| 1. Title: Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China. Author: Hemminki E; Wu Z; Cao G; Viisainen K Source: Reproductive Health. 2005 Aug 11;2:5. Abstract: China has a national policy regulating the number of children that a woman is allowed to have. The central concept at the individual level application is "illegal pregnancy". The purpose of this article is to describe and problematicize the concept of illegal pregnancy and its use in practice. Original texts and previous published and unpublished reports and statistics were used. By 1979 the Chinese population policy was clearly a policy of controlling population growth. For a pregnancy to be legal, it has to be defined as such according to the family-level eligibility rules, and in some places it has to be within the local quota. Enforcement of the policy has been pursued via the State Family Planning (FP) Commission and the Communist Party (CP), both of which have a functioning vertical structure down to the lowest administrative units. There are various incentives and disincentives for families to follow the policy. An extensive system has been created to keep the contraceptive use and pregnancy status of all married women at reproductive age under constant surveillance. In the early 1990s FP and CP officials were made personally responsible for meeting population targets. Since 1979, abortion has been available on request, and the ratio of legal abortions to birth increased in the 1980s and declined in the 1990s. Similar to what happens in other Asian countries with low fertility rates and higher esteem for boys, both national- and local-level data show that an unnaturally greater number of boys than girls are registered as having been born. Defining a pregnancy as "illegal" and carrying out the surveillance of individual women are phenomena unique in China, but this does not apply to other features of the policy. The moral judgment concerning the policy depends on the basic question of whether reproduction should be considered as an individual or social decision. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION | CHILDBIRTH | ABORTION LAW | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | SEX PREFERENCE | BIRTH RATE | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Family Planning Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception Document Number: 289927 Notification |
| 2. Title: The myth of population explosion: reflections in NPP and state population policies. Author: Ali A Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Aug-Nov;:32-37. Abstract: At the outset let us start by asking ourselves a very important and pertinent question i.e. "in India, even today when we talk of population why is there such an overwhelming concern for "numbers"? No doubt, I agree, "numbers" are always fascinating and usually carry with them the ring of "so-called" inevitable truth. But, unfortunately enough, in our country population related numbers have become matters of grave concern and often misinformed public debate. It is a fact that, in the last five decades India's population has increased from 36 crores in 1951 (around the time of Independence) to over 102 crores in 2001. The growth in numbers of India's population has become a perennial source of worry for everyone - politicians, public leaders, administrators, bureaucrats, development planners, public health experts, demographers, social scientists, researchers and even to the common man. To be frank, there is some sort of a "fear psychosis" about numbers - some kind of a "number phobia". Whenever, there is any discussion on population issues it invariably begins with such expressions like: "India has over one billion people," - "it is the second most populous country in the world," - "in near future it will cross China and will become the most populated country in the world," "large population of India is the real reason for high levels of poverty, low per capita income and slow economic growth" and it is often stated that an uncontrolled explosion is responsible for holding India's progress an economic growth and is identified as a significant hindrance for the country's development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | GOALS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CONTRACEPTION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | INFORMED CHOICE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Planning | Organization and Administration | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Policy | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 280709 |
| 3. Title: [Practice of nursing in the field of fertility regulation at a public health service] Atuação de enfermeiras no campo da regulação da fecundidade em um serviço público de saúde. Author: Coelho Ede A; da Fonseca RM Source: Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. 2004 Mar;38(1):37-45. Abstract: This article is based on a doctoral dissertation that investigated the behavior of nurses concerning women's health in a public health care institution. It presents an experience in this practice regarding the actions of fertility regulation. The empirical data were obtained through reflection workshops and they were analyzed according to the discourse analysis technique and the gender theoretical approach. The analysis showed that in their practice, nurses value women's sexual and reproductive experiences, however, the institutional power, including here medical power, restrain their participation in the development of the autonomy and reproductive freedom of women. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | NURSES AND NURSING | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Human Rights Document Number: 277607 |
| 4. Title: Population stabilization: the case against coercion. Author: Kumar AK Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Aug-Nov;:24-28. Abstract: The Indian press and media have once again drawn attention to the urgent need for stabilizing India's population. That this should happen in the current context of the unnecessary controversy generated by the Census of India 2001 report giving religious totals is unfortunate. Also, it is equally disturbing that certain groups are calling for strict 'population control’ measures, the imposition of a compulsory one-child or two-child norm, and the use of penalties and disincentives to forcibly restrict family size. It is even more disconcerting to find that a recent policy note from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare outlines, as its strategy, monetary incentives and other measures for stepping up, over the next four years, the number of sterilization cases from around 18 Iakhs to 50 Iakhs a year in five high-fertility states. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION STABILIZATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POVERTY | HUMAN RIGHTS | POPULATION POLICY | FERTILITY RATE | CHILD SURVIVAL | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Family Planning Document Number: 280711 |
| 5. Title: ICPD issues and us -- some reflections. Author: Shiva M Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Aug-Nov;:10-15. Abstract: It was not just the emergency period that gave family planning a bad name, but it was the way the F.P. Programme had been planned with setting of 'targets’ number wise and gender wise. Dr Ashish Bose had called this "Targetitis". During the emergency as a post graduate in CMC, Ludhiana I heard from my senior doctor and teacher how on his way back from Delhi to Ludhiana, he had been stopped and marched to a F.P. camp for forced sterilization - and how he had escaped by the skin of his teeth when he demanded to talk to the collector whom he said he knew. If this could happen to a senior doctor, what would have been the fate of lesser mortals, many of whom were not even married nor had a living child. It was cruel. Equally cruel was the putting of IUCD/Copper T in women, even with blatant infection. Women complained of white discharge and all those involved in women's health were well aware of it. How could trained doctors and health personnel putting in IUCDs, in the numerous family planning camps not feel the need to address the other gynecological problems? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | POPULATION POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | POVERTY | PATRIARCHY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONSUMPTION | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning Policy | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 280717 |
| 6. Title: Conceivable sterilization: a constitutional analysis of a Norplant/Depo-Provera welfare condition. Author: Smith KA Source: Indiana Law Journal. 2002 Spring;77(2):389-418. Abstract: The new technology in birth control, along with the recent experimentation of state welfare plans, raises the question of whether government-promoted sterilization through the use of this new birth control could be part of a constitutionally sound welfare policy. The two new forms of birth control are Norplant, which involves the insertion of six silicone rubber tubes containing synthetic progestin hormones into a woman's upper arm, and Depo-Provera, which involves the injection of progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate hormones into a woman's buttocks or upper arm. Both methods offer women longer lasting, more effective, and verifiable birth control that essentially "sterilizes" their ability to become pregnant for a limited time period. The incorporation of these forms of birth control into a welfare program, however, raises some very important legal and constitutional issues. This Note addresses these issues and considers whether a welfare plan that offers recipients the option to receive an additional benefit on the condition that they take either Norplant or Depo-Provera would be found legally permissible. Most legal analyses of this welfare condition have concluded that conditioning the receipt of an additional benefit on the temporary waiver of an individual's right to have a child is constitutionally impermissible. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DEPO-PROVERA | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | SOCIAL POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LAWS AND STATUTES | COURT DECISION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Policy | Contraceptive Methods | Litigation | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy Document Number: 277942 |
| 7. Title: Procreation and punishment. Author: Dresser R Source: Hastings Center Report. 2001 Nov-Dec;31(6):8-9. Abstract: This article highlights the case of David Oakley, convicted in the Wisconsin Supreme Court for intentionally failing to financially support his nine children. Oakley was sentenced by Judge Jon Wilcox to 3 years of imprisonment followed by 5 years of probation, during which he was prohibited from having more children unless he could demonstrates the ability to support them and his current children. Wilcox concluded that Oakley's probation was reasonably designed to rehabilitate him and to protect society and his children from additional harm. This indicates that the law considers it a serious crime to intentionally refuse give support pay to children. In contrast, Justices Ann Walsh Bradley and Diane Sykes wrote dissents on Oakley that the sentence was unconstitutional. Bradley expressed fear that Oakley might demand abortion for a pregnant female partner. Instead, she recommended that the convicted be required to work two full time jobs and have his wages intercepted. The legal and social contexts for these opinions are explored. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CHILD SUPPORT | CONSTITUTION | LEGISLATION | COURT DECISION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Human Rights | Child Rearing | Behavior | Litigation Document Number: 165312 |
| 8. Title: An example of coercive fertility reduction, as seen in the region of the Red River delta in Viet Nam. Author: Scornet C Source: Population: an English Selection. 2001;13(2):101-34. Abstract: Fertility has decreased very fast in some countries in Asia from the late 1970s, particularly in Indonesia, Viet Nam and above all in Bangladesh, with a fertility rate in Viet Nam that went down from 5.8 children/woman in 1970-74 to 3.3 in 1991-95. Catherine Scornet here examines the circumstances of the transition in the Red River basin. The point she makes is that a forceful nationally defined demographic policy should necessarily take the local social and economic context into account if it is to be efficient. In this particular case the background is characterized by very high demographic density, with over 1000 inhabitants/sq. km. The fertility behavior of households then depends both on traditional cultural values, economic opportunities other than agriculture and the precise modes of enforcement of the family planning program. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | COMMUNITY | CULTURE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 168565 |
| 9. Title: Enforced sterilisations in Sweden confirmed. Author: Ramsay S Source: Lancet. 2000 Apr 8;355(9211):1252. Abstract: This article confirms the practice of enforced sterilization during 1935-75 in Sweden after a 3-year inquiry that was set up after an expose by an investigative journalist in 1997. The commission investigated the effects of two laws passed in 1934 and 1941, which legalized sterilization among legally incapable people even without their consent. The three indications for sterilization included 1) eugenic (relating to racial hygiene or genetic purity), 2) social, and 3) medical. Since the law took effect in 1976, sterilization is permitted only at the request of the person concerned. Between 1935 and 1975 almost 63,000 sterilizations were documented, of which 32,000 were involuntary. In an analysis of application documents for the procedures, it was found that almost 6000 sterilizations were done by coercion. A further 15,000 and 6000 were done in quasi-coercive circumstances and signs of persuasion or exertion of pressure, respectively. The president of the Swedish Medical Association, Bernhard Grewin, stated that at the time the law was in effect the Association was not the prime force behind the sterilization but did not make any stance against the government policy. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | SUMMARY REPORT | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 149455 |
| 10. Title: Cracking open CRACK: unethical sterilization movement gains momentum. Author: Scully JM Source: DIFFERENTAKES. 2000 Spring;(2):1-4. Abstract: In November 1997, Barbara Harris founded Children Requiring a Caring Kommunity (CRACK). This institution promotes population control by paying US$200 to women with substance abuse problems in exchange for their sterilization. In such a sterilization program, women are improperly coerced by cash incentives during a time when they are addicted to drugs and therefore clearly vulnerable. Consequently, the program of CRACK is not only unethical but may be illegal in so far as it has decimated the foundation for informed consent. However, over the years, CRACK has received an enormous amount of positive publicity, which led to the question as to why this private institution is not held accountable concerning rights issues in the same way as public ones. Although CRACK claims that its agenda is not racist, because it serves any woman who has a substance problem, statistics show that a disturbingly disproportionate number of women of color have been affected by sterilization campaign of CRACK. Moreover, CRACK impedes the goals of substance abuse treatment and promotes transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted disease. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ORGANIZATIONS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | WOMEN | ETHICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Social Problems | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 151865 |
| 11. Title: The problem of coerced abortion in China and related ethical issues. Commentary. Author: Jennings WH Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1999 Fall;8(4):475-7. Abstract: This article presents the comments of William H. Jennings on the paper by Jing-Bao Nie, which discusses the problem of coerced abortion in China and related ethical issues. Jennings notes that Nie chooses to avoid a direct discussion of the abortion issue. Focusing only on coercion and birth control instead of focusing on birth control as coercive method, Nie does not address the special moral issues that set abortion apart from other means of birth control. In addition, Nie distinguishes between late abortions and coerced abortions, and he chooses to leave the first issue to the others. In this approach, Nie sidesteps the issue of when within the 9-month period of development an abortion is done. Moreover, Nie recommends an article focusing on social good and the health of the mother, with no attention given to the moral status of the fetus, on the issue of late abortions. In contrast, Jennings suggests articles that encourage close attention to what is taking place in the womb. Jennings argues that it is appropriate and necessary for outsiders to raise objections to the implications of the Chinese tradition for the abortion issue. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 153515 Notification |
| 12. Title: Health-care camps for the poor provide mass sterilisation quota. Author: Kumar S Source: Lancet. 1999 Apr 10;353(9160):1251. Abstract: In Andhra Pradesh, India, women's groups have formed a Group Against Targeted Sterilization (GATS) to protest the creation of sterilization camps created by government officials in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, where 20,000 people, mostly women, were sterilized to meet a quota deadline. GATS charges that the women were offered incentives to undergo sterilization and that those who resisted were threatened with disconnection of their household utilities. GATS does not oppose family planning or female sterilization but opposes the dehumanizing use of incentives and threats. The impoverished women who are targeted for mass sterilization undergo the procedures in unhygienic settings. Many are anemic, which is a contraindication to any surgical procedure, and they receive no postoperative care. The targeted sterilizations were performed under the banner of the Indian Population Project (IPP), which is funded by the World Bank. GATS fears that the entire IPP will be diverted from the intention of its donor (the World Bank is committed to a target-free approach) and will become subservient to population control efforts. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | WOMEN | INCENTIVES | ANEMIA | WORLD BANK | WOMEN'S GROUPS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | International Agencies | Organizations | Interest Groups | Political Factors Document Number: 141579 |
| 13. Title: The problem of coerced abortion in China and related ethical issues. Author: Nie JB Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1999 Fall;8(4):463-75. Abstract: This paper critically examines the problem of coerced abortion occurring in China and the ethical issues accompanying it. It begins by confirming the existence of forced abortion in the country, then argues that coercion itself is not always morally wrong. This is done through an analysis of the concept of coercion. On the other hand, to demonstrate why coerced abortion is morally objectionable, concepts of individual rights and traditional Confucianist and Taoist moral ideals are used. These individual concepts include the right to reproduce and the right to privacy, while the moral ideals include governing by education rather than extensive use of compulsion and by letting people govern themselves. Finally, turning to the conflict between the serious problem of overpopulation and the popular will of people to have two or more children, this paper shows that coerced abortion may be a moral tragedy or a genuine ethical dilemma rather than a thorough moral evil as it first appears. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 153516 Notification |
| 14. Title: The problem of coerced abortion in China and related ethical issues. Commentary. Author: Winkler MG Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1999 Fall;8(4):477-9. Abstract: This article presents a commentary on the paper by Jing-Bao Nie, which discusses the problem of coerced abortion in China and its associated ethical issues. It is noted that in the paper, Dr. Nie asks whether the right to reproduce is a fundamental human right, and if it is, then how and why. Highlighting important issues considered in the paper, the discussion in this article focuses on the section on rights and justice and the section on social good. Overall, it is emphasized that Dr. Nie makes a significant contribution to the debate about enforced abortion in China by broadening the question of social good and by drawing in the Confucian concept of benevolence and humanity. A suggestion is made that a full discussion of the social good includes the role of gender and economic need; that an inclusive approach be adapted to the discussion of what constitutes social good. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 153512 Notification |
| 15. Title: [The persistence of population problems in China] Persistance des problemes demographiques en Chine. Author: Blayo Y Source: Paris, France, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques [INED], 1998 Jan. 4 p. (Population et Societes No. 331) Abstract: Careful administrative control over households, each assigned to a place of residence in the agricultural or nonagricultural category, has been the decisive instrument of China's demographic control. Although assignment of residence was progressively implemented during the 1950s, the Great Leap Forward and early years of the Cultural Revolution interfered, and the policy became fully functional only in the early 1970s. In the early 1950s, urban underemployment and massive influx of peasants into the cities led to the interdiction of rural-urban migration and to forced migration of millions of Chinese, especially educated youth, to the countryside. China was able to keep the urban population at the low level of 18% through 1978, avoiding the uncontrolled urbanization experienced in most other developing countries. The policy eventually failed because of the rural economic reforms undertaken in 1978, which increased agricultural production and freed millions of workers who could not be absorbed into rural enterprises. Rural dwellers received permission to move to cities in 1984 on the condition of maintaining their rural registration. A "floating population" of about 100 million, beyond the control of the authorities, was thus created. 53.2% of China's population was urban in 1990, and the 3% average annual growth of the urban population during 1982-90 indicates that China succeeded only in postponing, not avoiding, its urban explosion. The system of birth quotas announced in 1971 and the one-child policy announced in 1978 met with great resistance. Coercive methods, especially forced sterilization and abortion, and an increase in the proportion of unregistered births from 8% in 1981 to 44% in 1987 were among the results. Contraceptive prevalence was extremely high, but the average efficiency of all methods, including sterilization, was lower than that in most developing countries. The traditional preference for sons and the absence of pensions have led to high rates of selective abortion of female fetuses, female infanticide, and abandonment of female infants. Disturbances of China's age and sex distribution resulting from its antinatalist policies will be felt for decades to come. French Abstract: Le contrôle administratif des ménages, chacun assigné à une place de résidence dans une catégorie soit agricole soit non agricole, est l'instrument principal de contrôle démographique en Chine. Mis en place progressivement pendant les années 1950, l'enregistrement des ménages à été frustré pendant le Grand bond en avant et les premières années de la Révolution culturelle. La politique n'a fonctionné vraiment qu'à partir du début de la décennie 1970. Au début des années 1950, le sous-emploi dans les villes et l'afflux massif de paysans aux villes ont mené à l'interdiction des migrations des ruraux vers les villes et aux mesures de désurbanisation pour de millions de Chinois, surtout les jeunes gens instruits. La Chine a pu maintenir la proportion de la population totale qui habitait en milieu urbain à 18% jusqu'à la fin de 1978, évitant l'urbanisation sauvage qui prévaut dans de nombreux pays en développement. Cette politique a été mise en échec par les réformes économiques à la campagne qui ont eu lieu en 1978, qui, en accroissant la productivité agricole, ont libéré une main d'oeuvre de millions de travailleurs qui n'ont pas pu être absorbés par les entreprises rurales. Ceux qui habitaient en milieux ruraux ont été autorisés en 1984 de s'installer en ville à condition de garder leur enregistrement agricole. Donc, une population flottante d'environ 100 millions d'habitants a été créée qui échappait le contrôle administratif. En 1990, 53,2% de la population de la Chine habitait en milieu urbain, et la croissance moyenne de la population urbaine de 3% entre 1982 et 1990 indique que la Chine a réussi seulement à renvoyer à plus tard, non éviter, son explosion urbaine. Le système de limites sur les naissances qui a été annoncé en 1971 et la politique d'un enfant qui a été annoncée en 1978 ont été fortement résistés. Des méthodes coercitives, surtout la stérilisation sexuelle forcée et l'avortement forcée, et une hausse de la proportion des naissances non enregistrées de 8% en 1981 à 44% en 1987 étaient parmi les résultats. La prévalence de l'usage de la contraception était extrêmement élevée, mais l'efficacité moyenne de toutes les méthodes, y compris la stérilisation, était plus basse que ce qu'on trouve dans la plupart des pays en développement. La préférence pour les fils et le manque des pensions ont produit des hauts taux de l'avortement sélectif des foetus féminins, l'infanticide des nouveau-nées, et les abandons des filles. Les dérangements à la distribution d'âge et de sexe en Chine dûs aux politiques antinatalistes resteront pendant des décennies. Language: French Keywords: CHINA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | POPULATION CONTROL | ANTINATALIST POLICY | ONE CHILD POLICY | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | URBANIZATION | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Policy | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors Document Number: 133120 |
| 16. Title: Norplant coercion [letter] Author: Brady M Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1998 Jan;88(1):136-7. Abstract: I was pleased to see Andrew Davidson and Debra Kalmuss's piece titled "Norplant Coercion--An Overstated Threat" (April 1997). The authors do an excellent job of identifying the complexities of the coercion issue and add greatly needed clarity to this controversial public debate. The authors point out the two principal reasons for public distrust of Norplant: 1) the general belief that systemic methods are unsafe and 2) concern that long-acting contraception will be used coercively. There is a third, perhaps even more salient, issue to be considered. Much of the distrust of implantable contraception has more to do with the locus of control of the technology than with the fact that it is a systemic or long-acting method of contraception. The fact that women are completely dependent on service providers and on health care systems for both method initiation and discontinuation (women cannot remove Norplant themselves) raises concern about potential misuse or abuse. In many parts of the world, women face significant obstacles in obtaining safe and timely removal services, in part as a result of weak or nonresponsive health systems and of some providers' unwillingness to remove Norplant before 5 years of use. While the authors are correct in calling for a balanced approach, it is important that we remain vigilant in identifying and addressing the issue of coercion, in all of its forms, whenever and wherever it arises. (full text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 131167 |
| 17. Title: From the case files: reconstructing a history of involuntary sterilisation. Author: Park DC; Radford JP Source: DISABILITY AND SOCIETY. 1998 Jun;13(3):317-42. Abstract: This article offers a history of involuntary sterilization during the period 1929-72 derived from case files of the Eugenics Board of the Canadian province of Alberta. The first part of the article describes the setting that led to the strengthening of the Alberta Sterilisation Act in 1937 in response to the emergence of proponents of sterilization to reduce the hereditary transmission of mental deficiency among unfit persons who were enjoying unprecedented survival rates due to the intervention of modern medicine. Next, the article describes the data gleaned from the case files and illustrates aggregate figures for sterilizations of "mental defectives" and "psychotic individuals" performed during 4-year time periods by sex. The article then uses data from the case files to consider 1) why more "mentally defective" than "psychotic" individuals were sterilized, 2) why more females than males were sterilized, and 3) why the program continued into the 1950s. The analysis is shown to reveal that the usual motivations for sterilization were 1) behavioral difficulties (abnormal sex behavior, abnormal/destructive behavior, or criminal tendencies); 2) loss of familial support due to parental death or abandonment, having a child out-of-wedlock, or being referred to a social service agencies; 3) being from an impoverished family; and 4) as a precondition to release from an institution or upon parental request. The conclusion discusses the implications of these findings and of involuntary sterilization policies in general. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CASE STUDIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | LEGISLATION | EUGENICS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | HUMAN RIGHTS | MENTAL DISORDERS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Genetics | Biology | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Diseases | Social Problems Document Number: 137315 |
| 18. Title: Gynaecology, forced sterilisation, and asylum in the USA. Author: Sills ES; Strider W; Hyde HJ; Anker D; Rees GJ; Davis OK Source: Lancet. 1998 Jun 6;351(9117):1729-30. Abstract: On September 30, 1996, the US Congress enacted a law to grant asylum protection to victims of forced sterilization, forced abortion, and other forms of coerced population control and to opponents of these practices. Before this time, the US Board of Immigration Appeals judged forced sterilization insufficient grounds for political asylum unless it was performed for some discriminatory reason. The authors of this article have examined five women who claimed they were forcibly sterilized in China and were granted political asylum in the US as a result. The average age of these women was 32 years, while the average duration since forced sterilization was 8.6 years. Since asylum applications are not filed according to cause, there are no estimates of the number of women seeking asylum in the US as a result of forced sterilization. The Chinese government claims it does not authorize forced sterilization, but local officials acknowledge it sometimes occurs. In many cases, sterilization is not formally coerced but required as a condition of employment. Consistency between the woman's claim of forced sterilization and medical or psychological reports is essential to the success of asylum applications. US physicians should be prepared to play a documentary role in the evaluation of such requests. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHINA | FEMALE STERILIZATION | LEGISLATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | REFUGEES | MIGRATION POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 134577 |
| 19. Title: [Forced sterilization 1933-1945: coming to terms with the past] Zwangssterilisierungen 1933-1945: Ein Versuch der Vergangenheitsbewaltigung. Author: Taubert HD Source: ZENTRALBLATT FUR GYNAKOLOGIE. 1998;120(1):21-5. Abstract: An evaluation of the registry of surgical operations carried out at the University Clinic of Gynecology, Frankfurt, Germany, during the period of 1932-45 revealed that 509 women aged 11-44 years (the majority were aged 21-35) had undergone involuntary sterilization. 156 women were pregnant at the time of sterilization, and all but 8 underwent abortion (by means of vaginal evacuation or sectio parva) before they were sterilized. In 110 women, the procedure was performed during the first 5 months of pregnancy, while in the rest it was performed during the first 7 months. Sterilizations were carried out in 161 women because of congenital mental deficiency and in another 178 women for a variety of other reasons. There was no information available on the diagnosis and indications for the remaining 176 women. The records of 272 women showed that the sterilization procedures had been dictated by the special boards of racial hygiene in accordance with the so-called law on hereditary health. In a group of 172 women, the procedure was indicated for a wide spectrum of diseases: cardiovascular disease (26), endogenic psychosis (28), epilepsy (32), manic-depressive psychosis (15), and pulmonary tuberculosis (10). The number of abortions were significantly higher in 1932 and 1933 than in the subsequent period until 1945. After 1936, the number of sterilizations in combination with abortion decreased to less than 10 per year. The number of sterilizations performed because of congenital mental deficiency reached its peak in 1936, the year of the Berlin olympics; these were victims of the Nazi fitness and performance model. Language: German Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FEMALE STERILIZATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | EUGENICS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Genetics | Biology | Diseases | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 132128 |
| 20. Title: Topics for our times: Norplant coercion -- an overstated threat. Author: Davidson AR; Kalmuss D Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1997 Apr;87(4):550-1. Abstract: The identification of the contraceptive implant Norplant as an agent of coercion has been unfortunate. While legislators in 13 states have proposed bills which would require Norplant acceptance as a condition of receiving welfare payments or would provide financial incentives to women on welfare for accepting the contraceptive, none has been enacted into law. In addition, early attempts by the judicial system to force use of Norplant (for example, as a condition of probation) have abated and have been met with disapprobation. The public efforts to use Norplant in a coercive fashion caused concern about whether health care providers were exerting pressure upon women to accept the method. A study involving a sample of over 2000 low-income women in three large urban areas of the US who were choosing a contraceptive method (with an oversampling of those who choose Norplant) revealed that health care providers are not pressuring women to accept the method. Only three of the 45% who accepted Norplant felt any pressure. One choose sterilization and the other two reported that they had to return to the clinic a number of times before insertion. Women indicated that they choose Norplant because of convenience, effectiveness, and duration. Norplant acceptors had to make more clinic visits than oral contraceptive (OC) acceptors and received an average of 22 minutes more counseling than OC acceptors. Fears about coercion haunt all long-acting methods and have overshadowed the desires of many women who welcome such methods. A balance must be struck between prevention of coercion and guarantee of access. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INCENTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 122900 |
| 21. Title: Levonorgestrel subdermal implants. Contraception on trial. Author: Frank ML; DiMaria C Source: DRUG SAFETY. 1997 Dec;17(6):360-8. Abstract: When they were introduced to the world market in the 1980s, levonorgestrel subdermal implants offered the promise of an exciting alternative to traditional hormonal contraception. They provide highly effective, long-acting protection from pregnancy, without the need for user compliance. Broad acceptability of the drug has been reported throughout the world. Recently, however, the implants have met with opposition. The drug is associated with a variety of adverse effects, and removal of implants can be problematic. Serious events have been reported in women using levonorgestrel subdermal implants, although causal relationships have not been demonstrated. Additionally, concerns have been raised over the potential for coercive use of the drug. Numerous law suits have been filed alleging serious problems with implants. As a result, the drug has received considerable negative media attention. Before the controversy over levonorgestrel subdermal implants erupted, contraceptive development had declined, resulting from limitations to profits and funding, legal threats, and changes in the insurance industry. The levonorgestrel subdermal implant experience may serve to accelerate this trend. While the introduction of levonorgestrel subdermal implants offered an alternative to the current array of medical contraception, its experience may serve to dampen future contraceptive development efforts. Costly litigation and much controversy involving the implants have acted to create disincentives to further research and development of new methods of medical contraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Treatment | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 131226 |
| 22. Title: [Involuntary sterilizations: the medical community risks being in the dock]] Tvangssteriliseringarna: Lakarkaren riskerar att hamna pa de anklagades bank] Author: Jarhult B Source: LAKARTIDNINGEN. 1997 Oct 8;94(41):3582-5. Abstract: An open debate has flared up about forced sterilization in Sweden over the past several decades. A new discussion is needed about the role of doctors, and the social authority should render an account about the position of the federation of doctors. Historical facts show that the sterilization of weak groups was a worldwide phenomenon at the beginning of the 20th century, which produced legislation in several countries irrespective of which party was in power. The debate was started in the newspaper Dagens Nyheter on August 30, 1997. A retired psychiatrist, Anders Milton, who represents the world physicians' association, claimed that he had done nothing wrong and that individual physicians were only made scapegoats. The reason forced sterilization was never questioned is that it was advocated by the highly respected couple Alva and Gunnar Myrdal in the 1930s. A commission will be set up to shed light on forced sterilization from various angles dating back to the 1930s, including the role of individual doctors who advised vacillating women. The spokesman of the physicians' association stated that medical ethics should not yield to politics, that is why the World Health Organization was established after World War II. Milton replied that the conclusion is that doctors should not be the long arm of the law and the tool of society's coercive apparatus, save for some well-defined exceptions. Language: Swedish Keywords: SWEDEN | CRITIQUE | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | EUGENICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Genetics | Biology Document Number: 131688 |
| 23. Title: Coercion and quality in Indonesian family planning. A response to Anke Niehof. Author: Breman J; White B Source: BIJDRAGEN. TOT DE TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE.. 1996;152(1):144-7. Abstract: This editorial response charges that Anke Niehof's review of "Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia's Experiences under the New Order," fails to adequately and fairly reflect the contents of the book. Instead, Niehof used her review to rail against what she feels is unjustifiable criticism of practices of coercion in Indonesia's national family planning (FP) program in the early 1990s. Jan Breman and Ben White are targets of Niehof's review, even though Breman did not even contribute to the book in question but played a role in drawing Dutch attention to the problem of coercion. To make her argument, Niehof ignores the fact that the Netherlands government sent a fact-finding mission to Indonesia to investigate the charges. Niehof also charges that the coercion debate led the Netherlands to suspend its economic support from Indonesia and, in turn, caused Indonesia to renounce Dutch assistance when, in fact, it was the Dutch protest following the Dili massacre that caused Indonesia to sever its development cooperation with the Netherlands. Reasonable debate may arise about the accuracy of coercion charges against the Indonesian FP program, but the charges may contribute to Indonesian policy changes. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | NETHERLANDS | CRITIQUE | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 116503 |
