1.  Title: Girls' education and HIV prevention. Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. Inter-Agency Task Team on Education Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2008. [2] p. (Advocacy Briefing NoteED/UNP/HIV/2008/IATT-ABN1) Abstract: Educating girls is a global priority, especially as two-thirds of young people living with HIV around the world are female. Recent research has shown that educating girls dramatically reduces their vulnerability to HIV. Studies show that HIV infection rates are at least twice as high among young people who do not finish primary school as among those who do. Yet around the world, more than 41 million girls are out of school. Despite numerous international commitments to the right of all children and young people to free and compulsory education, there are still major gender disparities in enrollment at all levels in low-income countries, which are often hit the hardest by AIDS. Girls are often the last to enroll in primary school and the first to drop out. Even fewer girls succeed in reaching secondary school. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | SAFER SEX | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH EDUCATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326775 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: An analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades. Author: Fernald LC; Gertler PJ; Neufeld LM Source: Lancet. 2008 Mar 8;371(9615):828-837. Abstract: Many governments have implemented conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes with the goal of improving options for poor families through interventions in health, nutrition, and education. Families enrolled in CCT programmes receive cash in exchange for complying with certain conditions: preventive health requirements and nutrition supplementation, education, and monitoring designed to improve health outcomes and promote positive behaviour change. Our aim was to disaggregate the effects of cash transfer from those of other programme components. In an intervention that began in 1998 in Mexico, low-income communities (n=506) were randomly assigned to be enrolled in a CCT programme (Oportunidades, formerly Progresa) immediately or 18 months later. In 2003, children (n=2449) aged 24-68 months who had been enrolled in the programme their entire lives were assessed for a wide variety of outcomes. We used linear and logistic regression to determine the effect size for each outcome that is associated witha doubling of cash transfers while controlling for a wide range of covariates, including measures of household socioeconomic status. A doubling of cash transfers was associated with higher height-for-age Z score (beta 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.30; p less than 0.0001), lower prevalence of stunting (-0.10, -0.16 to -0.05; p less than 0.0001), lower body-mass index for age percentile (-2.85, -5.54 to -0.15; p=0.04), and lower prevalence of being overweight (-0.08, -0.13 to -0.03; p=0.001). A doubling of cash transfers was also associated with children doing better on a scale of motor development, three scales of cognitive development, and with receptive language. Our results suggest that the cash transfer component of Oportunidades is associated with better outcomes in child health, growth, and development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | INCENTIVES | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Social Planning | Program Evaluation Document Number: 325023 |
| 3. Title: Impact of Oportunidades on skilled attendance at delivery in rural areas. Author: Urquieta J; Angeles G; Mroz T; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Hernandez B Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Apr. 59 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-08-102USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Oportunidades (formerly Progresa) is a conditional cash-transfer program run by the Mexican federal government aimed to break the inter-generational cycle of poverty, which among other activities, provides free delivery attendance for women enrolled in the program. Skilled attendance to delivery has been identified as an effective strategy to reduce maternal mortality. In this paper, we assess the impact of Oportunidades on skilled attendance to delivery, taking advantage of the experimental design implemented for the evaluation of this program in rural areas The main results of the study indicate that Oportunidades had, at best, only a small effect on skilled attendance at delivery in treatment communities. The effect of the program, however, appears to be higher for women with a poverty score near to the eligibility cut-off point, whereas it seems not to have an effect on women in the poorest households. We also find that the program had larger effects on those women who had one birth just priorto the experimental treatment and another birth subsequent to the experimental treatment. However, the impacts of the program seem to be null or even negative when comparing enrolled vs. non-enrolled women in intervention areas. These results should lead to a review about the strategies used by Oportunidades to increase skilled attendance to delivery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | PROGRESS REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POVERTY | CHILDBIRTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326304 |
| 4. Title: Growing old and staying young: Population policy in an ageing closed economy. Author: van Groezen B; Meijdam L Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jul;21(3):573-588. Abstract: This paper analyses the relation between public pensions, fertility and child care in a closed-economy overlapping generations model with endogenous fertility. It is shown that raising a child involves two social externalities and that it is optimal to introduce child allowances if the government redistributes income from the young to the old. The optimal child allowance rises when longevity increases. If the costs of raising children depend positively on the wage, a third externality arises and the returns to savings should be taxed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | OLD AGE SECURITY | SOCIAL SECURITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD CARE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Fertility | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 326872 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Declining fertility in Japan: Its mechanisms and policy responses. Author: Matsukura R; Retherford RD; Ogawa N Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):33-50. Abstract: This article seeks to analyse the fertility transformation in post-war Japan. The following section discusses how the demographic mechanism of Japan's postwar fertility decline varied over time, while the ensuing section examines what factors contributed to such demographic shifts. Subsequently, a number of the policies and programmes to raise fertility that the Government of Japan has formulated and implemented over the past decade are discussed, and their limitations briefly considered. The final section discusses aspects of Japan's postwar experience which may be relevant for developing countries in Asia, particularly with regard to the first "demographic dividend" yielded by fertility reduction. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARITAL FERTILITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION POLICY | LEGISLATION | RETIREMENT | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 326117 |
| 6. Title: Caring and contributing: The role of older women in rural South African multi-generational households in the HIV / AIDS era. Author: Schatz E Source: World Development. 2007 Aug;35(8):1390-1403. Abstract: This paper explores households' coping strategies in rural South Africa, where HIV/ AIDS morbidity and mortality are having profound effects on household resources. Older women's pensions play a potentially crucial role in multi-generational households during crises and for day-to-day subsistence. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 elderly women from the MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) fieldsite, who were eligible for the South African non-contributory pension. Although we stratified our sample by household mortality experience, the area's high levels of migration, unemployment, and HIV/AIDS prevalence made our respondents' pensions an important, regular, and reliable source of household-income regardless of their households' mortality profile. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | DEATH | CARE AND SUPPORT | INCOME | OLD AGE SECURITY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 320795 |
| 7. Title: Family allowances and fertility: socio-economic and religious differentials. Author: Schellekens J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 48 p. Abstract: Although micro-economic theory predicts that cash benefits will increase fertility, empirical studies generally find a weak, although positive, relationship between cash benefits and fertility. Cash benefits may be more cost-effective, when they target certain sub-populations. One such sub-population, it has been suggested, consists of low-income families. This paper presents the results of an analysis of socio-economic differentials in the effect of family allowances on the fertility of Israeli women using birth histories of women in the last two Israeli censuses of 1983 and 1995. With this kind of sample size it is not only possible to study socio-economic differentials in the effect of family allowances on the likelihood of having a third birth, but also of having a fourth, fifth, or sixth birth. Assuming the existence of economies of scale in a family, the cost of the fifth or sixth child should be lower than the cost of the third or fourth. Thus, child allowances may have a larger effect on the birth of higher birth-order children, since their cost would be lower than those of lower birth-order children. Hence, separate analyses will be performed for each parity. At the higher parities, most couples are religious. Hence, the second aim of this paper is to study religious differentials in the effect of family allowances. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | RELIGION | FEES | FERTILITY | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities Document Number: 317353 |
| 8. Title: The impact of conditional cash transfers on household composition, fertility and migration in Central America. Author: Winters P; Stecklov G; Todd J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 19 p. Abstract: In an attempt to understand household composition and its evolution, research has generally focused on the historical trends in household size, age structure and formation. Examining the trends in a number of developed countries, household size has steadily declined from around five members in the middle of the nineteenth century to between two and three in 1990. The driving forces identified for this decline are not just a decline in fertility rates but also a reduction in the number of adults in the households. This decline is associated with changes in household composition from a traditional complex household structure, which includes the extended family, to a simpler nuclear household with parents and children that is apparent in developed countries. In many developing countries complex households remain common. Using data from 43 developing countries, Bongaarts finds only limited regional differences between sub-Saharan Africa, the Near East/North Africa, Asia and Latin America and that these averages, which are in the range of five members per household, are similar to the levels found in the second half of the nineteenth century Europe and North America. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CENTRAL AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | REMITTANCES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | SOCIAL POLICY | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Migration | Family Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Pronatalist Policy | Population Policy | Behavior Document Number: 317824 |
| 9. Title: Employment and childbearing: women bear the burden of the work-family balance. Author: Pailhe A; Solaz A Source: Population and Societies. 2006 Sep;(426):1-4. Abstract: It is women who bear children, and therefore logical to expect their working careers to be more affected than those of men. But the gap between men's meagre involvement in childcare and the major adjustments made by women is a wide one: fathers cut back their working activity twenty times less often than mothers do. In France, three-quarters of women aged 20-49 are in paid employment. But this average figure varies according to the stage in their life-cycle. The employment rate is much lower once a child is born. The Familles et employeurs (families and employers) survey tracked parents' employment history after a birth. From stopping work entirely, to working part-time or rescheduling working hours, the range of possible adjustments is very broad. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MOTHERS | FATHERS | CHILDBIRTH | EMPLOYMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | CHILD CARE | FAMILY SIZE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 311788 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Rajlakshmi -- an initiative for improving the status of girl child in Rajasthan. Author: Sharma R; Goel R; Gupta H Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2003 Jun;49(1):66-78. Abstract: Meeting the health and development needs of women has been recognised as a basic right in recent intergovernmental declarations. The status of the girl child and women in society, and how they are treated or mistreated, is a crucial determinant of their reproductive health. Educational opportunities for girls and women have a powerful effect on their status and the control they have over their own lives and their health and fertility. The empowerment of women is, therefore, an essential element for health. In India, the traditional attitude towards the girl child is that of indifference and neglect, an offshoot of prejudices nursed for centuries in our culture. From the earliest times, evil practices of societal discrimination, mistreatment of and even violence against women have existed in India. Many of the upper classes in Rajasthan, especially Rajputs and Jats are reported to be involved in the killing of new born daughters. Those baby girls who survive are also discriminated against and neglected in many ways. Thus bias is rooted in a complex set of economic, social and cultural factors. The degree of bias may vary, but it definitely exists at various levels at different stages in a girl's life, affecting her nutrition, health, education and social and economic status. Modern science has made its own contribution towards bias against the girl child. Amniocentesis, created as a procedure for the detection of foetal abnormality, has now become an instrument of death. According to a newspaper report, out of a total of 1,210 abortions performed in 1988, 45.6 per cent were females. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | POLICYMAKERS | CHILD WORTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX PREFERENCE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | INFORMATION SOURCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Information | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 187249 |
| 11. Title: Quebec's alternative to pronatalism. Author: Krull C Source: Population Today. 2001 Nov-Dec;29(8):[5] p.. Abstract: Between 1961 and 1971, Quebec's fertility rate dropped. Since then, two kinds of government intervention to make parenthood more attractive have been tried, but experience has shown that pronatalism is no longer the means to ensure a francophone Quebec. Thus, in 1988, the Quebec government implemented three programs to boost fertility whereby Quebec families received almost 4 billion Canadian dollars annually in direct and income tax assistance from the provincial and federal governments. Reactions to these forms of direct financial assistance varied. It is noted that social interventionists supported government action, not through pronatalist intervention, but through social policies to improve female equity and assist families. In 1997, Quebec switched its approach to strengthening families by creating the Ministry of Family and Children's Services and gave it a budget of 500 million Canadian dollars. However, due to the shortcomings of the existing family assistance policies, promoting higher fertility in Quebec has been ineffective. Hence, the government will continue to find other means to protect the distinctiveness of its society, including reassessing family assistance programs. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PRONATALIST POLICY | PROGRAMS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Policy | Organization and Administration Document Number: 167958 |
| 12. Title: Effects of child care prices on women's labor force participation in Russia. Author: Lokshin MM Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group / Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, 2000 Apr. 43 p. (Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series No. 10) Abstract: The paper models household demand for child care, mothers' labor force participation and working hours, in Russia. The model estimates the effects of the price of child care, mother’s wage, and household income on household behavior and well-being. The theoretical model yields several predictions. To test these, reduced-form models of the discrete and continuous household choices are estimated jointly using the method of Semi-Parametric Full Information Maximum Likelihood. This method controls for the error term correlations across outcomes, and the correlation of the error terms which is the result of the panel structure of the data. The results of the analysis indicate that mothers' labor force participation and working hours are responsive to the price of child care and hourly wages. The simulations presented in this paper show that family allowances – intended as a means of reducing poverty – do not have a significant effect on the household choice of child care arrangements. Replacing family allowances with child care subsidies may have a strong positive effect on women's labor force participation and thus can be effective in reducing poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD CARE | EMPLOYMENT | TIME FACTORS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | WAGES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 184867 |
| 13. Title: Former Yugoslavia and successor states. Author: Kapor-Stanulovic N; David HP Source: In: From abortion to contraception: A resource to public policies and reproductive behavior in Central and Eastern Europe from 1917 to the present, edited by Henry P. David with the assistance of Joanna Skilogianis. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1999. :279-315. Abstract: With almost every aspect of daily life affected by the conflict between the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the successor states of Croatia and Slovenia, demographic trends influenced by regional differences in levels of economic and social development, history, religion and customs are presented. Legislation and trends of abortion, contraception and psychological aspects of the abortion/contraception relationship were reviewed. The paper provides an overview and discussion of the population policies and family allowances as well as a discussion of the historical development and the existing trends on the issues regarding women's status. Actions made by the nation with regards to sex education and family planning were presented. Given the past and present demographic data, the future demographic trends among these nations are likely to be affected in diverse measure by changes in population structure and personal values. Language: English Keywords: YUGOSLAVIA | CROATIA | SLOVENIA | EUROPE, EASTERN | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ABORTION LAW | CASE HISTORIES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION POLICY | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Europe, Central | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Policy | Education Document Number: 158178 Notification |
| 14. Title: The pronatalist undercurrent of the $500-per-child tax credit. Author: Powell M Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 May;20(5):455-65. Abstract: The $500-per-child tax credit in the US is discussed. The tax credit's pronatalist undercurrent has drawn comparisons to the tax structures used in other countries to encourage larger families. Policies endorsed by pro-family advocates and legislators in the US, which include tax credits for children and family allowances in addition to subsidies for health care, housing and child care bear parallel comparison with pronatalist measures used in democratic and Eastern Bloc nations: a European family allowance has been considered by tax credit supporters as a model for pro-family tax policies. Examples of financial incentives for large families implemented in Sweden, Japan, France and Canada are presented. No empirical analysis of the effect of tax credit on American fertility has been performed. Studies have shown that explicit reward granted to larger families through a tax credit may have greater fertility effect than an increase in dependent exemption. According to Whittington, personal exemption encourages fertility by decreasing the relative cost for children. Now that President Clinton has signed the $500 tax credit bill, the anticipated increase in the birth rate might alleviate demographic imbalances facing the social security system as the baby boomers begin to retire. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TAXATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PRONATALIST POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Policy Document Number: 143137 |
| 15. Title: [Opinions on population development] Korkerdes a nepesedesrol. Author: Tarkanyi A Source: DEMOGRAFIA. 1999;42(3-4):317-24. Abstract: Fertility is influenced by economic factors such as the GDP and family allowances as well as value-related and cultural factors associated with the structure of society. In 1985 in Hungary declining fertility was reversed by a family/child support allowance, which had an especially positive effect on the birth of third and fourth children. As a consequence, the fertility rate in Hungary rose in 1985 and stabilized at the level of 1980-81 until 1992, when a severe economic crisis set in with high unemployment and the drop of wages. Between 1990 and 1994-95 Hungary advanced to the third place, in terms of its fertility rate, from the 12th place among 18 eastern European countries. On the other hand, the Hungarian public health policy does not prove to be that effective when examining the mortality rate. In Hungary the proportion of children being raised in truncated/one-parent families is high in comparison to the countries of the European Union. In addition, the aging of the population is increasing and their support and health care costs are a rising segment of the budget. This is also true of the countries of the OECD, where the costs of health care will rise by 40% and pension expenditures by 80% during the period of 1980-2040. In these countries the institution of marriage has also been weakened and the high percentage of children born to unmarried parents could present more problems for psychologists, social workers, and child protection agencies. The lack of family policies is more of intervention in a negative sense into the lives of families than having family policy measures. Language: Hungarian Keywords: HUNGARY | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WORKSHOPS | ORGANIZATIONS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | MORTALITY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Education | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 152132 |
| 16. Title: [Opinions on population development. The reduction of the population: economic and cultural aspects] Korkerdes a nepesedesrol. Nepessegfogyas: gazdasagi es kulturalis szempontok, Author: Voros M Source: DEMOGRAFIA. 1999;42(3-4):331-7. Abstract: National Geographic magazine published an analysis about the demographic processes taking place in six countries of the world in the December 1988 issue. The population of Kenya will be increasing at the highest rate (that of Hungary at the lowest rate); China produced the fastest economic growth in the 1980s (Hungary the smallest); Hungary would have the least labor market pressure between 1985 and 2000 because of the slowest growth of the population able to work; India would have the highest child mortality (the index of Hungary was the second most favorable following that of the US); the growth of the urban population was the most massive in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century (Hungary was barely behind it); and the US represented the most wasteful, most consumption-oriented welfare society. The reduction of the population of Hungary is associated with concerns about the dilution of Hungarian culture, the Western style consumer society, and the reaction to the general trend of modernization. The culture of Hungary has been diverse with the greatest Hungarians coming from various ethnic backgrounds. On the other hand, the impact of cultural imperialism on Hungarian culture has been more serious with consumerism already starting in the early 1960s and resulting in individualism, the pursuit of material goods, the and postponement of having a family. 10 years after the article in National Geographic was published the situation had drastically changed with political and economic transformation in 1990 and later, although the economic transformation already began in 1980-81 evidenced by the start of the reduction of the population. Language: Hungarian Keywords: HUNGARY | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WORKSHOPS | ORGANIZATIONS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | MORTALITY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Education | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 152135 |
| 17. Title: [The child of a single mother] L'enfant de mere seule. Author: Berthier M; Oriot D Source: ARCHIVES DE PEDIATRIE. 1998 Jan;5(1):71-8. Abstract: "There were 658,000 one-parent families in France in 1968; there were 1,600,000 in 1994, disunity today being a component factor much more frequent than widowhood. The guarding parent is the mother in 87% of cases, and in 95% of cases for 0 to 4-year-old children. This mother is generally frustrated in her desire to rebuild the family. These families have suffered a rapid and important economic degradation in the past few years, the French one-parent families being victim of the evolution off social allowances which are more unfavourable for them than for other families." The author argues that the poverty associated with one-parent families is likely to be the root cause of many of the pediatric, psychiatric, and social problems encountered in such families, in contrast to the belief that being in a one-parent family per se is the main reason for such problems arising. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG) Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | ONE PARENT FAMILY | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Behavior Document Number: 256334 |
| 18. Title: By the numbers. Author: Cherlin AJ Source: NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE. 1998 Apr 5;:39-41. Abstract: The author discusses changes in the meaning of motherhood in the United States, with a focus on how society can accommodate these changes. Aspects considered include female employment, declining marriage and birth rates, divorce and remarriage, economic changes, family benefits, and male and female participation in child care. Policy changes and proposals are considered. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MOTHERS | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | BIRTH RATE | DIVORCE | REMARRIAGE | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | GENDER ISSUES | CHILD CARE | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 255325 |
| 19. Title: Does the family cap influence birthrates? Two new studies say "no". Author: Donovan P Source: GUTTMACHER REPORT. 1998 Feb;1(1):10-1. Abstract: Some have argued that imposing a cap upon welfare benefits would reduce birthrates among welfare recipients. However, recent studies in New Jersey and Arkansas determined that denying an increase in cash assistance to women who have another child while on welfare has no effect upon births in the states. When New Jersey became the first state, 4 years ago, to impose a family cap, then-governor James Florio declared the cap a success after just 2 months. An analysis by researchers at Rutgers University released in September 1997 disagrees. While birthrates among welfare recipients declined between August 1992 and July 1995, the decline was no different from that observed in a control group which continued to receive a benefit increase if they had another child. Among both groups, and consistent with birthrates in the general New Jersey population, birthrates fell from 11% in 1992-93 to 6% in 1994-95. These results did not change when researchers controlled for the age and race of the almost 8500 women studied. Abortion rates in the state declined both among women subject to the cap and among the control group. Although researchers studying the impact of the family cap in Arkansas could not determine its effect upon abortion rates because Arkansas fails to pay for abortions under Medicaid, no statistically significant difference was observed between the birthrates of women subject to the cap and a control group. The findings of these 2 studies cast doubt upon the notion that an increase in monthly benefits after the birth of a new baby is an incentive for welfare recipients to have more children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ARKANSAS | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Social Change Document Number: 131620 |
| 20. Title: [Family policy and working married women in France. A historical perspective: 1942-1982] Politique familiale et travail des femmes mariees en France. Perspective historique: 1942-1982. Author: Martin J Source: POPULATION. 1998 Nov-Dec;53(6):1,119-53. Abstract: The history and influence of the French single salary allowance promulgated in 1938 as the "allowance for women at home" are traced. The work makes the case that the allowance was created to further a policy based on strict division of sex roles in which women were to devote themselves to child care and family responsibilities. Histories of French family allowances and of female labor force participation have mentioned the single salary allowance, but they have provided few details about the relative weight of the single salary allowance and the better known family allowance for families of different sizes. The rates and amounts of the single salary allowance were, however, regularly published in the Statistical Yearbooks. They demonstrate that French pronatalist family policy was based on an economic policy of promoting inactivity of women beginning with the birth of the second child, and not the third as suggested by the structure of the family allowance. Family policy and female activity were institutionally linked beginning with the law of August 22, 1946, which significantly raised the allowance for nonworking mothers beginning with the second child. The single salary allowance is described as the culmination of a half century of debate about the proper role of women, especially married women with children. Lobbying activity, proposed legislation, and the laws actually passed are discussed. A comparison of the activity rates of mothers with different numbers of children from 1946 through 1982 indicates that the strength of the disincentive evolved over time with changes in family policy. French Abstract: L'auteur suit l'histoire et l'influence de l'allocation qui est donnée en France aux familles qui n'ont qu'une personne qui travaille pour un salaire en dehors de la maison. L'allocation a été créée en 1938 comme "allocation de mère au foyer." Cette allocation a été créée pour avancer une politique basée sur la division stricte des sexes, dans laquelle la femme devrait concentrer sur ses enfants et ses responsabilités familiales. Des histoires des allocations familiales françaises et de la participation des femmes à la force ouvrière ont noté cette allocation de salaire unique, mais elles n'ont fourni que peu de détails sur l'importance relative de cette allocation et les autres allocations plus connues qui sont données aux familles de différentes grandeurs. Pourtant, les tauxs et les montants des allocations de salaire unique ont été publiés routinièrement dans les Annuaires statistiques. Ces annuaires montrent que la politique familiale pronataliste française était basée sur une politique économique de la promotion de l'inactivité des femmes à partir de la naissance de leur deuxième enfant, et non pas le troisième enfant comme suggéré par la structure de l'allocation familiale. Le lien entre la politique familiale et l'inactivité des femmes a été renforcé par la loi du 22 août 1946, qui a beaucoup augmenté l'allocation pour les mères qui ont choisi de ne plus travailler en dehors de la maison après la naissance de leur deuxième enfant. On décrit l'allocation de salaire unique comme le point culminant de cinquante ans de débat sur le rôle des femmes, surtout le rôle des femmes mariées qui ont des enfants. L'auteur discute les intrigues de couloirs, les lois proposées, et les lois qui ont été vraiment mises en effet. Une comparaison des taux d'activité des mères avec de différents nombres d'enfants pendant la période de 1946 à 1982 indique que la force du découragement a évolué avec le passage du temps à travers des changements à la politique familiale. Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PRONATALIST POLICY | FEMALE ROLE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | WOMEN | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Policy | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 141285 |
| 21. Title: Fertility policy in Israel: the politics of religion, gender, and nation. Author: Portugese J Source: Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1998. xv, 212 p. Abstract: "The aim of this book is twofold. Its first goal is to demonstrate that despite the lack of an official policy on national fertility, the Israeli government has introduced numerous measures that taken as a whole constitute an `unofficial' policy designed to increase the Jewish fertility rate and decrease that of the Arabs. These measures include the setting in place of socio-economic incentives for prospective mothers or parents; the deliberate obstruction of women's access to reproductive technologies that could be used to prevent or terminate a pregnancy, such as contraception and abortion; and the promotion of those technologies that treat infertility, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). The book's second objective is to explain how the pronatalist orientation of successive Israeli governments has been shaped by the micro and macro political considerations mentioned above. In order to accomplish this talk, I will discuss the Zionist origins of the state and the `demographic war' legacy that they have left behind. The role of the religious establishment in the formal political sphere will also be taken into consideration as will the influence of familism and patriarchy. Finally, I will examine various demographic and economic forces that are relatively autonomous from the influence of the state." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | JEWS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | INFERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | IN VITRO | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Middle East | Developed Countries | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Family Policy | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 254938 Notification |
| 22. Title: Institutionalizing Operation Research to Strengthen Peru Ministry of Health's Reproductive Health Services in Priority Regions. Final report. August 15, 1997 - September 30, 1998. Author: Vallenas S; Leon FR Source: [Lima], Peru, Population Council, Latin America and the Caribbean Operations Research and Technical Assistance in Family Planning and Reproductive Health [INOPAL], 1998. 19, [250] p. (USAID Contract No. CCP-95-C-00-00007-00) Appendices in Spanish. Abstract: This final report summarizes the individual studies and discusses the potentials and limitations of the model of operational research (OR) institutionalization implemented in Peru. Designed into four sections, the first section presents the executive summary of the report. The second section provides the background of the concept and process of institutionalizing OR to strengthen Peru Ministry of Health's Reproductive Health Services in priority regions. The third section presents the results of subawards, and the final section cites several conclusions and recommendations. A total of 10 OR projects were designed by multidisciplinary teams formed by the participants in the OR workshops. All were designed as interventions but only three quasi-experiments were completed, the pre-tests of the other two becoming diagnostic studies. The topics included improvements in birthing services, preferred elements in institutional delivery, community knowledge of alarm signs, improving the quality of prenatal care, and imparting family planning and reproductive health knowledge via information, education and communication in Quechua. The studies were implemented in the departments of Puno, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, and Ica. Language: English Keywords: PERU | SUMMARY REPORT | WORKSHOPS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Education | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Health Document Number: 142071 |
| 23. Title: Family benefits and fertility: an econometric analysis. Author: Gauthier AH; Hatzius J Source: POPULATION STUDIES. 1997 Nov;51(3):295-306. Abstract: Current low fertility levels and recent and ongoing changes at the family level have led the governments of most industrialized countries to be more supportive of families. That support comes in the form of policies designed and implemented to improve families' standards of living through either financial assistance or by allowing parents to more easily combine employment and family responsibilities. Family benefits reduce the cost of having children. As such, one could assume that higher benefits lead to higher fertility. The authors therefore explore whether this bolstered governmental support for families has a positive effect upon fertility by encouraging parents to have more children. Findings are based upon an analysis, using an econometric model, of differences and similarities across countries in the levels of governmental support for families in 22 industrialized countries during 1970-90. It was determined that a 25% increase in family allowances would result in a fertility level which is about 0.6% higher than usual over the short term and 4% higher over the long term; a positive effect of about 0.07 children/woman on average. The authors consider opinions expressed by the public and governmental officials upon the pronatalist effect of policies, as well as the economic theory of fertility. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 130021 |
| 24. Title: Welfare and the rise in female-headed families. Author: Lichter DT; McLaughlin DK; Ribar DC Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY. 1997 Jul;103(1):112-43. Abstract: "The article provides a bridge between recent marriage market research and studies of welfare incentive effects on U.S. family formation. Estimates from state and county fixed-effects models indicate significant effects of changing state Aid to Families with Dependent Children, food stamps, and Medicaid expenditure levels on county-level changes in families headed by unmarried mothers. However, neither changing welfare benefit levels nor declining economic and marital opportunities could account for recent increases in female headship. The results imply that large additional cuts in welfare payment levels would lead to only small reductions in the percentage of female-headed families with children." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SOCIAL WELFARE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | ONE PARENT FAMILY | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Characteristics | Households | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 253879 |
| 25. Title: The impact of welfare on young mothers' subsequent childbearing decisions. Author: Acs G Source: JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES. 1996 Fall;31(4):898-915. Abstract: The impact of welfare on fertility in the United States is explored, focusing on the theory that some women have many children to increase their incomes and to prolong their stay on welfare rolls. The author "examines the relationship between welfare and births to women who already have a child, using data on young mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I find that variations in welfare benefit levels and the incremental benefit have no statistically significant impacts on the subsequent childbearing decisions of young mothers in general, nor on the subsequent childbearing decisions of women who received welfare in particular. Furthermore, mothers who received welfare to support their first children are no more likely to have additional children in any given year through the age of 23." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | INCOME | PARITY | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 252358 |
| 26. Title: [Family policy in Slovenia] Polityka na rzecz rodziny w Slowenii. Author: Bresar A Source: BIULETYN IGS. 1995;39(3-4):77-88. Abstract: "This article presents selected socio-demographic indicators (i.e. average life expectancy, parity and mortality rates, the number of divorces, women's professional activity rates and unemployment rates among men and women) and reviews...family benefits in Slovenia. The author compares some of the information with Poland and Hungary." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG) Language: Polish Keywords: POLAND | HUNGARY | SLOVENIA | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIAL POLICY | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Policy | Policy | Family and Household | Studies | Research Methodology | Population | Economic Factors Document Number: 253775 |
| 27. Title: The effect of incomes, wages, and AFDC benefits on marital disruption. Author: Hoffman SD; Duncan GJ Source: JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES. 1995 Winter;30(1):19-41. Abstract: "This paper uses a choice-based model to estimate the effects of a broad set of economic factors, including AFDC benefit levels, husband's earnings, and a woman's wage rate, on the probability of marital dissolution [in the United States]. We find that the probability of divorce is lower for marriages in which the husband's labor income is higher. We also find that while AFDC income has a substantial effect on welfare receipt by a divorced woman, it has a relatively small effect on the probability that a married woman will become divorced. Finally, we find no support for the hypothesis that rising wages for women have increased marital instability." Data are from the 1968-1987 cross-year family-individual file of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DIVORCE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 242021 |
| 28. Title: The influence of client-based subsidies on the market for child care. Author: Mueser PR; Weagley RO Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 6-8, 1995. [2], 31, [19] p. Abstract: Federal support for child care subsidies targeted to poor households has grown dramatically in recent years. The analysis presented here examines the impact of such subsidies on child care fees using state of the art data on provider fees and subsidy payments. The authors find that patterns for fees and subsidies across providers imply that child care markets are largely competitive. Growth in subsidies observed over the period 1991-1993 increased fees and improved quality for subsidized clients. Subsidies also induced an increase in fees for clients not covered by subsidies, an increase most likely due to the cost of expanding the child care market. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CORRELATION STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | CHILD CARE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FEES | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child Rearing | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 106754 |
| 29. Title: [On population policy in Japan]. Author: Okazaki Y Source: JINKOGAKU KENKYU/JOURNAL OF POPULATION STUDIES. 1995 May;(18):1-12. Abstract: "In this paper, the author presents his idea on the concept of population policy, emphasizing the importance of indirect measures. As an example the child allowance system in Japan is explained and evaluated by comparing [it] with those in Western countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG) (EXCERPT) Language: Japanese Keywords: JAPAN | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Family Policy | Studies | Research Methodology Document Number: 111865 |
| 30. Title: Public pensions, family allowances and endogenous demographic change. Author: Peters W Source: JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS. 1995 May;8(2):161-83. Abstract: "A tax-transfer system deals with redistribution a PAYGmong generations and corrective taxation a PAYGt the same time. Since such a policy is a government's task, we take a normative approach and pose the question: Which tax-transfer system should a government apply to maximize social welfare? The framework we consider allows for endogenous demographic aspects...: first, fertility has a great impact on a PAYG [pay-as-you-go] financed pension insurance; and second, through education human capital is accumulated....We analyzed the optimal extent of a public pension scheme in the presence of external effects of fertility and education on the net domestic product." Pension schemes in Germany and the United States are compared. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | TAXATION | OLD AGE SECURITY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | POLICY | HUMAN CAPITAL | FERTILITY | EDUCATION | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe | Income | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Family Policy | Social Policy | Human Resources | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 242912 |
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