiding pregnancy. When unwanted effects were experienced, women with no concerns about the nature of hormones tended to switch to other highly effective hormonal contraceptives. Those with underlying concerns regarding the nature of hormones returned to (inconsistent) condom use or stopped using contraception altogether. This was linked to experiencing unwanted pregnancy. Eliciting attitudes regarding the nature of hormones in contraceptives, menstrual control and natural menses could enable health care practitioners to offer more tailored advice, interventions and contraceptives to women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | YOUTH | DECISION MAKING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | BELIEFS | CONDOM USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ATTITUDES | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Culture | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Fertility Control, Postcoital
Document Number: 286723

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Menstruation and amenorrhea: opinion of Brazilian women. [Menstruaci�n y amenorrea: opini�n de las mujeres brasile�as]
Author: do Amaral MC; Hardy E; Hebling EM; Fa�ndes A
Source: Contraception. 2005;72:157-161.
Abstract: Contemporary women experience more menstrual cycles than their predecessors, and their menstrual patterns are modified by contraceptives. Amenorrhea is one side effect that has recently been advocated as desirable. This qualitative study investigated Brazilian women�s views regarding the suppression of menstruation using hormones. Data were collected through eight focus groups, following a semistructured guideline. Sixty-four women, 21�51 years old, all menstruating regularly and all of whom had already initiated sexual activity and had no perceived infertility participated. Discussions were recorded, transcribed and entered into the computer, using the Ethnograph V 5.0 software to aggregate similar patterns. Thematic content analysis revealed that menstruation and amenorrhea were both seen with ambiguity. Although regarded as a nuisance, menstruation was associated with femaleness, youth, fertility and health. Most women, although they would like to be free from menstruation, feared negative consequences of induced amenorrhea and even regarded the proposition as a male intrusion into what they consider a natural female condition. (author's)
Spanish Abstract: Las mujeres contempor�neas experimentan m�s ciclos menstruales que sus predecesoras y sus patrones menstruales se ven modificados por los anticonceptivos. La amenorrea es un efecto secundario que hace poco se present� como deseable. El presente estudio cualitativo investiga las opiniones de las mujeres brasile�as con respecto a la supresi�n de su menstruaci�n a trav�s del consumo de hormonas. Se reunieron datos en ocho grupos espec�ficos de acuerdo con una pauta semiestructurada. Participaron 64 mujeres de 21 a 52 a�os con menstruaciones regulares y actividad sexual y sin percepci�n de infertilidad. Los debates se grabaron, se transcribieron e ingresaron en computadoras, utilizando el software Ethnograph V 5.0 para agrupar patrones similares. El an�lisis de contenido tem�tico revel� opiniones ambiguas con respecto a la menstruaci�n y la amenorrea. Aunque la menstruaci�n se consider� una molestia, se la asoci� con el hecho de ser mujer, con la juventud, la fertilidad y la salud. Si bien la mayor�a de las mujeres deseaba no menstruar, a la vez tem�a consecuencias negativas de la inducci�n de la amenorrea e incluso consider� la propuesta como una intromisi�n masculina en lo que cre�a un estado natural femenino. (del autor)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AMENORRHEA | PERCEPTION | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | AGE FACTORS | FERTILITY | FEAR | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Emotions | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception
Document Number: 288320

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: An intervention to reduce vaginal douching among adolescent and young adult women: a randomized, controlled trial.
Author: Grimley DM; Oh MK; Desmond RA; Hook EW 3d; Vermund SH
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Dec;32(12):752-758.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate an intervention to reduce vaginal douching among adolescent and young women who report douching. This study consisted of a randomized, controlled trial of 275 primarily black adolescent and young adults aged 14 to 23 years. All women participated in 3 15-minute individualized counseling sessions. The experimental group received interventions based on their stage of readiness for ceasing vaginal douching. The comparison condition emphasized healthy eating and nutrition. The primary outcome measure was douching cessation (i.e., no douching in the preceding 3 months) at the 6-and 12-month assessment; a secondary outcome was progression through the stages of change toward douching cessation. Based on an intention-to-treat model, participants assigned to the douching intervention group were significantly more likely to report having stopped douching at 6 months (relative risk [RR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03�1.73) and at 12 months (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.28�2.00). At baseline, 89.9% of all women reported no intention to stop douching. Also based on an intention-to-treat model, there were no differences in stage across the 2 groups at 6 months (P = 0.29); however, at 12 months, the difference between the intervention and comparison group was statistically significant (P = 0.008). Stage-matched interventions can reduce douching among adolescent and young adult women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADULTS |