1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Azerbaijan 2006: Results from the Demographic and Health Survey. Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):155-160. Abstract: The Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey 2006 (ADHS 2006) was conducted by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan with technical assistance from Macro International. Data for the nationally representative ADHS 2006 were collected from 7,180 households, and complete interviews were conducted with 8,444 women aged 15-49 and 2,558 men aged 15-59. The fieldwork took place from July to November 2006. The summary statistics presented were taken from the Azerbaijan country report. Language: English Keywords: AZERBAIJAN | TABLES AND CHARTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BREASTFEEDING | INFANT MORTALITY | VACCINATION | MALNUTRITION | DIARRHEA | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Viral Diseases Document Number: 341899 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Uganda 2006: Results from the Demographic and Health Survey. Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):161-166. Abstract: The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006 (UDHS 2006) was conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics with technical assistance from Macro International. Data for the nationally representative UDHS 2006 were collected from 8,870 households, and complete interviews were conducted with 8,531 women aged 15-49 and 2,503 men aged 15-54. The fieldwork took place from 5 May to early October 2006. The summary statistics presented were taken from the Uganda country report. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | TABLES AND CHARTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BREASTFEEDING | INFANT MORTALITY | VACCINATION | MALNUTRITION | DIARRHEA | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Viral Diseases Document Number: 341900 |
3.  Title: Traveling child-sex offenders in South East Asia: a regional review. Author: Child Wise Source: South Melbourne, Australia, Child Wise, 2009 Mar. 39 p. Abstract: This is the third edition of this compendium of information about the sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. The report provides a regional overview of child sex tourism in South East Asia along with national reports from all 10 countries in the region. It also provides an update on the successful ASEAN Regional Education Campaign and a brief summary of the key findings from a situational analysis of hotline reporting numbers in the region. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | TRAVELERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | CRIME | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 342036 |
| 4. Title: Their protection is in our hands: the state of global child trafficking for sexual purposes: summary report. Author: ECPAT International; Body Shop International Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ECPAT International, 2009. 11 p. This document is a summary of the report "Their Protection is in Our Hands - The State of Global Child Trafficking for Sexual Purposes." Abstract: This report provides a global overview of the trafficking of children and young people for sexual purposes, the range of interventions needed to combat trafficking, the need for a holistic and integrated approach, and nations' goals and targets for reducing trafficking. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | CHILD LABOR | SEX WORKERS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SELF ESTEEM | NATURAL DISASTERS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | RISK FACTORS | ADVOCACY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Labor Force | Human Resources | Sex Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Environment | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Communication | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341215 |
| 5. Title: FHI quality improvement guidelines for care and support programs for orphans and other vulnerable children. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009 Jan. 18 p. Abstract: The guidelines are organized into nine areas of support that respond to the basic needs and human rights of children. They are also aligned with the core areas of support for programs for orphans and vulnerable children established by the U.S. government in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The areas covered by the guidelines are cross-cutting issues, care coordination, health, food and nutrition, education, psychosocial support, shelter and care, protection, and household economic strengthening. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | HOME CARE | MENTAL HEALTH | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPLEMENTATION | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 339984 |
| 6. Title: Constructive men's engagement in reproductive health: a training-of-trainers' manual. Couple communication and shared decisionmaking related to reproductive health. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative; Care International. Keneya Ciwara; Mali. Ministere de la Sante. Division de la Sante Reproductive Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 May. 26 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: This curriculum was developed as part of a USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1 project focused on building an enabling policy and institutional environment for constructive men's engagement (CME) in reproductive health in Mali. The project worked with the Ministry of Health and other partners in facilitating the process of creating national guidelines to integrate CME in family planning and reproductive health (FP / RH) and to improve women's and men's uptake of FP / RH services. The project brought together the assembly of a large, multisectoral group of stakeholders to develop, refine, and validate Mali's national guidelines in support of the national Reproductive Health Strategic Plan. The Minister of Health quickly approved the guidelines and signed them into effect on May 20, 2008. This document contains the manual used in the pilot workshops with relais communautaires. It is designed to enable community health educators to incorporate activities related to constructive men's engagement in reproductive health (CME-RH) in their daily work. This includes promoting dialogue among men and women to increase couple communication and shared decisionmaking related to FP / RH. As such, it can be adapted in other settings, based on local needs. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | MANUAL | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUPLES | DECISION MAKING | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | WORKSHOPS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Training Programs | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 331535 |
| 7. Title: Family planning and the MDGs: Saving lives, saving resources. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jun. 8 p. Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has completed and updated analyses for more than 30 countries that demonstrate the significant contribution of family planning (FP) to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Family planning helps to improve health outcomes (e.g., fewer maternal and child deaths) and reduce costs for meeting the MDGs (by reducing the size of the target populations in need of services). This case study describes the FP-MDG analysis methodology and provides examples of how the findings have been used to support advocacy and policy change. Briefs on country-specific findings are also available online. The FP-MDG analyses and briefs are flexible, evidenced-based tools that help make the case that family planning is a strong complement to -- rather than a trade-off with -- other health, development, and poverty-reduction efforts. By showing the economic benefits of investing in family planning, the FP-MDG analyses and briefs can also reach diverse audiences that might not traditionally champion FP issues. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331540 |
| 8. Title: Time to deliver on maternal health and family planning best practices: White Ribbon Alliances in Asia and the Middle East make it happen. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jul. 12 p. Abstract: White Ribbon Alliances (WRAs) across Asia and the Middle East have become strong advocates for evidence-based strategies to reduce maternal mortality. The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has helped to form alliances and support their efforts to scale up family planning (FP) and maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) best practices in the region. This brief highlights the achievements of alliances from Bangladesh, India (Orissa), Indonesia, Pakistan, and Yemen. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | MIDDLE EAST | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | MOTHERS | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | AWARENESS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Puerperium | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Knowledge | Training Programs | Education | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 331562 |
| 9. Title: 15andCounting advocacy. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: [London, United Kingdom, IPPF, 2009]. 11 p. Abstract: This document describes how individuals and community groups can raise awareness about the 15 and Counting campaign. The campaign focuses on meeting the youth-related goals of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. While it specifically focuses on 15 and Counting, the document's principles could be applied to the process of developing an advocacy plan for many other youth projects. Additional resources are available at: http://www.15andcounting.org/blog/?page_id=7. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | UGANDA | IRELAND | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | LEADERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROMOTION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ABORTION | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health Document Number: 329083 Notification |
| 10. Title: The long wait: reproductive health care in Haiti. Author: John Snow [JSI]. Research and Training Institute, Inc. Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, Research and Training Institute, Inc., 2009. 22 p. Abstract: The reproductive health status of Haiti's communities contributes to a life expectancy of 62.8 years for women in comparison to 75.5 years in neighboring Dominican Republic or 80.8 years for women in the U.S. According to Haiti's 2005-2006 Demography Health Survey, 37.5% of women have unmet family planning needs. Additionally, youth and rural area residents report greater unmet needs for family planning than the national average. Unmet family planning contributes to a high total fertility rate of 4.79 (5 in rural versus 2.8 in urban areas), a high infant morality (57 deaths per 1000 live births) and the highest maternal mortality rate in the western world-630 deaths per 100,000 live births. These alarming RH indicators prompted a team from JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI) to visit Haiti in January 2009. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify gaps in the availability and accessibility of comprehensive RH services including: Safer motherhood and emergency obstetric care (EmOC), Family planning, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention, care and support, Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, care and support, and Adolescent-focused RH programming for each of the above RH components. 2) to identify community-level responses and opportunities for strengthening the quality and availability of comprehensive RH services. This report presents the findings of this assessment. Language: English Keywords: HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341307 |
| 11. Title: Building support for orphans and vulnerable children. Author: Population Council Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p. Abstract: We provide solid scientific evidence about programs targeting orphans and vulnerable children to help governments and communities provide better care for these children in need. The Council’s studies apply innovative research techniques to address complex issues about providing care and services to children affected by HIV. The Council’s evaluation of the RAPIDS intervention has highlighted the effectiveness of program activities and valuable lessons for program managers and providers. A mid-term evaluation in 2007 showed important progress, such as more help with school books, uniform fees, and transportation and improvements in school attendance among vulnerable children. Results from the 2009 data collection promise to provide further guidance to program managers on how to ensure the greatest impact with available resources. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | INFORMATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors Document Number: 331493 |
| 12. Title: HIV and children. Author: Population Council Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:1-13. Abstract: This issue of Momentum describes initiatives to increase access to low-cost, life-saving treatments to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, help communities mobilize resources to assist families affected by HIV, train grandmothers to encourage HIV testing for orphans, and build a bank of evaluation data to guide programs and service delivery. The focus is on children 15 years of age and under. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341210 |
| 13. Title: Increasing HIV testing for at-risk children. Author: Population Council Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p. Abstract: The Caregiver Project is helping HIV-positive children access life-saving medical treatment and providing an outreach model that can be replicated across Africa. The project trains grandmothers (called “grannies") to serve as peer supporters for elderly caregivers. The grannies provide information about pediatric HIV testing and treatment to elderly caregivers who come to Social Security Agency sites to get grants for social services for children and the elderly. Grannies offer caregivers referral cards that list the locations of pediatric testing services and encourage them to take the children to be tested. The Caregiver Project is targeting an important gateway to accessing these children, the elderly caregivers, and motivating caregivers to seek care through age-appropriate resources. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | PROMOTION | HIV TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 331491 |
| 14. Title: Overcoming barriers to treatment for children. Author: Population Council Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p. Abstract: Only 11 percent of HIV-positive children eligible for treatment in Kenya receive life-saving therapy. Through surveys, group discussions, and interviews with families and health workers, Council researchers identified barriers that prevent parents and caregivers from seeking treatment for HIV-infected children. Applying its research findings, the Council and the government of Kenya are supporting community-awareness activities to educate and assist caregivers, inform them of available services, and reduce stigma. The Council is also working with health facilities to improve counseling, support, and outreach services, and to provide Kenya's government with recommendations for improving pediatric HIV services so HIV-positive children across the country receive life-saving treatment. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | OBSTACLES | TREATMENT | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331492 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway. Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88. Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups. Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 331296 |
| 16. Title: The economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in Nigeria. Author: Adedigba MA; Naidoo S; Abegunde A; Olagundoye O; Adejuyigbe E; Fakande I Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):107-114. Abstract: The study estimates the economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in a Nigerian population. The data derive from a cross-sectional survey of households affected by HIV or AIDS in Ife-Ijesa Zone, Osun State, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 117 purposively selected, consenting adult HIV patients attending a general and teaching hospital. Participants were asked to self-report monetary expenses for HIV-related care, loss of savings, and funeral costs. The data show a significantly sharp drop in the participants' household income as a result of care for HIV-related illnesses, from the time of knowing one's HIV status to the time of illness, among three occupational categories (artisans, civil servants and unemployed; p = 0.02). Mean income among those in the unemployed category fell by 84.1%, income among artisans dropped by 72.6%, and income among civil servants decreased by 44.4%. The monetary loss during the course of HIV-related illnesses was heaviest for the artisan group, followed by the unemployed and the civil servants. Those who had lost a substantial part of their savings to HIV-related care were most numerous among the unemployed, followed by artisans and civil servants. Out of 16 households, 11 (42.3%) had received support from relatives during a funeral ceremony. There was a significant association between the occupational group and working for more hours after illness ( 2 = 9.28, df = 4; p = 0.05). Nearly all orphaned children were distributed to the extended family following the AIDS death of a parent. Among all the occupational groups, borrowing from a cooperative society during the course of HIV-related sickness was the commonest form. The findings add to data showing that despite the extended family support system, adult deaths due to AIDS continue to undermine the viability of sub-Saharan African households. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EXPENDITURES | INCOME | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341292 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: an institutional perspective. Author: Agadjanian V; Hayford SR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S103-S112. Abstract: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) units, where VCT/PMTCT/HAART have been integrated with traditional services, play a critical role in the connection between the massive HAART rollout and reproductive behavior. In this article, we use data from semi-structured interviews with MCH workers and ethnographic observations carried out in southern Mozambique to explore this role from the institutional perspective. We find that, along with logistical and workload problems, the de facto segregation of PMTCT/HAART clients within the “integrated” MCH system and the simplistic and uncompromising message discouraging further fertility and stressing condom-based contraception may pose serious challenges to a successful formulation and implementation of reproductive goals among seropositive clients. Although the recency of PMTCT/HAART services may partly explain these challenges, we argue that they are due largely to cultural miscommunication between providers and clients. We show how the cultural gap between the two is bridged by community activists and peer interactions among clients. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SUPPORT GROUPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | INTERVIEWS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341906 |
| 18. Title: Reducing maternal mortality in Yemen: challenges and lessons learned from baseline assessment. Author: Al Serouri AW; Al Rabee A; Bin Afif M; Al Rukeimi A Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):86-91. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Yemen is a signatory of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and one of 10 countries chosen for the UN Millennium Project. However, recent MDG progress reviews show that it is unlikely that the maternal health goal will be reached by 2015 and Yemen still has an unacceptably high maternal mortality of 365 per 100000 live births. Because 82% of deaths happen intrapartum, the purpose of this needs assessment was to identify and prioritize constraints in delivery of emergency obstetric care (EmOC). METHODS: Four district hospitals and 16 health centers in 8 districts were assessed for functional capacity in terms of infrastructure; availability of essential equipment and drugs; EmOC technical competency and training needs; and Health Management Information System. RESULTS: We found poor obstetric services in terms of structure (staffing pattern, equipment, and supplies) and process (knowledge and management skills). CONCLUSION: The data argue for strengthening the 4 interlinked health system elements-human resources, and access to, use, and quality of services. The Government must address each of these elements to meet the Safe Motherhood MDG. Language: English Keywords: YEMEN | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 341376 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of perceived morbidity and use of health services by children less than 15 years old in rural Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; van Ginneken JK; Timaeus I Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):119-29. Abstract: This study examined the association of a number of social and economic and other factors with perceived morbidity and use of health services by children in rural Bangladesh, using the data of a health and socioeconomic survey conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1996. One of the factors of interest was women's social position measured with indicators such as their education, domestic autonomy, social networks and social prestige. Other factors of interest were economic in nature and included the availability of high-quality primary health care (PHC) facilities in one part of the study area. A total of 52% of the 3,793 children below 15 had an episode of an acute illness in the month preceding the interview. The medical care sought for acute illnesses was grouped into four categories: medical doctors, paramedics, traditional and untrained village doctors (including drug sellers) and homeopaths. A total of 55% of the children who were sick in the past month consulted any type of health provider. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the various independent variables on the two dependent variables: perceived morbidity of under-15 children and health service use for under-15 sick children. The results revealed that age of the child was the most important factor influencing perceived morbidity while social and economic variables were in general not related to perceived morbidity. Prolonged and severe illnesses and illnesses of young and male children were more likely to be treated by health providers, particularly by physicians. While women's education and social network influenced visits to any health providers socioeconomic indicators influenced visits to physicians. Availability of PHC facilities in one part of the study area also led to more use of modern medical care. The findings highlight that improvement of women's education and of social and economic status in general, in combination with more availability of high-quality PHC will in Bangladesh lead to better health care of children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | MORBIDITY | INFECTIONS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330857 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Seroreversion in children born to HIV-positive and AIDS mothers from Central West Brazil. Author: Alcantara KC; Pereira GA; Albuquerque M; Stefani MM Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jun;103(6):620-6. Abstract: The spread of HIV-1 infection among women of childbearing age has led to increasing numbers of children at risk of vertical transmission. This study aimed to assess child outcomes among HIV-positive (n=19) and AIDS (n=22) mothers from Central West Brazil. CD4(+) T-cell counts (FACScount, BD) and viral loads (HIV-1 RT-PCR, Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Roche) were assessed at delivery and during the first 6 months of life. Heteroduplex mobility assay identified env and gag HIV-1 subtypes. Frequencies and medians were calculated. HIV-positive and AIDS mothers did not differ with regard to age, antiretroviral prophylaxis, parity and viral load. AIDS mothers had lower CD4(+) T-cell counts. One vertical transmission and a neonatal death were observed. Gestational age, gender and oral zidovudine prophylaxis were similar regardless of maternal clinical status. Infants born to AIDS mothers had lower birthweight and shorter time to seroreversion. Eight infants were lost to follow-up, and two were breastfed due to delayed maternal diagnosis. HIV-1 B(env)/B(gag) subtype were 75.6%; discordant B(env)/F(gag) were 12.2%. Exposed uninfected infants born to AIDS mothers with lower CD4(+) T-cell counts seroreverted earlier than infants born to asymptomatic HIV-positive mothers. It is possible that maternal immunological status may impact on the time to seroreversion. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Transmission | Infections | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342742 |
| 21. Title: Determination of conversion coefficient to evaluate couple-year of protection (CYP) for tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran: IMES Study. Author: Alinejad F; Heidarzade A; Eslami M; Faraji R; Shatti M Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):81-92. Abstract: Objective: To calculate couple-year of protection (CYP) by conversion coefficient (F) of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of Iran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 ± 0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17.5 ± 0.1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient (P<0.05). Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | VASECTOMY | TUBAL LIGATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Female Sterilization | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 339900 |
| 22. Title: The role of education level in the intergenerational pattern of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil. Author: Almeida MC; Aquino EM Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):139-146. Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with the early childbearing experience of the mothers of adolescents, and young people's education level is believed to be an important factor in this phenomenon. In 2002, a representative household survey collected data from 3,050 young men and women ages 20–24 in three Brazilian cities. The main measures were mother's age at first birth, daughter's age at first pregnancy, and son's age when he first impregnated a partner. Ages were dichotomized as younger than 20 and 20 or older. The distribution of respondents, by both their own and their mothers' reproductive experience, was analyzed in relation to various characteristics, and logistic regressions assessed possible associations between these variables and pregnancy experience. Thirty percent of women reported getting pregnant before age 20, and 21% of men said they were younger than 20 when they first impregnated a partner. Of these groups, 34% of women and 31% of men reported that their mothers had first given birth at the same age. Both women and men were more likely to have had an early pregnancy experience if their mother had had a child before age 20. Among women, this positive association disappeared in the final model after adjusting for their education level, whereas among men the association remained after similar adjustment. Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se ha asociado con la experiencia de la maternidad temprana de las madres de los y las adolescentes; y se considera el nivel educativo de la gente joven como un factor importante en este fenómeno. Métodos: En 2002, una encuesta representativa de hogares recolectó datos de 3,050 hombres y mujeres jóvenes de 20-24 años en tres ciudades brasileñas. Las principales medidas fueron la edad de la madre de los encuestados en el momento de su primer parto, la edad de la joven en el primer embarazo y la edad del joven al embarazar por primera vez a una pareja; los grupos de edad se dividieron en menores de 20 y de 20 años o mayores. La distribución de las personas encuestadas (tanto por su propia experiencia reproductiva como la de su madre), se analizó en relación con varias características, y se valoró mediante regresiones logísticas las posibles asociaciones entre estas variables y la experiencia del embarazo. Resultados: Treinta por ciento de las jóvenes reportaron haberse embarazado antes de los 20 años; y 21% de los hombres dijeron que eran menores de 20 años cuando su pareja se embarazó. De estos grupos, 34% de las mujeres y 31% de los hombres reportaron que sus madres habían dado a luz por primera vez a la misma edad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres tuvieron mayor probabilidad de experimentar un embarazo temprano si su madre había tenido un hijo antes de los 20 años (razones de momios, 2.0 y 2.3, respectivamente). En las mujeres, esta asociación positiva desapareció en el modelo final, después de ajustar por nivel de educación, mientras que entre los hombres la asociación permaneció después de un ajuste similar (1.8). Conclusiones: El nivel de educación de las hijas e hijos parece ser un factor importante en la repetición de la fecundidad adolescente a través de las generaciones. Se necesita esfuerzos para aumentar el acceso a la educación y para alentar a la gente joven a que permanezca en la escuela. French Abstract: Contexte: Les grossesses d'adolescentes ont été associées à l'expérience de la maternité précoce des mères des adolescents concernés et le niveau d'instruction des jeunes semble jouer un rôle important. Méthodes: En 2002, une enquête de ménages représentative a recueilli des données auprès de 3.050 jeunes hommes et femmes de 20 à 24 ans dans trois villes du Brésil. Les principales mesures ont porté sur l'âge de la mère à la première naissance, l'âge de la fille à la première grossesse et l'âge du fils au moment de la fécondation d'une partenaire. Les âges ont été dichotomisés entre moins de 20 ans et 20 ans ou plus. La distribution des répondants en fonction de leur propre expérience génésique et de celle de leur mère a été analysée selon différentes caractéristiques, tandis que les associations possibles entre ces variables et l'expérience d'une grossesse étaient évaluées par régressions logistiques. Résultats: Trente pour cent des femmes ont déclaré avoir été enceintes avant l'âge de 20 ans, tandis que 21% des hommes déclaraient avoir eu moins de 20 ans au moment de la fécondation de leur partenaire. De ces groupes, 34% des femmes et 31% des hommes ont déclaré que leur mère avait accouché pour la première fois à ce même âge. Tant les femmes que les hommes sont apparus plus susceptibles d'avoir connu une grossesse précoce si leur mère avait eu un enfant avant l'âge de 20 ans (rapports de probabilités, 2,0 et 2,3, respectivement). Côté féminin, cette association positive disparaît dans le modèle final après correction du niveau d'instruction; côté masculin, elle se maintient après correction similaire (1,8). Conclusions: Le niveau d'instruction des filles comme des fils semble jouer un rôle important dans la répétition de la fécondité adolescente d'une génération à l'autre. Des efforts sont nécessaires pour accroître l'accès à l'éducation et encourager les jeunes à poursuivre leur scolarisation. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 343004 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: [Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors: a population-based study in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2007] Prevalencia e fatores associados a violencia entre parceiros intimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007. Author: Anacleto AJ; Njaine K; Longo GZ; Boing AF; Peres KG Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):800-808. Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A population-based household study included 20-59-year-old women (n = 1,042) living in the urban area. The Conflict Tactics Scales - Form R was used to investigate verbal aggression, minor physical violence, and severe physical violence. A questionnaire covering socioeconomic and demographic variables was applied. Pearson qui-square and linear trend test were used to test associations. Prevalence rates for verbal aggression and minor and severe physical abuse within couples were 79.0%, 14.9%, and 9.3%, respectively. Couples under 30 years of age, with per capita income less than half the minimum wage (approximately U$90/month), and in households with more than two family members per bedroom were more likely to report all types of violence as compared to older couples, those with better incomes, and those living with less crowding, respectively. Preventive programs and qualitative studies could be effective strategies to shed further light on intimate partner violence. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN POPULATION | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 341868 |