| 24. Title: Sterilization and depression: a study of Puerto Rican women living in New York. Author: Leon LE Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, UMI Dissertation Services, 1996. [7], 128, [3] p. (UMI No. 9613857) Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, 1996. Abstract: For the study described in this doctoral dissertation, research on the association between female sterilization and depression has produced conflicting, ambiguous findings. This study used a theoretical framework developed by Rogler on the effects of migration on mental health to investigate this association in 1549 Puerto Rican women living in the metropolitan New York area. Depressive symptomatology was measured by the Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale, which has a maximum score of 60. No significant differences in mean depression scores were observed between the 604 sterilized and 945 non-sterilized women. However, significant associations with depression emerged when the analysis was performed according to type of sterilization. Mean depression scores were 19.23 for non-sterilized women, 19.83 for voluntary sterilization, 21.53 for subfecund non-sterilized women, and 22.50 for involuntary sterilization. Other variables significantly associated with depression included low education, speaking English in the home (proxy for acculturation), not being in union, and sterilization decision made by husband. However, the strong association between involuntary sterilization and depression persisted after controlling for these and other factors. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | HISPANICS | MIGRANTS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | DEPRESSION | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 120949 |
| 25. Title: Coerced contraception? Moral and policy challenges of long-acting birth control. Author: Moskowitz EH; Jennings B Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press, 1996. xii, 225 p. (Hastings Center Studies in Ethics) Abstract: "The purpose of this volume is to identify and assess the moral and policy challenges posed by long-acting contraception. Prompted by the extent to which long-term methods, particularly Norplant, have aroused controversy and suspicion, these essays aim to provide carefully reasoned and multidisciplinary perspectives on the ethical and social dilemmas these technologies raise....The papers in this volume have been grouped into four sections....Part I contains the report and recommendations from the project. This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in several different clinical and policymaking settings....Part II provides a historical and scientific background with which one can better comprehend the current controversies surrounding long-term contraceptives....A number of alternative conceptual and theoretical frameworks are explored in part III. Several of these discussions center on how best to understand autonomy and coercion in reproductive decisions and how to understand the ethical responsibilities that contraceptive and reproductive choices entail....Part IV turns to some of the particular concerns raised by long-acting contraceptives in developing countries." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | ETHICS | POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy Document Number: 252431 |
| 26. Title: Family planning in Indonesia: a source of far-reaching controversy. A rejoinder to Breman and White. Author: Niehof A Source: BIJDRAEN. TOT DE TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE. 1996;152(1):148-51. Abstract: In this essay, the author defends herself from criticism of a review she wrote of the book "Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia's Experiences under the New Order." The author was charged with using her review as a vehicle for airing her own dissatisfaction with criticism and charges of coercion leveled at the Indonesian family planning (FP) program. In fact, only a third of the review is devoted to the topics of population and FP. The author also defends her point that criticisms of the FP program led to serious repercussions that weakened bilateral relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands. She recapitulates the events leading to Indonesia's decision to reject Dutch aid. In 1990, articles appeared in the Indonesian press charging that men had been forced to accept sterilization. Further fuel was added to the fire by inaccurate charges that Indonesian women were receiving contraceptive injections upon marriage when, in fact, they were receiving tetanus immunization. In February 1991, the Netherlands informed Indonesia that it was suspending development assistance until the charges of coercion could be investigated. The Dutch mission arrived in May to investigate programs that had already been suspended along with their funding. In November, the Dili massacre occurred. In January 1992, the Hague decided to resume cooperation in the field of population and FP, but, in March, Indonesia decided to reject all development assistance from the Netherlands. Thus, while the Dili massacre played a major role in the crisis, and the Dutch criticism may have been warranted, the FP controversy definitely contributed to the deterioration of bilateral relations. While allegations of coercion should be investigated, it must be remembered that coercion is not part of the Indonesian FP policy. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | NETHERLANDS | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | FOREIGN AID | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 116510 |
