1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Pulmonary tuberculosis among women with cough attending clinics for family planning and maternal and child health in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Author: Ngadaya ES; Mfinanga GS; Wandwalo ER; Morkve O Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Aug 3;9(1):278. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) case detection in women has remained low in developing world. This study was conducted to determine the proportion of smear positive TB among women with cough regardless of the duration attending family Planning (FP) and Maternal and child health (MCH) clinics in Dar es Salaam. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study in all three municipal hospitals of Dar es Salaam, between October 2007 and June 2008. All women with cough attending FP and MCH clinics were screened for TB by smear microscopy. Pearson chi- square was used to compare group difference for categorical variables. Risk factors for smear positive were estimated by logistics regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) given for odds ratios indicating statistically significant relationship if the CI did not include one. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 749 TB suspects. Five hundred and twenty nine patients (70.6%) were from MCH clinics. Mean (SD) age was 27.6 (5.2) years. A total of 616 (82.2%) patients were coughing for less than two weeks as compared to 133 (17.8%), who coughed for two or more weeks. Among 616 TB suspects, 14 (2.3%) were smear positive TB patients, and of the 133 who had coughed for two or more weeks, 13 (9.8%) were smear positive TB patients. Risk factors associated with smear positive results were having attended more than one visit to any facility prior to diagnosis (OR=6.8; 95%CI 2.57- 18.0) and having HIV/AIDS (OR= 4.4; 95%CI 1.65-11.96). Long duration of cough was not a risk factor for being smear positive (OR=1.6; 95%CI 0.59-4.49). CONCLUSION: The proportion of smear positive TB patients among women with cough attending MCH and FP was 3.8%. Visits to any health facility prior to Diagnosis and HIV infection were risk for having a smear positive TB. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | HOSPITALS | TUBERCULOSIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 342421 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use among women attending an open access genitourinary medicine department. Author: Trewinnard K; Foley E Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):573-4. Abstract: Termination of pregnancy rates among young women are rising in the UK and are associated with poor use of reliable contraceptive methods. Many women attending the genitourinary (GU) department for sexually transmitted infection screening do so because of poor or no condom use and are at ongoing risk of unwanted pregnancy. Few of these women attend a contraception clinic, where a full range of contraceptive methods, including long-acting reversible contraception, are available. In this study of 152 women of reproductive age, half stated that they needed further contraceptive advice. In total four-fifths of the women without a reliable method of contraception wanted contraceptive advice and/or future contraceptive provision in the GU medicine clinic. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | NEEDS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Distributional Activities | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 342132 |
| 3. Title: An enduring role: The continuing need for a robust family planning clinic system. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):6-10. Abstract: Since the 1970s, publicly subsidized, specialized clinics have played a critical role in providing family planning counseling, contraceptive services and closely related preventive health care to young and low-income women at risk of uninfected pregnancy. Currently, nearly 7,700 family planning clinics serve about seven million women annually. Taken together, the clinic system is a major U.S. preventive health care provider and a significant contributor to the nation's health: One in every four women who obtains a contraceptive service in the country does so at a family planning clinic, as does one in three women who obtains an STI service and one in six who obtains either a Pap test or pelvic exam. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH INSURANCE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Program Evaluation | Health Services | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation Document Number: 325582 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Three methods of estimating births averted nationally by contraception. Author: Liu L; Becker S; Tsui A; Ahmed S Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):191-210. Abstract: This paper compares the performance of three methods applicable to national-level demographic data of estimating births averted as a consequence of contraceptive practice. Two are based on the relationship between the general fertility rate (GFR) or total fertility (TFR) and contraceptive prevalence, while the third uses Bongaarts' proximate determinants (PD) model. Estimates of the number of births averted and the percentage by which the number would have increased in the absence of contraception are consistent between the GFR-based and TFR-based methods, but in general lower than the estimates generated by the PD-based method, except for a few high-contraceptive-prevalence countries. For 156 countries and areas around the world the estimated number of births that would have occurred in a recent year in the absence of contraception--the average of the estimates of the three methods--is approximately 230 million, which is more than the estimated 129 million births that actually occurred. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | BIRTHS AVERTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | FERTILITY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Research Methodology | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327512 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception and medical gynaecology for HIV-positive women in a one-stop clinic. Author: Samuel MI; Welch J; Tenant-Flowers M; Brady M; Poulton M Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 19(8):559-560. Abstract: HIV-positive women may be reluctant to attend gynaecology or family planning clinics for fear of divulging their condition. Therefore, a referral clinic was opened within the HIV clinic. Retrospective case-note reviews of 197 new patients revealed 109 with a variety of medical gynaecology conditions (menorrhagia being the commonest) and 88 sought contraception. The full range of contraceptives was used, including Mirena for the treatment of menorrhagia as well as contraception and the combined pill adjusted for interaction with liver enzyme-inducing antiretroviral drugs. The acceptance of contraceptive advice and gynaecological evaluation by the patients has resulted in improved reproductive health services for these HIV-positive women. In centres with large cohorts of HIV-positive women, this type of one-stop specialist clinic will be very effective in providing high-quality reproductive health care and hence, this type of clinic is recommended for such centres. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | WOMEN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 327830 |
6.  Title: 2005 contraceptive social marketing statistics. Author: DKT International Source: Washington, D.C., DKT International, 2006 Aug. [10] p. Abstract: This document is a series of charts that shows the use of Condoms, Female Condoms, Pills, Norplant, IUDs, Injectables, and Emergency Contraception. The charts shown show the numbers for a series of countries including Albania, Angola, Brazil, Cambodia, Ect...The stats shown in the chart display the numbers for the contraceptives used in 2005, and shows the percentage difference in use from 2004. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | COUPLE YEARS OF PROTECTION | SALES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315084 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Consumer behaviour and contraceptive decisions: resolving a decades-long puzzle. Author: Campbell M Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Oct;32(4):241-244. Abstract: Demographers' theoretical explanations for fertility decline have been based for decades on an assumption that couples make family size decisions influenced by a changing balance between costs and benefits of childbearing, resulting in parents' reduced demand for children. It has been widely assumed that these decisions are based on changes in social or economic factors, such as increased education, wealth or economic opportunities, or urbanisation, or other related factors in their lives. However, a number of situations in developing countries have been documented showing that contraceptive prevalence rose more rapidly than such theories could account for. In some instances desired family size changed when contraception became available, and in others women who said they did not want to use contraception adopted a method when the option to use it arrived. We have reviewed the cases of this kind that are published in the demographic literature, and we offer a plausible explanation grounded in research on consumer behaviour. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 307078 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Success of a nurse led community based genitourinary medicine clinic for young people in Liverpool: review of the first year. Author: Jones KE; Beeching BA; Roberts P; Devine M; Davies J Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006 Aug;82(4):318-320. Abstract: The objectives were to assess the outcome and workload of a community based, nurse led comprehensive sexual health and contraceptive service for clients aged less than 25. Review of appointment diaries and clinic records of clients who attended the Brook genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. The workload, case mix, and achievement of national targets in the first year of the service were compared with those for the same age group of clients attending the nearby hospital based GUM clinic. A limited client satisfaction questionnaire was carried out 8 months after the clinic opened. 1061/1700 (62.4%) clients (185, 17.4% male) attended booked appointments. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 16.1% of women and 20.5% of men at Brook (p < 0.05), where 22.6% of women and 50% of men had at least one sexually transmitted infection (p < 0.001). HIV testing was offered to 98.5% of clients. 60.7% of all identified contacts attended a clinic for testing and/or treatment. Client responses to a questionnaire about the service were very favourable. Only 2.3% of Brook GUM clients needed referral to a physician. Nurse led community based GUM services, such as the one provided at the Merseyside Brook Centre, appeal to young people and our success should encourage others to consider similar ventures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | QUESTIONNAIRES | NURSES AND NURSING | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | SATISFACTION | CHLAMYDIA | HIV TESTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 305986 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Postpartum care attendance at a rural district hospital in Zambia. Author: Lagro M; Liche A; Mumba T; Ntebeka R; van Roosmalen J Source: Tropical Doctor. 2006 Oct;36(4):205-208. Abstract: Postpartum care is an important tool in both preventive and promotive maternal health care. We studied the postpartum care attendance rate in 540 women who delivered at a district hospital in Zambia. Forty-two percent of the women attended postpartum care within six weeks of delivery. Women who did not come for postpartum care were older and had to travel more hours to the hospital than women who attended postpartum care. The low postpartum care attendance rate could be increased if health workers provided mother and child health care in an integrated way and were aware that recently delivered women also visit the hospital for reasons other than postpartum care. Health workers need to inform pregnant women about the benefits of postpartum care and make them feel welcome to attend this health service, also when women decide to deliver at home. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RURAL AREAS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | HOSPITALS | CHILDBIRTH | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | MATERNAL HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 309935 |
| 10. Title: Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author: Urassa W; Kaaya S; Mwakagile D; O'Brien M; Antelman G Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2006;34(3):272-278. Abstract: The objective was to determine the prevalence trends of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women seen between 1995 and 2003 at public antenatal clinics (ANC) in the city of Dar es Salaam. Cross-sectional studies among pregnant women at selected antenatal clinics who were offered HIV testing as part of research and service programmes to prevent vertical transmission of HIV infection and improve pregnancy outcomes. Subjects and methods: Consenting women gave blood for HIV antibody testing using a sequential ELISA protocol. Sociodemographic information was collected using structured interviews. In total, 62% of women attending the antenatal clinics gave informed consent for HIV testing and 51,076 had final confirmed results available for this analysis. Women below 20 years of age had the lowest HIV seroprevalence. The HIV-1 prevalence declined from 14.2% in 1995 to 10.6% in 2003. There is a definite substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam following ongoing interventions, which have been carried out in Tanzania. There is a need to further strengthen these interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | FEEDBACK | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Methodology | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 306392 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescents' reports of parental knowledge of adolescents' use of sexual health services and their reactions to mandated parental notification for prescription contraception. Author: Jones RK; Purcell A; Singh S; Finer LB Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):340-348. Abstract: Context Legislation has been proposed that would mandate parental notification for adolescents younger than 18 years (minors) obtaining prescription contraception from federally funded family planning clinics. Objective To determine the extent to which parents are currently aware that their teenage daughters are accessing reproductive health services and how minors would react in the face of mandated parental involvement laws for prescription birth control. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 1526 female adolescents younger than 18 years seeking reproductive health services at a national sample of 79 family planning clinics were surveyed between May 2003 and February 2004. Main Outcome Measures Proportions of minor females who reported that a parent or guardian was aware that they were at the family planning clinic and, under conditions of mandated parental involvement, proportions of minors who would access prescription contraceptives at family planning clinics or engage in unsafe sex. Results Sixty percent of minors reported that a parent or guardian knew they were accessing sexual health services at the clinic. Fifty-nine percent of all adolescents would use the clinic for prescription contraception even if parental notification were mandated. This response was less common (29.5%) among adolescents whose parents were unaware of their clinic visits and more common (79%) among those whose parents were aware. Many adolescents gave more than 1 response to mandated parental involvement. Forty-six percent would use an over-the-counter method, and 18% would go to a private physician. Seven percent said that they would stop having sex as one response, but only 1% indicated this would be their only reaction. One in 5 adolescents would use no contraception or rely on withdrawal as one response to mandated notification. Conclusions Most minor adolescent females seeking family planning services report that their parents are aware of their use of services. Most would continue to use clinic services if parental notification were mandated. However, mandated parental notification laws would likely increase risky or unsafe sexual behavior and, in turn, the incidence of adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PARENTS | NOTIFICATION | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PARENTAL CONSENT | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | LEGISLATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Ethics | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 276998 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Teenagers' sexual behavior might become more risky if parents had to know of family planning clinic visits. Author: MacLean R Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2005 Jun;37(2):102-103. Abstract: Most U.S. teenagers younger than 18 who use clinic-based sexual health services do so with their parents’ knowledge, according to an analysis of data from 79 family planning clinics across the country. If parental notification were legally mandated, 59% of young women say they would go to a clinic for prescription contraceptives; however, 13% would use rhythm or withdrawal, and 6% would have sex without contraceptives. Only 7% would stop having sex. The strongest predictor of continued clinic attendance is having parents who know about current attendance. A random sample of publicly funded clinics participated in the study. Staff distributed a questionnaire to women younger than 18 who were seeking sexual health services (other than abortion or pregnancy care) in 2003–2004. Respondents were asked about their demographic characteristics, sexual experience, contraceptive use and parents’ knowledge of their clinic visit, and about what they would do if clinics were legally required to notify parents when teenagers got prescription birth control. The final sample comprised 1,526 adolescents. Researchers used t tests and logistic regression to assess relationships between adolescents’ background characteristics and three outcomes: whether their parents knew they used the clinic for sexual health services, whether they would attend a clinic for birth control if a parental notification law were enacted and whether they would engage in unsafe sex (i.e., use withdrawal, rhythm or no method) in the case of such a mandate. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | NOTIFICATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | LEGISLATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Behavior | Child Rearing | Family Planning Program Evaluation Document Number: 290036 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Clinic-based vasectomy: how to do it successfully. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Aug;25(8):[3] p.. Abstract: Want to drive more men toward your family planning clinic? You may want to consider adding clinic-based vasectomies. The Women’s Health Care Clinic at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center in Torrance has found success in steering its program in this direction. While the Women’s Health Care Clinic has been seeing male patients for some time, the addition of vasectomy services has resulted in more men coming through the clinic’s doors, says Kim Burtle, RN, CNM, director of clinical services at the clinic. “Our male numbers are increasing,” she notes. “That means that it is now common to see male patients in the clinic, and that is reassuring to the new male patient.” Since the first vasectomy procedure was performed in December 2002, male patient numbers have grown steadily, Burtle reports. With appointment availability now running two months out, the clinic hopes to expand its vasectomy services soon, she says. The approximate charge for the procedure is $312, Burtle says. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 281867 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Introducing and negotiating the use of female condoms in sexual relationships: qualitative interviews with women attending a family planning clinic. Author: Choi KH; Wojcicki J; Valencia-Garcia D Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2004 Sep;8(3):251-261. Abstract: Safe sex skills training often teach women to be assertive in condom use negotiations. However, it has been suggested that assertiveness training may be inappropriate for women who lack power in their sexual relationship. Our qualitative study of 62 women attending a family planning clinic explored various communication styles they used to introduce and negotiate female condom use in their sexual relationships. We further examined how different introduction and negotiation styles were related to actual use of the device. The device was introduced using a direct, semi-direct, indirect, or nonverbal communication approach. Use of the female condom was negotiated by avoiding sex, using humor, discussing the possibility of using the condom, or being argumentative with partners. The outcome of introducing and negotiating female condom use was often mediated by other factors including partner characteristics, relationship power dynamics, situational context, and use of additional discourse strategies (e.g., describing the female condom as a sexual toy or taking the opportunity to educated partners about the female condom). Less direct approaches appeared to be as effective in facilitating use of the female condom as more direct approaches. Female condom introduction and negotiation styles that continued to engage their partners by using additional discourse strategies led to more frequent use of the device. Implications of our findings for HIV risk reduction program development are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FEMALE CONDOMS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | CONDOM USE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | HUMOR | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Interpersonal Relations | Risk Reduction Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Communication | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 278753 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Investigating access to reproductive health services using GIS: proximity to services and the use of modern contraceptives in Malawi. Author: Heard NJ; Larsen U; Hozumi D Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2004 Aug;8(2):164-179. Abstract: This paper attempted to identify whether access to reproductive health services partly explains use of modern contraception in Malawi. Recent changes in Malawi's population policy have brought the state's population ambitions into alignment with the consensus reached at the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994. Concurrently, Malawi witnessed a large increase in the use of modern contraceptives from 7% in 1992 to 26% in 2000. A geographic information system (GIS) was employed to integrate health facility data from the Malawi health facilities inventory and global positioning data from the 2000 Malawi demographic and health survey. An effort to detect a plausible causal pathway was made by using distance to health services as a proxy variable for access to services. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, after controlling for background variables traditionally associated with use of modern contraception, access could not be shown to explain use of modern contraception in Malawi. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Population | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Contraception Document Number: 285521 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Minimum effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen of emergency contraception. Author: Raymond E; Taylor D; Trussell J; Steiner MJ Source: Contraception. 2004 Jan;69(1):79-81. Abstract: The standard method for estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) uses external data to calculate the proportion of expected pregnancies averted by the treatment. Because these data may not be applicable to ECP study populations, this approach could result in substantial overestimation of effectiveness. We used data from two published randomized trials of the levonorgestrel and Yuzpe ECP regimens to calculate the minimum effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen. Conservatively assuming that the Yuzpe regimen was entirely ineffective in these trials, we estimate that the levonorgestrel regimen prevented at least 49% of expected pregnancies (95% confidence interval: 17%, 69%). Because physiologic data suggests that the Yuzpe regimen does, in fact, have some efficacy, the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen is likely to be higher than our minimum estimate. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MEASUREMENT | BIRTHS AVERTED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Research Methodology | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 189970 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to family planning service use among the urban poor in Pakistan. Author: Stephenson R; Hennink M Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2004 Jun;19(2):5-26. Abstract: Although fertility has shown some decline in Pakistan in recent years, contraceptive use remains low. Despite high knowledge of modern methods of contraception (94 per cent of married women know of a modern method of contraception) only 17 per cent of married women of reproductive age currently use a modern method of contraception. This is in part a product of poor physical access to family planning services. The coverage and quality of family planning services is poor, with only 10 per cent of the population living within easy walking distance of government-operated family planning services. Consequently, there exists a large unmet need for family planning services in Pakistan. Previous research, however, into the barriers to family planning service use has highlighted the importance of looking beyond physical access to examine barriers that arise from the socio-economic and cultural environment in which an individual lives. Pakistan presents an interesting context for examining the range of potential barriers to the use of family planning services, with a low level of economic development and strict cultural norms that may inhibit service utilization. This paper identifies the barriers to family planning service use among women in urban slum areas. The paper also examines the characteristics of urban poor women who report different types of barriers to using family planning services. Gaining a better understanding of the types of women who are likely to experience particular barriers to family planning services is valuable for developing service promotion strategies and for informing service delivery protocols. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | FERTILITY DECLINE | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 275701 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to the involvement of clients in family planning service development: lessons learnt from experience. Author: Baraitser P; Blake G; Brown KC; Piper J Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2003 Oct;29(4):199-203. Abstract: Context: Client involvement in service development underpins the Department of Health strategy for sexual health improvement in the UK. Participatory approaches to user consultation have been effectively piloted in this context but the responses of service providers to these data are rarely documented. Objectives: Recruiting clinic users and training clinic users to interview their fellow clinic users on sexual health service use and to document staff responses to the results of this consultation. Design: Clinic users interviewed young clinic users (aged <25 years) using a time line to generate a description of their first clinic visit. The results were presented to staff with a questionnaire requesting their views. Results: Forty-six clients were interviewed. More comments were made on the waiting room than any other aspect of clinic use. These comments were almost exclusively negative. The waiting room was described as uncomfortable, insufficiently confidential and lacking refreshment and entertainment. Most clients were happy with the clinical consultation. Both positive and negative comments on this aspect of service use related to staff attitudes. The priorities of clients and staff were different and potentially conflicting. Whereas staff are keen that the waiting room should appear tidy, clients require refreshments or children's toys that generate mess. Staff see the clinical service as the most important aspect of a clinic visit while users may view their comfort while waiting for long periods as equally important. Discussion: This methodology documents clients' experiences (positive and negative) of a specific service and generates practical suggestions for improvement. Further work is required to identify common goals for staff and clients. An iterative process of staff and client consultation may ensure that future service development proceeds in a direction that meets the needs of both groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | YOUTH | CLIENTS | CLINIC VISITS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | PARTICIPATION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Service Statistics | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Social Behavior | Behavior | Education | Communication Document Number: 185701 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimation of births averted due to breast-feeding and increases in levels of contraception needed to substitute for breast-feeding. [Estimation des naissances évitées en raison de l'allaitement et augmentation des taux de contraception nécessaires pour se substituer à l'allaitement][Estimación de nacimientos impedidos debido a la lactancia materna y aumentos en los niveles de anticoncepción necesarios para sustituirla] Author: Becker S; Rutstein S; Labbok MH Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2003 Oct;35(4):559-574. Abstract: After contraceptive use, breast-feeding duration is the major determinant of the birth interval length. Three methods of estimating births averted by breast-feeding, and the increase in contraceptive use needed to substitute for breast-feeding, are presented. Method 1 simply utilizes Bongaarts’ C(i), and the other two are based on mean birth intervals with and without breast-feeding. Estimates for each method are derived for six countries with DHS surveys from the mid-1990s: Burkina Faso, Uganda, India, Indonesia, Brazil and Peru. The estimated percentage of additional births that would occur if there were no breast-feeding ranged from 1–4% in Brazil to about 50% in Burkina Faso and Uganda, reflecting very low breast-feeding in Brazil and very high levels in the sub-Saharan African nations. Strengths and limitations of the three methods are considered. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Después del uso de anticonceptivos, la duración de la lactancia materna es el principal determinante de la duración del intervalo entre nacimientos. Se presentan tres métodos de estimar los nacimientos impedidos por la lactancia materna y el aumento en el uso de anticonceptivos necesario para sustituirla. El primer método simplemente utiliza el modelo de Bongaarts (C[i]) y los otros dos se basan en los intervalos medios entre nacimientos con y sin lactancia materna. Se derivaron estimaciones de cada método para seis países con Encuestas de Demografía y Salud de mediados de la década del 90: Burkina Faso, Uganda, India, Indonesia, Brasil y Perú. El porcentaje estimado de nacimientos adicionales que se producirían si no hubiese lactancia materna osciló de 1 - 4 % en Brasil a aproximadamente el 50% en Burkina Faso y Uganda. Estos porcentajes reflejaban bajos niveles de lactancia materna en Brasil y muy altos en las naciones de África subsahariana. Se consideraron las ventajas y limitaciones de los tres métodos. (del autor) French Abstract: Après utilisation d'un contraceptif, la durée de l'allaitement est le principal déterminant de la durée de l'intervalle entre les naissances. Trois méthodes d'estimation des naissances évitées par allaitement et l'augmentation nécessaire de l'utilisation des contraceptifs pour se substituer à l'allaitement sont présentées. La méthode 1 utilise simplement le modèle (indices) de Bongaarts et les deux autres reposent sur des intervalles moyens entre les naissances en période d'allaitement ou non. Les estimations de chaque méthode proviennent de six pays ayant subi des enquêtes EDS au milieu des années 90 : Burkina Faso, Ouganda, Inde, Indonésie, Brésil et Pérou. Le pourcentage estimé des naissances supplémentaires qui se produiraient s'il n'y avait pas d'allaitement variait de 1 à 4 % au Brésil à environ 50 % au Burkina Faso et en Ouganda, ce qui reflète un allaitement minoritaire au Brésil et des taux très élevés dans les pays de l'Afrique sub-saharienne. Les points forts et limites des trois méthodes sont considérés. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | UGANDA | INDIA | INDONESIA | BRAZIL | PERU | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | BIRTH SPACING | BIRTHS AVERTED | BIRTH INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BREASTFEEDING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | South America, Western | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 188416 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Services for men at publicly funded family planning agencies, 1998-1999. Author: Finer LB; Darroch JE; Frost JJ Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 Sep-Oct;35(5):202-207. Abstract: Men’s reproductive health needs are receiving increased attention, but most family planning clinic clients are female, and clinics have reported barriers to serving men. A 1999 survey of publicly funded agencies that administer family planning clinics asked several questions about current policies and services and the number of men served in 1998. Data on 17 services were collected, as well as the proportion of clients who were male and agencies’ barriers to serving men. The services most commonly offered to men in 1999 were condom provision and sexually transmitted disease (STD) counseling (95% of all agencies), contraceptive counseling (93%), and STD treatment (90%) and testing (89%). The proportions offering various male reproductive health services were lowest among hospital-based clinics. Eighty-seven percent of agencies served some male contraceptive or STD clients in 1998; those that did served a mean of 255 men and a median of 50. The male client caseload increased between 1995 and 1998 at 53% of agencies, and four out of five agencies were interested in serving more men in the future. The most commonly reported barriers to serving men were men’s unawareness that services were available (58%) and inadequate agency funding (55%). Although most clients of publicly funded family planning agencies are women, a non-negligible number are men. Additional efforts are needed to determine the best way to deliver reproductive health services to men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 195714 |
| 21. Title: Access to adolescent reproductive health services: financial and structural barriers to care. Author: Hock-Long L; Herceg-Baron R; Cassidy AM; Whittaker PG Source: Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 May-Jun;35(3):144-147. Abstract: Since the early 1970s, adolescent pregnancy rates in the United States, the United Kingdom and other western European countries have dropped significantly, partly because of the availability of more effective contraceptive methods and increases in condom use. Despite this progress, U.S. youth continue to be at greater risk for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) than their British and other western European peers. Given these disparities, can experiences in other developed countries inform U.S. prevention efforts? We believe that they can, and the results of Stone and Ingham’s investigation of when and why British youth seek sexual health services, on page 114 of this issue, provide an instructive starting point. A country’s approaches to prevention are rooted in an interplay of socioeconomic, political and cultural forces. Consequently, to examine the relevance of Stone and Ingham’s findings and recommendations in the context of the United States, it is necessary first to review the ways in which these forces impact access to reproductive health care. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | YOUTH | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CLINIC VISITS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MOTIVATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | PRIVACY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Ethics Document Number: 181786 |
| 22. Title: Quality in action in Rwanda: case studies. Author: Lin YS Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Center for Human Services, Quality Assurance Project, 2003. [51] p. (USAID Contract No. GPH-C-00-02-00004-00) Also available in French. Abstract: Quality improvement via the identification of problems and team-based problem solving is one of the main pillars of quality assurance. Through this method, medical, technical, and administrative personnel directly involved in the provision of health services and sometimes representatives of the population being served—those who best understand the interests of that population—form multidisciplinary teams that identify gaps between actual service and what implicit or explicit norms advocate. These teams use the tools and methods of quality assurance (QA) to close those gaps. The case studies in this collection present the results of five teams that 1) increased curative consultations and revenues while lowering fees, 2) improved family planning rates, 3) increased the percentage of pregnant women who attended first trimester consultations, 4) increased vaccination coverage, and 5) improved the quality of care for shock victims during their first 48 hours at the hospital. These results confirm that quality is not always linked to additional resources but instead often lies in simple, low-cost measures, well adapted to the development level of each country. This publication is therefore intended for everyone, for healthcare consumers who need to understand how quality healthcare is provided, for policy makers and planners who must institutionalize the QA approach, but above all for frontline (or first-line) healthcare providers, from whom results are demanded on a daily basis, and consequently, must achieve similar concrete results. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | VACCINATION | ANTENATAL CARE | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Management Document Number: 279086 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: The other half of the equation: serving young men in a young women's reproductive health clinic. Author: Raine T; Marcell AV; Rocca CH; Harper CC Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 Sep-Oct;35(5):208-214. Abstract: Efforts to improve reproductive health typically target women. Family planning agencies serving high-risk young women may be particularly suited to integrating young men in their health promotion efforts. In 2001, a family planning clinic in San Francisco serving primarily young women opened a male clinic as part of a male involvement program that includes education and outreach components. Client volume was assessed by reviewing billing data. New male clients completed questionnaires on their demographic characteristics, sexual and health-seeking behavior, and reason for clinic visit. Before and after the male clinic opened, female clients completed questionnaires assessing their satisfaction with services and their attitudes on males’ being served at the clinic. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and chi-square statistics. In the first year of the male clinic, the number of adolescent and adult male clients served at the facility increased by 192% and 119%, respectively, over the previous year. Among 110 males making first visits, 88% came for sexually transmitted disease testing or treatment. Three-quarters had learned of the clinic by word of mouth—from a sexual partner (37%), friend (29%) or sibling (6%)—rather than directly from outreach efforts. The proportion of female respondents very or mostly satisfied with their care was similarly high before (98%) and after (92%) the male clinic opened. Increasing capacity within the female reproductive health model to serve males is feasible. To reach at-risk males, “in-reach” efforts with female clients may be as important as targeted outreach efforts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | YOUTH | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROMOTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 195715 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: When and why do young people in the United Kingdom first use sexual health services? Author: Stone N; Ingham R Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 May-Jun;35(3):114-120. Abstract: CONTEXT: Many young people think about and take steps to obtain adequate protection only after having sexual intercourse for the first time. Consequently, they are at increased risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. METHODS: Between June and August 1999, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to attendees at UK youth-targeted sexual health services to investigate when and why they first use a sexual health service, reasons for delaying use, and sexual behavior and contraceptive practice before first use. RESULTS: Of the 747 respondents, 29% had used a sexual health service before ever having sex, most commonly “to be prepared.” In contrast, 61% of respondents had used a service after sexual debut; some of these had obtained condoms elsewhere (25% of women and 33% of men who gave a reason for delay) or had not known about services or their location (11–19%). Among the women, 20–24% had been embarrassed or scared, or concerned about confidentiality or age; 32% had visited a provider because they had had unprotected sex. Sixty-three percent of men who had delayed using a service reported that the ability to obtain free condoms had prompted their first visit. Only 43% of respondents who postponed service use had practiced contraception consistently before visiting a provider. CONCLUSIONS: Young people need to be realistic about the possibility of having sex. Service use could be increased by providing more youth-specific services and by improving publicity and links between the youth, education and health sectors to dispel fears and myths about services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CLINIC VISITS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MOTIVATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception Document Number: 181784 |
| 25. Title: International family planning programs: criticisms and responses. Author: RAND. Population Matters Source: Santa Monica, California, RAND, 2002. 7 p. Abstract: This paper summarizes the main criticisms leveled against international family planning programs (FPP), assesses whether the criticisms are valid, examines whether programs have changed in response, and what lessons can be drawn from those responses. The public policy objectives of FPP are based on demographic, health, and human rights goals. However, each of these objectives has generated concerns, such as whether lowering fertility leads to economic development; whether people in developing countries really want contraception; whether family planning programs are too narrowly focused on technology, provide quality services, or encourage abortion; and whether Western family planning goals infringe on the religious and cultural values of developing nations. Policy recommendations are included. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Family Planning Program Evaluation Document Number: 168059 |
| 26. Title: Thirty years of global population changes. Author: Caldwell JC Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :2-23. Abstract: In demographic terms, the last thirty years have been quite distinct from the period that preceded it, or, indeed, from any other period in history. The global fertility level had been almost stable for at least twenty years prior to 1965-1969, with a total fertility rate just under 5 children per woman, and this stability did not hide countervailing forces in different parts of the world. The developed countries, whether they had participated or not in the post-World War II “baby boom,” showed no strong trends in fertility, with a total fertility rate remaining around 2.7. The same lack of change characterized the developing countries, but there the total fertility rate was well over 6, as it may well have been for millennia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | UN | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION CONTROL | MORTALITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POPULATION POLICY | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Social Policy | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Changes Document Number: 184556 |
| 27. Title: Fostering compliance with reproductive rights. Author: Cook RJ Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :47-80. Abstract: This chapter explains the various mechanisms for fostering compliance with different rights relating to reproductive and sexual health, and explores programming options for fostering such compliance. The chapter is not exhaustive, but exploratory; recognizing that much more discussion is needed to address this issue adequately. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | UN | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DECISION MAKING | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CRIME | SOCIAL PLANNING | POPULATION POLICY | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Human Rights | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Ethics | Health | Behavior | Education | Social Problems | Social Policy Document Number: 184558 |
| 28. Title: Women are the key to development. Author: Heyzer N Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :81-94. Abstract: Over the last thirty years since the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) was established, there have been fundamental changes in policies on and approaches to population and gender equality. These are best exemplified in the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) in Beijing. The ICPD recognized that population is basically a development issue and must be addressed in relation to the larger developmental processes. It emphasized intersectoral linkages between consumption and production patterns; social and gender inequities; and population growth, structure and distribution. It moved the focus from a narrow preoccupation with rates of population growth and the provisions of contraceptive services alone, to a broader concern for problems caused by the deepening of poverty and inequality within and across societies. These problems were seen as a result of inappropriate economic and development policies, and not just of population pressures. The ICPD also put more emphasis on investments in people and on quality-of-life issues. For the first time, the reproductive and sexual health rights of women and their empowerment became essential to an international agreement on population and development. This redefinition of the population and development agenda had been earlier aided by the emergence of a strong women's movement following the Nairobi World Conference on Women in 1985. By the time of the FWCW in 1995, several countries reported a narrowing of gender inequality as measured by increases in life expectancy, literacy, labour force participation rates, higher age at marriage, and lower fertility rates. In fact, governments throughout the world have had to recognize and address gender inequalities and reconcile substantively different views on human rights. Nevertheless, gender inequality remains significant in many areas of life. Women have fewer social and economic rights, including rights over basic necessities such as food, health care, and education; less access to labour markets, and lower economic returns for their labour. They also have fewer legal and customary rights over land, property, credit, and other productive resources such as energy, technology, and information. This is despite their multiple burdens, including financial contributions through their work, resource management, and household responsibilities, as well as the care of children and the elderly. In many countries of the world, women still fall far short of men as beneficiaries of development. Their full contribution is still not acknowledged, nor their potential realized, ultimately to the detriment of development itself. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | RELIGION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 184559 |
| 29. Title: Population, resources and the environment: struggling towards sustainability. Author: Hinrichsen D Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :175-188. Abstract: This analysis looks at the United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA's) work in the area of population-environment-development linkages. It then analyses the collective effects of 6 billion people, their consumption patterns, and resource use trends, in six different critical resource areas. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FUNDS | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | WATER SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | FORESTS | AGRICULTURE | SOIL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | GLOBAL WARMING | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | BIODIVERSITY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Climate Document Number: 184564 |
| 30. Title: Contribution of family planning programme to fertility decline in Botswana. Author: Letamo G; Oucho JO Source: Demography India. 2002;31(1):79-91. Abstract: This paper seeks to demonstrate that family planning has contributed to fertility decline in Botswana. Using data from three Botswana Family Health Surveys, the paper employs age specific and method-specific prevalence methods to determine the contribution of family planning in the country's fertility decline. It is established that increased use of modern family planning has resulted in averting births thereby reducing fertility. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | BIRTHS AVERTED | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | HIV | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 186495 |
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