| 24. Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria. Author: Antai D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76. Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture Document Number: 330568 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia. Author: Arpadi S; Fawzy A; Aldrovandi GM; Kankasa C; Sinkala M; Mwiya M; Thea DM; Kuhn L Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Aug;90(2):344-53. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of breastfeeding on growth in HIV-exposed infants is not well described. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of early breastfeeding cessation on growth. DESIGN: In a trial conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, HIV-infected mothers were randomly assigned to exclusive breastfeeding for 4 mo followed by rapid weaning to replacement foods or exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo followed by introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding for a duration of the mother's choice. Weight-for-age z score (WAZ), length-for-age z score (LAZ), and weight-for-length z score (WLZ) and the self-reported breastfeeding practices of 593 HIV-uninfected singletons were analyzed. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: WAZ scores declined precipitously between 4.5 and 15 mo. The decline was slower in the breastfed infants. At 9, 12, and 15 mo, mean WAZs were, respectively, -0.74, -0.92, and -1.06 in infants who were reportedly breastfed and were -1.07, -1.20, and -1.31 in the weaned infants (P = 0.003, 0.007, and 0.02, respectively). No differences were observed past 15 mo. Breastfeeding practice was not associated with LAZ, which declined from -0.98 to -2.24 from 1 to 24 mo. After adjustment for birth weight, maternal viral load, body mass index, education, season, and marital and socioeconomic status, not breastfeeding was associated with a 0.28 decline in WAZ between 4.5 and 15 mo (P < 0.0001). During the rainy season, not breastfeeding was associated with a larger WAZ decline (0.33) than during the dry season (0.22; P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Early growth is compromised in uninfected children born to HIV-infected Zambian mothers. Continued breastfeeding partially mitigates this effect through 15 mo. Nutritional interventions to complement breastfeeding after 6 mo are urgently needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00310726. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BREASTFEEDING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | NEEDS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Biology | Communication | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342426 |
| 27. Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future. Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15. Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341675 |
| 28. Title: Promoting and protecting the health of orphans and vulnerable children in Monkey Bay, Malawi. Author: Asibu W; Chingoni J; Majawa D; Jambo H; Kambewankako T Source: Harare, Zimbabwe, EQUINET, 2009. 32 p. Abstract: This report presents results from participatory action research (PRA) that focused on coordinating support from service providers and community organizations working to improve the sexual and reproductive health of orphans and vulnerable children in Monkey Bay, Malawi. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | SUMMARY REPORT | ACTION RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | AIDS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | IMPACT | IMPLEMENTATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 342033 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame? Author: Aslam M Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784. Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 341095 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Media saturation, communication exposure and HIV stigma in Nigeria. Author: Babalola S; Fatusi A; Anyanti J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(8):1513-20. Abstract: HIV-related stigma constitutes an impediment to public health as it hampers HIV/AIDS control efforts in many ways. To address the complex problems of increasing HIV infection rate, widespread misinformation about the infection and the rising level of HIV-related stigma, the various tiers of government in Nigeria are working with local and international non-governmental organizations to develop and implement strategic communication programs. This paper assesses the link between these communication efforts and HIV-related stigma using data from a nationally representative household survey. The results show that accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV are more prevalent among men than among women. Exposure to HIV-related communication on the media is associated with increased knowledge about HIV, which is in turn a strong predictor of accepting attitudes. Communication exposure also has a significant and positive association with accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV. In contrast, community media saturation is not strongly linked with accepting attitudes for either sex. The findings strongly suggest that media-based HIV programs constitute an effective strategy to combat HIV/AIDS-related stigma and should therefore be intensified in Nigeria. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STIGMA | MASS MEDIA | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341694 |
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