| 27. Title: Contraceptive implants: friend or foe? Source: PHNFLASH: ELECTRONIC NEWSLETTER ON POPULATION, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION. 1995 Oct 25;(93):1. Abstract: Many contraceptive implant specialists provided an overview of current contraceptive implant technology and practice to the staff of the World Bank on July 18, 1995. The Director of the UNDP/UNFPA/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction informed the audience about the history of implant technology. The chief investigator of many clinical trials of contraceptive implants in Chile discussed the mechanisms of action of implants and the benefits and disadvantages of the various types of implants that are available or under development. The only contraceptive implant on the market is Norplant, which more than 3 million women currently use. Most Norplant users live in Indonesia, followed by users in the US. Providers insert the 6 progestin-releasing rods in the upper arm, which provides protection from pregnancy for 5 years. Norplant acceptors may request removal of rods at any time. Many people are concerned that Norplant users may not have timely access to removal of the implants when they want them to be removed. Another concern is the potential for coercion since Norplant requires assistance of a medical provider to start and end use. Many women's groups in developing countries share these concerns and have protested against Norplant. As a result, developers of contraceptive implants and representatives of women's groups have met to discuss these concerns. More discussions will be needed to make sure that developers adequately address these concerns. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | INDONESIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WORLD BANK | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Organizations | International Agencies Document Number: 110241 |
| 28. Title: Tetanus vaccine may be laced with anti-fertility drug. International / developing countries. Source: VACCINE WEEKLY. 1995 May 29 - Jun 5;:9-10. Abstract: A priest, president of Human Life International (HLI) based in Maryland, has asked Congress to investigate reports of women in some developing countries unknowingly receiving a tetanus vaccine laced with the anti-fertility drug human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). If it is true, he wants Congress to publicly condemn the mass vaccinations and to cut off funding to UN agencies and other involved organizations. The natural hormone hCG is needed to maintain pregnancy. The hormone would produce antibodies against hCG to prevent pregnancy. In the fall of 1994, the Pro Life Committee of Mexico was suspicious of the protocols for the tetanus toxoid campaign because they excluded all males and children and called for multiple injections of the vaccine in only women of reproductive age. Yet, one injection provides protection for at least 10 years. The Committee had vials of the tetanus vaccine analyzed for hCG. It informed HLI about the tetanus toxoid vaccine. HLI then told its World Council members and HLI affiliates in more than 60 countries. Similar tetanus vaccines laced with hCG have been uncovered in the Philippines and in Nicaragua. In addition to the World Health Organization (WHO), other organizations involved in the development of an anti-fertility vaccine using hCG include the UN Population Fund, the UN Development Programme, the World Bank, the Population Council, the Rockefeller Foundation, the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, and Uppsala, Helsinki, and Ohio State universities. The priest objects that, if indeed the purpose of the mass vaccinations is to prevent pregnancies, women are uninformed, unsuspecting, and unconsenting victims. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | VACCINES | TETANUS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | WHO | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Infections | Diseases | Contraception, Immunological | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 105281 |
| 29. Title: Reproductive responsibility and long-acting contraceptives. Author: Arras JD; Blustein J Source: HASTINGS CENTER REPORT. 1995 Jan-Feb;25(1 Suppl):S27-9. Abstract: The right to reproduce is regarded as fundamental in US society. It is, however, irresponsible for individuals of reproductive age to conceive and bear children for whom they will not be able to meet the child rearing responsibilities. The author notes that the state may try to encourage reproductive responsibility in a number of ways. For example, the state can inform men and women about various reproductive risks or provide nondiscriminatory, noncoercive incentives to stay in school and delay childbearing. Other measures, such as conditioning welfare benefits on the acceptance of a long-term contraceptive, however, seem to invite coercive and discriminatory treatment of minority group members and the poor, and to infringe upon the reproductive freedom of disadvantaged individuals. The notion of reproductive responsibility is of limited usefulness with regard to social policy. The concept of reproductive responsibility can help guide the formulation of public policy to noncoercive ends, but must not be called upon to justify coercive state intervention in reproductive behavior to meet even the most narrowly focused objectives. Language: English Keywords: PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | POPULATION CONTROL | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | DEPO-PROVERA | HUMAN RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | ETHICS | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Policy | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 105053 |
| 30. Title: Long-term contraceptives in the criminal justice system. Author: Dresser R Source: HASTINGS CENTER REPORT. 1995 Jan-Feb;25(1 Supp):S15-8. Abstract: Three weeks after Norplant was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, it was incorporated into the sentence imposed upon a woman convicted of child abuse. It became quickly apparent that this long-acting contraceptive device created to expand the degree of women's reproductive freedom could also be a tool of the state. The Illinois legislature has prohibited contraceptive sentencing, but the practice could be legally permissible in other jurisdictions. The author considers whether the approach can be justified on moral and policy grounds to conclude that long-term contraceptives and other punitive measures to solve the problems of abused and neglected children are shortsighted at best. Contraceptive sentencing can have only the most minimal impact upon the incidence of child abuse and neglect. A governmental system which was really serious about protecting children from abuse and neglect would include a probation office with enough employees to implement all types of court-ordered probation conditions, high-quality counseling and education for overwhelmed parents, help for substance-abusing parents and job and educational training for those in need of employment, a child protective services system which responds promptly to reports of abuse and neglect, teacher training programs on the detection of children at risk, regular health care by professionals familiar with the signs of abuse and neglect, and good prenatal care and full family planning services for poor women. Energies should be directed toward developing and supporting such a system. Language: English Keywords: PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | PRISONERS | CHILD ABUSE | COURT DECISION | LEGISLATION | ETHICS | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Crime | Social Problems | Litigation Document Number: 105050 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |