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1.
Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies]
Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9.
Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive.
Language: Serbian
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342047

4.
Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6.
Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342395

Title: Family planning and the MDGs: Saving lives, saving resources.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jun. 8 p.
Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has completed and updated analyses for more than 30 countries that demonstrate the significant contribution of family planning (FP) to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Family planning helps to improve health outcomes (e.g., fewer maternal and child deaths) and reduce costs for meeting the MDGs (by reducing the size of the target populations in need of services). This case study describes the FP-MDG analysis methodology and provides examples of how the findings have been used to support advocacy and policy change. Briefs on country-specific findings are also available online. The FP-MDG analyses and briefs are flexible, evidenced-based tools that help make the case that family planning is a strong complement to -- rather than a trade-off with -- other health, development, and poverty-reduction efforts. By showing the economic benefits of investing in family planning, the FP-MDG analyses and briefs can also reach diverse audiences that might not traditionally champion FP issues.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control
Document Number: 331540

Title: Postpartum family planning for healthy pregnancy outcomes. A training manual.
Author: Pathfinder International. Extending Service Delivery Project
Source: Watertown, Massachusetts, Pathfinder, 2009 Feb. 124 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-05-00027-00)
Abstract: This manual provides material to conduct a comprehensive two-day training for facility-based health workers (such as health supervisors, nurses and midwives) on providing community-based postpartum family planning education, counseling and referral that enables women and couples to use family planning methods for Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy (HTSP). The Manual addresses the following content areas: 1. The importance of the postpartum period; 2. HTSP for postpartum women; 3. Postpartum family planning for HTSP; 4. Postpartum family planning counseling and education; 5. Postpartum family planning for HIV positive women. Under each topic, key information for the trainer is provided, as well as a training activity to promote participant learning and skills development for improved community-based postpartum care that includes family planning and HTSP. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COUNSELING | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Puerperium | Reproduction | Pregnancy | Education | Training Programs | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 325159

8.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

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Title: Maternal and perinatal outcome in teenage pregnancies in Sudan.
Author: Adam GK; Elhassan EM; Ahmed AM; Adam I
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May;105(2):170-1.
Abstract: Pregnancy and childbirth in teenage women pose special risks for both mother and baby. As well as significant medical, nutritional, social, and economic risks, teenage pregnancy is associated with increased risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and death in the neonatal or postnatal periods. There is a paucity of literature regarding the maternal and perinatal outcome of teenage pregnancies in Sudan, Africa. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of anemia, operative delivery, and perinatal complications (mainly low birth weight) among primiparous teenagers with a singleton delivery compared with a similar group of women aged 20-24 years. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ANEMIA | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Parental Age | Age Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341382

10.
Title: Understanding the effects of personal and school religiosity on the decision to abort a premarital pregnancy.
Author: Adamczyk A
Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Jun;50(2):180-95.
Abstract: Although much research has examined the relationship between religion and abortion attitudes, few studies have examined whether religion influences abortion behavior. This study looks at whether individual and school religiosity influence reported abortion behavior among women who become pregnant while unmarried. Hierarchical Logistic Models are implemented to analyze two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings show that personal religiosity is unrelated to reported abortion behavior. However, conservative Protestants appear less likely to obtain abortions than mainline Protestants, Catholics, and women of non-Christian faiths. Regardless of personal religious affiliation, having attended a school with a high proportion of conservative Protestants appears to discourage abortion as women enter their twenties. Conversely, women from private religious high schools appear more likely to report obtaining an abortion than women from public schools.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREGNANCY | UNMARRIED | RELIGION | ABORTION | CATHOLICISM | CHRISTIANITY | DECISION MAKING | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Reproduction | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342236 Notification

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Sep 17;9(1):27.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In Nepal, Emergency Contraception (EC) could play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancies, but very few people aware about it. This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and factors influencing awareness of EC among college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in April-May 2006. Structured self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1,137 college students (573 males and 564 females) in Kathmandu district. The association between awareness of EC and the explanatory variables were first assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The associations were further explored using a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: Only about two-thirds of college students (68%) had ever heard about EC. Bivariate analysis shows that males were more aware (72%) of EC than were females (64%). Similarly, the awareness level was significantly higher among younger, unmarried youth who were from outside Kathmandu Valley, who lived with friends, and who had received reproductive health (RH) education in school/college. The study also found that students' sex, permanent place of residence (district), and RH education are significant predictors of awareness of EC. Males are 1.5 times more likely to be aware of EC compared to females. Furthermore, students who lived in Kathmandu Valley were 41% less likely to be aware of EC than were students from outside Kathmandu Valley. On the other hand, those students who received RH education in school/college were almost nine times more likely to be aware of EC compared to those who did not receive such education. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the EC is low among college students in Nepal. Health education initiatives should target students as they are more likely to be sexually active. There is a need to further educate students about EC which can help to reduce unintended pregnancies, many of which result in unsafe abortion and take a large toll on women's health.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | QUESTIONNAIRES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342836

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: an institutional perspective.
Author: Agadjanian V; Hayford SR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S103-S112.
Abstract: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) units, where VCT/PMTCT/HAART have been integrated with traditional services, play a critical role in the connection between the massive HAART rollout and reproductive behavior. In this article, we use data from semi-structured interviews with MCH workers and ethnographic observations carried out in southern Mozambique to explore this role from the institutional perspective. We find that, along with logistical and workload problems, the de facto segregation of PMTCT/HAART clients within the �integrated� MCH system and the simplistic and uncompromising message discouraging further fertility and stressing condom-based contraception may pose serious challenges to a successful formulation and implementation of reproductive goals among seropositive clients. Although the recency of PMTCT/HAART services may partly explain these challenges, we argue that they are due largely to cultural miscommunication between providers and clients. We show how the cultural gap between the two is bridged by community activists and peer interactions among clients.
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SUPPORT GROUPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | INTERVIEWS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341906

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Expanding access to intrauterine contraception.
Author: Allen RH; Goldberg AB; Grimes DA
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 13;
Abstract: The intrauterine device is a safe, highly effective, long-lasting, yet reversible method of contraception. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception is an important measure to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States. Clinicians should consider intrauterine contraception in appropriate candidates, including women who are nulliparous, adolescent, immediately postpartum or postabortal, and desiring emergency contraception, and as an alternative to permanent sterilization. Barriers to intrauterine contraception such as requiring cervical cancer screening before insertion, routine testing for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection in low-risk women, or scheduling insertion only during menses are unnecessary.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MISINFORMATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | INSERTION | PAIN | IUD EXPULSION | NULLIPARITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 341709

14.

Title: Misoprostol for pregnancy termination in grand multiparous women with three cesarean deliveries.
Author: Alsibiani SA
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3;
Abstract: In countries in which women have high parity, pregnancy termination is common in women who have had multiple cesarean deliveries. Although a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is recommended for late abortion, in Saudi Arabia, mifepristone is not approved or available. There is little information about the safety of misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy or induction of labor in women with scarred uteri and multiple cesarean deliveries. Although there is no recommended dose or mode of administration for misoprostol in patients with scarred uteri and high parity, it is advisable to use a low dose. Misoprostol use in women with scarred uteri can lead to uterine rupture, but few incidences have been reported in the literature. However, caution is advisable. Misoprostol administered orally has a rapid onset of action and increases uterine tone, but contractions are not experienced unless repeated doses are administered. In addition, women usually prefer oral administration. Vaginal administration offers prolonged activity, greatest bioavailability, and a lower incidence of adverse effects. Use of misoprostol for termination of pregnancy in 2 grand multiparous (gravidity N10) women each with 3 previous cesarean deliveries is summarized in Table 1. According to the WHO expert dosage guidelines, the maximum dose was not exceeded in either patient. In patient 1 an intracervical Foley catheter with syntocinon infusion was used to ripen the cervix followed by oral administration of 800 �g of misoprostol. Patient 2 received a single dose of 800 �g of misoprostol vaginally. Favorable results were obtained in both women using a single high dose of misoprostol. The safety of using misoprostol in women with high parity and scarred uteri could not be ascertained from this study. A larger study is needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of this regimen in patients with high parity who have had more than 2 previous cesarean deliveries. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
SAUDI ARABIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | CESAREAN SECTION | ABORTION | MULTIPARITY | MISOPROSTOL | UTERUS | RU-486 | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Drugs
Document Number: 341466

15.
Title: [Vulnerabilities in the use of contraceptive methods among youth: intersections between public policies and healthcare] Vulnerabilidades no uso de metodos contraceptivos entre adolescentes e jovens:
Author: Alves CA; Brandao ER
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):661-70.
Abstract: This article discusses the moments of vulnerability in the utilization of contraceptive methods in the affective-sexual relations in adolescence and youth. The analyzed material consists of 17 semi-structured interviews with young people between 18 and 24 years (9 females and 8 males) of the middle-class of the city of Rio de Janeiro that had passed though at least one episode of pregnancy during adolescence. We also discuss the recent implementation of public policies focused on the sexuality and reproductive health of adolescents and the position of health professionals with respect to this subject within the scope of the Program of Integrated Healthcare for Women, Children and Adolescents (PAISMCA/SES-RJ). The results of the study show discontinuities in the use of contraceptive methods due to the strong gender hierarchy in the relationships between adolescents and the absence of appropriate sexual education in the family and school environments. There is little space for dealing with the sexual questions of the young in health services and schools. There are also cultural barriers that make it difficult for the society to approach the subject in a less prejudicial way, thus turning sexual initiation into a process full of silence and moral disapproval.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330130

16.

Title: Socioeconomic determinants of age at first birth in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Author: Aminul Haque M; Sayem AM
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;21(1):104-11.
Abstract: The age at first birth is very low under existing rural sociocultural settings in Bangladesh. This study examined the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of age at first birth. The study subjects were married women aged 15 to 29 years in 2 rural areas that were identified through a multistage sampling technique. To collect the relevant information, a semistructured interviewer schedule was applied to the eligible women. This study found that 72.8% women gave first birth at <20 years of age with mean age at first birth 18.74 years. Simple linear regression model explained 30.9% of variance in age at first live birth. Among socioeconomic and cultural determinants, family pressure explained the most significant variance. It is really difficult to reduce fertility in complex sociocultural settings in rural Bangladesh. However, the findings of this study may provide an answer to increase the age at first birth and hence to reduce the high fertility among these group of women.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | YOUTH | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330710

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Examining the geographical heterogeneity associated with risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy in Ghana.
Author: Amoako Johnson F; Madise NJ
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):249-67.
Abstract: After a decade of fertility decline, Ghana's fertility and the level of unmet need for contraception stalled in mid-transition in the late 1990s. Although the literature acknowledges this, the geographical patterns in unmet need have not been adequately documented. Spatial analysis of unmet need can reveal differences in usage and provision of contraceptive commodities, thereby pointing to geographical areas where contraceptive programmes should be strengthened. This study examines the geographical variation of the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies between rural communities and also between urban communities of the three ecological zones of Ghana. The study also investigates if geographical differences in the risks of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies changed during the period when unmet need stalled at the national level. A multilevel regression model was applied to pooled data from the 1998 and 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the determinants of the risk of unintended pregnancies, while controlling for clustering of outcomes within communities. The results show that between the two surveys, there was no significant change in the levels of risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy. However, geographical heterogeneity in the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy was observed, after controlling for relevant predictors. This showed concentration of mistimed pregnancies in some rural communities relative to others, and variation in the risk of unwanted pregnancies between urban communities. The results give a clear indication that bridging the inequality gap in contraceptive use requires programmes that are area-specific.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEEDS | HETEROGENEITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation
Document Number: 331181

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi.
Author: Anand A; Shiraishi RW; Bunnell RE; Jacobs K; Solehdin N; Abdul-Quader AS; Marum LH; Muttunga JN; Kamoto K; Aberle-Grasse JM; Diaz T
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Several studies support the need for effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). DESIGN:: Cross-sectional nationally representative demographic health survey of Kenya (2003) and Malawi (2004-2005) that included HIV testing for consenting adults. METHODS:: We analyzed demographic health survey data for awareness of HIV status and sexual behaviors of PLWHAs (Kenya: 412; Malawi: 664). The analysis was adjusted (weighted) for the design of the survey and the results are nationally representative. FINDINGS:: Eighty-four percent of PLWHAs in Kenya and 86% in Malawi had sex in the past 12 months and in each country, 10% reported using condoms at last intercourse. Among sexually active PLWHAs, 86% in Kenya and 96% in Malawi reported their spouse or cohabiting partner as their most recent partner. In multivariate logistic regression models, married or cohabiting PLWHAs were significantly more likely to be sexually active and less likely to use condoms. Over 80% of PLWHAs were unaware of their HIV status. Of HIV-infected women, nearly three-quarters did not want more children either within the next 2 years or ever, but 32% in Kenya and 20% in Malawi were using contraception. INTERPRETATION:: In 2003-2005, majority of PLWHAs in Kenya and Malawi were unaware of their HIV status and were sexually active, especially married or cohabiting PLWHAs. Of HIV-infected women not wanting more children, few used contraception. HIV testing should be expanded, prevention programs should target married or cohabiting couples and family planning services should be integrated with HIV services.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AWARENESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | HIV TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Fertility | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341748

19.

Title: Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study.
Author: Antoniou AC; Rookus M; Andrieu N; Brohet R; Chang-Claude J
Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Feb;18(2):601-10.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several reproductive and hormonal factors are known to be associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population, including parity and oral contraceptive (OC) use. However, their effect on ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has only been investigated in a small number of studies. METHODS: We used data on 2,281 BRCA1 carriers and 1,038 BRCA2 carriers from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study to evaluate the effect of reproductive and hormonal factors on ovarian cancer risk for mutation carriers. Data were analyzed within a weighted Cox proportional hazards framework. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the risk of ovarian cancer between parous and nulliparous carriers. For parous BRCA1 mutation carriers, the risk of ovarian cancer was reduced with each additional full-term pregnancy (P trend = 0.002). BRCA1 carriers who had ever used OC were at a significantly reduced risk of developing ovarian cancer (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence intervals, 0.37-0.73; P = 0.0002) and increasing duration of OC use was associated with a reduced ovarian cancer risk (P trend = 0.0004). The protective effect of OC use for BRCA1 mutation carriers seemed to be greater among more recent users. Tubal ligation was associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer for BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence intervals, 0.22-0.80; P = 0.008). The number of ovarian cancer cases in BRCA2 mutation carriers was too small to draw definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide further confirmation that OC use, number of full-term pregnancies, and tubal ligation are associated with ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers to a similar relative extent as in the general population.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | OVARIAN CANCER | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | TUBAL LIGATION | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Evaluation | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning
Document Number: 331025

20.

Title: Hormonal methods of contraception for youth. More effective strategies are needed to improve access and encourage consistent use.
Author: Aradhya K; Lebetkin E
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 30)
Abstract: Youth, defined here as people ages 10 to 24 years old, need better access to contraception. The decreasing age of menarche and increasing age of marriage have created an ever-widening window of time for premarital sexual intercourse and pregnancies. Hormonal methods of contraception -- including oral contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants -- are among the most effective methods of preventing unintended pregnancies. They are generally well known among youth and, as an alternative to condoms, allow a young woman to control her risk of pregnancy. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STIGMA | HEALTH FACILITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331499

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Increased access to emergency contraception: why it may fail.
Author: Baecher L; Weaver MA; Raymond EG
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Apr;24(4):815-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: To explore why increased access to emergency contraception (EC) failed to reduce pregnancies in a recent randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for unintended pregnancy using data from a trial involving sexually active women (n = 1490, aged 14-24 years) randomly assigned to either increased access or standard access to EC. We used predictive modeling to generate estimated pregnancy risk scores for each participant. We then examined EC use among women at low or high baseline risk of pregnancy. RESULTS: Gravidity, recent history of unprotected sex (within 14 days of enrollment to study) and lower aversion to pregnancy predicted unintended pregnancy. Women in the increased access group were more likely than women in the standard access group to use EC repeatedly. This difference was significantly stronger (P = 0.03) among low risk women than high risk women [Relative risk (RR) 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5-15.4 and RR 5.5, 95% CI 3.8-7.9, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Increased access to EC had a greater impact on women who were at lower baseline risk of pregnancy. This may explain in part why increased access to EC has had no measurable benefit in clinical trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INCIDENCE | RISK FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 341661

22.

Title: Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in sub-saharan Africa.
Author: Bankhole A; Singh S; Hussain R; Oestreicher G
Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Mar;3(1):60-78.
Abstract: The condom is the only known method that provides simultaneous protection against unplanned pregnancy and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among sexually active people. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined condom use and reasons for using the method at last intercourse among sexually active young men aged 15 to 29. Most young men were aware of the condom (73%-98%), but its use at last intercourse was quite variable, ranging from 6% in Madagascar to 74% in Namibia. In 10 countries, more young men reportedly used condoms for preventing STIs alone than they did for preventing pregnancy alone. In 6 countries, at least one third of the users used the method for both purposes. Use of the condom at last intercourse was associated with union status, education, residence, and exposure to television in at least two thirds of the countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | YOUTH | MEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 329249

23.

Title: Inadequate use of prenatal services among brazilian women: the role of maternal characteristics.
Author: Bassani DG; Surkan PJ; Olinto MT
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):15-20.
Abstract: CONTEXT: To improve the uptake of prenatal care, it is important to know how the use of prenatal care varies by maternal attitudes and social and demographic factors. METHODS: Information about social and demographic variables, prenatal care, parity, pregnancy planning, abortion attempts, satisfaction with pregnancy and satisfaction with the relationship with the child's father was collected from 611 postpartum women in Porto Alegre in southern Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between these variables and whether the women's use of prenatal care was adequate, partially inadequate or inadequate. RESULTS: About 40% of women had inadequate or partially inadequate prenatal care. After adjustment for other covariates, including satisfaction with the pregnancy, women having an unplanned pregnancy were significantly more likely to have had inadequate care than women who had planned their pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.0). Not living with the child's father (2.8) and dissatisfaction with pregnancy (2.1) were also associated with inadequate use of prenatal care. Women having their second or higher order birth were significantly more likely to report inadequate use of prenatal care than women having their first birth (3.9-9.0). Household income was inversely associated with inadequate use of care. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that maternal attitudes may be important for adequate prenatal care. Interventions should be created to encourage women with negative maternal attitudes to use prenatal care and to ensure that they have access to the care they need.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 341412

24.

Title: The influence of early sexual debut and sexual violence on adolescent pregnancy: a matched case-control study in Jamaica.
Author: Baumgartner JN; Geary CW; Tucker H; Wedderburn M
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):21-28.
Abstract: The authors conducted structured interviews with 15- to 17-year-old females-250 who were currently pregnant and 500 sexually experienced, but never-pregnant, neighborhood-matched controls. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine associations between adolescent pregnancy and early sexual debut, sexual coercion or violence, and sexual risk-taking behaviors. Greater proportions of pregnant youth than of their never-pregnant peers reported having had first sex by age 14 (54% vs. 41%), a first sexual partner who was five or more years older (33% vs. 20%), or multiple partners (63% vs. 50%). A greater proportion of never-pregnant youth had used contraceptives at first sex (88% vs. 80%). Almost half (49%) of all young women reported ever having experienced sexual coercion or violence. Compared with controls, pregnant youth had greater odds of having had an older partner at first sex and believing contraception is a woman's responsibility (odds ratios, 1.3 and 2.1, respectively), and had lower odds of ever having experienced sexual violence and thinking that it is important to protect oneself against pregnancy (0.5 and 0.2, respectively). An interaction between early sexual debut and multiple partners was found. Having had multiple partners was associated with pregnancy only for youth with early sexual debut. Encouraging adolescents to delay sexual debut and reduce their number of sexual partners may help prevent unintended pregnancies. Experiences of sexual coercion and violence were common among both groups, highlighting the need to address gender-based violence at the community level.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUAL ABUSE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 315213

25.
Title: [Particularities of epileptic women's care] Particularites de la prise en charge des femmes epileptiques.
Author: Ben Hamouda I; Mrabet A
Source: La Tunisie Medicale. 2009 Mar;87(3):169-72.
Abstract: AIM: Development on the epileptic women's care. METHOD: A research in the medical literature on PubMed and an exhaustive review of the published summaries and reports of Epileptology International Meetings, in the last five years. We included cohort studies, reviews and randomized double blinded therapeutic trials. Case reports and fundamental research studies have been excluded. RESULTS: sensitizing of the epileptic women starts with adolescence with an education and a preparation to sexual life and available contraceptive methods, in order to avoid undesired pregnancies and the serious consequences which they are likely to generate. Approximately 1/3 of the epileptic women have variations of their disease related to the menstrual cycle, probably because of a neurotoxic effect of estrogens (not counterbalanced by progestational hormones). Antiepileptic teratogenicity issue is not, yet, solved, in spite of new molecules commercialisation. The upkeep of a register concerning the use of AED during pregnancy makes it possible to better identify the problems and to establish an optimal therapeutic control for the mother and the child. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy impact on women's life is very different compared to men, because it interferes with the fields of sexuality, reproduction, menstrual cycle and contraception, in addition of AED teratogenicity. A close cooperation between obstetricians and neurologist and a sensitizing of health professionals are essential for the global care of the epileptic pregnant women or in age of procreation.
Language: French
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | IMPACT | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Communication
Document Number: 342404

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Alcohol and illicit drug use and its influence on the sexual behavior of teenagers from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Uso de alcool e drogas e sua influencia sobre as praticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Author: Bertoni N; Bastos FI; de Mello MV; Makuch MY; de Sousa MH; Osis MJ; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;25(6):1350-1360.
Abstract: This article summarizes the findings of a survey of 5,981 students from public schools in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The analysis assessed the influence of drug use on sexual practices. Among the boys who stated having used illicit drugs and who were engaged in relationships with casual partners, 56% reported consistent condom use, as compared to 65% among those not reporting such habits. Among boys who reported illicit drug use and who were engaged in relationships with stable partners, consistent condom use was reported by 43%, versus 64% among those not reporting such habits. In the subgroup of boys engaged in stable relationships who did not report illicit drug use, consistent condom use was less frequent among those who used alcohol or cigarettes, compared to those who did not drink or smoke (61% versus 71%). Girls were less likely than boys to use condoms consistently, regardless of the nature of their relationships, without a noticeable influence of drug use. Policies to prevent drug abuse, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy should be fully integrated.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 340175

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: How does gestational diabetes affect postpartum contraception in nondiabetic primiparous women?
Author: Beydoun HA; Beydoun MA; Tamim H
Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):290-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to explore the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on postpartum contraception among nondiabetic primiparous women. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analyses of 2004-2005 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from Michigan and Oregon. METHODS: Analyses were performed on 2332 women, taking complex survey design into consideration. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (cOR; aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Postpartum use of hormonal (aOR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.68-1.83) and nonhormonal (aOR=1.18, 95% CI: 0.73-1.92) contraception were not influenced by GDM after controlling for confounders. Female sterilization was more frequently adopted (cOR=4.99, 95% CI: 1.13-22.17) and depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) (cOR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.23-1.18), diaphragm/cervical cap/sponge (cOR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.016-0.95) and cervical ring (cOR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.017-0.98) were less frequently adopted by women reporting GDM diagnosis. CONCLUSION: With few exceptions, GDM does not appear to affect postpartum hormonal and nonhormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DIABETES | PARITY | CONTRACEPTION | POSTPARTUM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Health | Health | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Puerperium | Reproduction
Document Number: 330558

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Preventive service needs of young people perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda.
Author: Birungi H; Obare F; Mugisha JF; Evelia H; Nyombi J
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jun;21(6):725-731.
Abstract: This study examines the sexual expressions and experiences as well as the preventive practices of 732 adolescent boys and girls aged 15-19 years who were born with HIV. The data come from a project on the sexuality of young people perinatally infected with HIV conducted in 2007 in four districts of Uganda. The analysis involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach entails cross-tabulations with chi-square tests as well as significance tests of proportions. The qualitative approach involves an analysis of individual case stories, in-depth probes, and focus group discussions for content. The findings show disconnect between: (1) the information service providers give to young people and young people's actual needs and desires; (2) adolescents' fears and their actual preventive practices; and (3) the high level of reported condom use and the frequency of use. Programs need to recognize that young people perinatally infected with HIV are sexually active or anticipatebeing so in future.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | FEAR | CONDOM USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors
Document Number: 339860

29.

Title: [Contraceptive compliance - why is contraceptive failure still so frequent?] Kontrazeptive Compliance - warum kommt es immer wieder zum Versagen der
Author: Bitzer J
Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):137-43.
Abstract: Contraceptive compliance is defined as the correct use (according to the method specific prescriptions given by a medical professional and/or in written form as patient information leaflet) of a contraceptive method. Non-compliance describes a mismatch between the real behaviour of a user and the correct or ideal behaviour. There are various indicators that in general contraceptive compliance is far from ideal. Many studies report a rate of unintended pregnancies of 50%, half of them terminating in abortion. The abortion rate remains high even in countries with availability of advanced contraceptive technology. Especially with hormonal contraception and barrier methods the gap between correct and real use is large. Discontinuation rates per year reach up to 50%. Reasons for Non Compliance are (a) Lack of motivation to prevent a pregnancy due to ambivalence regarding the wish for a child as well as sexual and relationship issues (b) Cognitive factors (False information, misconceptions, irrational fears) (c) Difficult or lacking access to contraceptive methods (d) Behavioral errors and mistakes (Forgetting, loosing etc.) and (e) Side effects of the methods used. Three strategies to improve compliance can be distinguished: (a) Improving counselling; (b) Developing contraceptive methods which demand a low level of compliant behaviour by the user; (c) Improving quality of life of users by minimizing the negative side effects and maximizing the non contraceptive health benefits.
Language: German
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | USER COMPLIANCE | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 329568

30.

Title: A response to critics of family planning programs.
Author: Bongaarts J; Sinding SW
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):39-44.
Abstract: This article presents critiques of family planning programs and then provides rebuttals. Critiques addressed are as follows: family planning programs have little or no effect on fertility; fertility declines are under way everywhere, so the population problem has largely been solved and family planning programs are no longer needed; the death toll of the AIDS epidemic makes family planning undesirable and unnecessary; family planning programs are not cost-effective; family planning programs at best have made women the instruments of population control policies and, at worst, have been coercive.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | AIDS | DEATH RATE | NEEDS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality
Document Number: 341315


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