| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway. Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88. Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups. Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 331296 |
2.  Title: Interventions for pain with intrauterine device insertion. Author: Allen RH; Bartz D; Grimes DA; Hubacher D; O'Brien P Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(3):CD007373. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fear of pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a barrier to use of this contraceptive method. Interventions for pain during IUD insertion include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local cervical anesthetics, and cervical ripening agents such as misoprostol. OBJECTIVES: To review all randomized controlled trials that have evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the computerized databases MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE for relevant trials. We also examined reference lists of pertinent articles and wrote to known investigators for information about other published or unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. The intervention could be compared to a placebo or another active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently abstracted data from relevant trials and data were entered into RevMan 5.0 for analysis. For dichotomous variables, the Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was calculated. For continuous variables, the mean differences with 95% confidence interval was computed. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials met the inclusion criteria; the total number of participants was 2204. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of varying types and doses were not effective for reducing pain during IUD insertion. Misoprostol for cervical ripening did not reduce pain with IUD insertion in nulliparous women. Two trials evaluated pain that occurs after IUD insertion using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In one trial, naproxen taken prior to IUD insertion was effective in reducing pain compared with placebo in the first two hours after IUD insertion in mostly nulliparous women. However, this trial utilized the Dalkon Shield, an IUD with a wider diameter than modern IUDs. In another trial, ibuprofen 600 mg taken before IUD insertion did not show evidence of an effect on pain four to six hours after IUD insertion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No interventions that have been properly evaluated reduce pain during or after IUD insertion. One poorly controlled trial suggested that topical lidocaine gel may reduce insertion-related pain and warrants further investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | DENMARK | SWEDEN | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | IUD | INSERTION | PAIN | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MISOPROSTOL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Europe, Northern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342475 |
| 3. Title: Hysteroscopic female sterilization with Essure in an outpatient setting. Author: Andersson S; Eriksson S; Mints M Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(6):743-6. Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the short and long-term results of hysteroscopic sterilization in an outpatient setting. Sixty-one women underwent hysteroscopic sterilization. At follow-up, all of the women were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning possible pregnancy, bleeding patterns, side-effects, or need for further therapy after sterilization. Technical feasibility, complications, patient satisfaction, and tubal occlusion based on X-ray or ultrasound were measured. Fifty-eight (95%) women were sterilized according to this method. Successful bilateral device placement was achieved in 52 women (85%) during the first attempt and in six (9.8%) during the second. A total of 50 (81.9%) women submitted completed outcome questionnaires. The mean follow-up period was 23 (range 7-67) months. No pregnancies were reported. All questionnaire respondents expressed overall satisfaction with the procedure. To conclude, Essure sterilization is a safe effective method for female sterilization thatis feasible in the outpatient setting. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | HYSTEROSCOPY | COMPLICATIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | TUBAL OCCLUSION | SATISFACTION | SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Treatment | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health Document Number: 341444 |
| 4. Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future. Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15. Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341675 |
| 5. Title: Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism. Author: Bergendal A; Odlind V; Persson I; Kieler H Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(3):261-266. Abstract: Objective. To assess the current knowledge concerning progestogen-only contraception (POC) and risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Design and setting. Systematic review of the literature on observational and analytical studies reporting risk estimates for VTE in women exposed to POCs. Methods and main outcome measures. We performed a computerized literature search in the Pub Med, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 1966 and February 13, 2008. Based on the evaluated studies we calculated an overall risk estimate for VTE in association with POC. Results. Four case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Of the case-control studies, three reported an increased risk and one a decreased risk of VTE. The cohort study found divergent results depending on the type of statistical analysis used. None of the results was statistically significant. The overall odds ratio for POC-associated VTE in the four case-control studies was 1.45 (95% CI=0.92-2.26). Conclusions. The risk of VTE associated with use of POCs is poorly investigated. The slightly elevated overall risk estimate might suggest an association between POC and an increased risk for VTE. The results must, however, be interpreted with caution due to the possibility of residual confounding. Well-designed studies with sufficient statistical power to evaluate risks of VTE with POC are warranted. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329655 |
| 6. Title: Prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor for tubo-ovarian abscess. Author: Charonis G; Larsson PG Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(6):680-684. Abstract: Objective. The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most preferred method of reversible contraception in the world today. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently recommends that women who had a copper IUCD inserted around age 40 do not need to have it extracted until one year after the menopause. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Skovde Central Hospital, Sweden. Population. All 114 women receiving in-patient treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over five years between January 2001 and December 2005. Methods. Comparison between cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses and salpingitis with focus on the effects of IUCDs used continually for >5 years after insertion. Main outcome measures. Age-adjusted risk of PID within or after five years of use, microbiological findings in blood, intraabdominal pus, cervical secretions or on extracted IUCDs. Results. There were 31 cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses, 63 of salpingitis, four of endometritis, and 16 of mild genital infection. When comparing women with the same IUCD>5 years to women having the same IUCDLanguage: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | IUD | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 341046 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent sexual behavior during periods of increase and decrease in the abortion rate. Author: Falah-Hassani K; Kosunen E; Shiri R; Jokela J; Liinamo A; Rimpela A Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jul;114(1):79-86. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study changes in adolescent sexual behavior in periods of increase (1994-2000) and decrease (2001-2007) in the abortion rate. METHODS: School surveys with self-administered questionnaires were carried out annually among eighth graders (mean age 14.8 years) and ninth graders (mean age 15.8 years) (N=286,665) in 1996/1997 and 2006/2007. Schools participated biennially. The proportions of respondents reporting noncoital (kissing, light petting, heavy petting) and coital (ever had sexual intercourse, intercourse at least 10 times, at least three partners) sexual experience and nonuse of contraception were studied. RESULTS: Among adolescents, both coital and noncoital sexual experiences and the proportion of those not using contraception increased between 1996-1997 and 2000-2001 (P for trend <.01, all) and decreased from 2000-2001 onward (P<.001, all), except the proportion of at least 10 coital events, which did not decrease. Among sexually experienced adolescents, a similar increase in coital experiences (intercourse at least 10 times from 38.2% to 41.5%, at least three partners from 27.8% to 30.7%, P<.001) and in not using contraception (from 17.2% to 19.1%, P=.002) was seen before 2000-2001, but after that the only significant change was a further increase in the proportion of those reporting intercourse at least 10 times (from 41.5% to 47.8%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: The proportion of adolescents reporting noncoital sexual experiences, intercourse, or not using contraception increased in the 1990s and decreased in the 2000s, reflecting the changes in the abortion rate. However, as the abortion rate decreased, the intensity of sexual activity further increased among sexually experienced adolescents, suggesting that the fall in the abortion rate may be due to contraception and more effective sexual education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABORTION RATE | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 342595 Notification |
| 8. Title: Use of combined oral contraceptives alters metabolic determinants and genetic regulation of C-reactive protein. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Author: Haarala A; Eklund C; Pessi T; Lehtimaki T; Huupponen R; Jula A; Viikari J; Raitakari O; Hurme M Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2009;69(2):168-74. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) is known to increase concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), an important predictor of cardiovascular disease. The inflammatory nature of the disease is well acknowledged. The aim of this study was to find out whether the metabolic, lifestyle and genetic determinants of CRP differ between women who use COCs and those who do not use any hormonal contraceptives (non-users). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1,257 women (24-39 years) participated in the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, a population based cross-sectional follow-up study. Use of hormonal contraceptives was determined by questionnaire. Plasma CRP and other cardiovascular risk factors were measured; five CRP gene polymorphisms were genotyped (-717A>G, -286C>T>A, +1059G>C, +1444C>T and +1846G>A) and CRP haplotypes were constructed. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that BMI and leptin were the main determinants of CRP in non-users, whereas in COC users the main determinants were BMI, leptin and triglycerides. The median CRP and triglyceride values were significantly higher in COC users than in non-users. The correlations between triglyceride and CRP were tested separately in different COC users in accordance with progestagen content and dosage, the analysis revealing significant association only in women using a high dosage of progestagen or cyproterone. The haplotypes of CRP gene had no significant association with CRP concentration in COC users, while independent effects on CRP were found in non-users. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that use of COCs alters the metabolic determinants and genetic regulation of CRP. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | BODY WEIGHT | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341244 |
| 9. Title: Effect of administration of oral contraceptives in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon and muscle connective tissue in young women. Author: Hansen M; Miller BF; Holm L; Doessing S; Petersen SG; Skovgaard D; Frystyk J; Flyvbjerg A; Koskinen S; Pingel J; Kjaer M; Langberg H Source: Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 Apr;106(4):1435-43. Abstract: Women are at greater risk than men for certain kinds of diseases and injuries, which may at least partly be caused by sex hormonal differences. We aimed to test the influence of estradiol in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon, bone, and muscle. Two groups of young, healthy women similar in age, body composition, and exercise-training status were included. The two groups were either habitual users of oral contraceptives exposed to a high concentration of synthetic estradiol and progestogens (OC, n = 11), or non-OC-users tested in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by low concentrations of estradiol and progesterone (control, n = 12). Subjects performed 1 h of one-legged kicking exercise. The next day collagen fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in tendon and muscle connective tissue were measured after a flooding dose of [(13)C]proline followed by biopsies from the patellar tendon and vastus lateralis in both legs. Simultaneously, microdialysis catheters were inserted in vastus lateralis and in front of the patellar tendon for measurement of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins. Serum NH(2)-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) and urine COOH-terminal telopeptides of type-I collagen (CTX-I) were measured as markers for bone synthesis and breakdown, respectively. Tendon FSR and PINP were lower in OC compared with control. An increase in muscle collagen FSR postexercise was only observed in control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results indicate a lower bioavailability of IGF-I in OC. In conclusion, synthetic female sex hormones administered as OC had an inhibiting effect on collagen synthesis in tendon, bone, and muscle connective tissue, which may be related to a lower bioavailability of IGF-I. Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | FITNESS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | SKELETAL EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 341364 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Can the outcome of the next pregnancy be predicted at the time of induced abortion? Author: Heikinheimo O; Gissler M; Suhonen S Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Apr;24(4):820-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Factors predicting the outcome of the next pregnancy following termination of pregnancy (TOP) are poorly known. METHODS: A cohort of 1269 women undergoing medical TOP between 2000 and 2002 were followed up until the next pregnancy or until the end of 2006, using registers of induced abortion, births and hospital discharges. Factors associated with repeat TOP, delivery and failed pregnancy were analysed. RESULTS: During the mean (+/-SD) follow-up period of 4.2 +/- 1.5 years, 446 (35%) women had at least one subsequent pregnancy. Of these, 207 (46%) resulted in delivery, 169 (38%) in repeat TOP and 16% in failed pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, parity [hazard ratio (HR) 3.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-6.91] and history of TOP (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.10-2.33) were risk factors of repeat TOP. Age above 25 years (HR < or = 0.46) and the use of intrauterine contraception (HR < or = 0.45) were associated with reduced risks of repeat TOP. However, only age between 25 and 29 years was associated with an increased probability of delivery (HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.45-4.11). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors of repeat TOP are more clearly defined than factors associated with delivery. An increased focus on young women, those with a history of TOP and parous women, might be effective in reducing repeat TOP. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ABORTION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health | Contraception Document Number: 341660 |
| 11. Title: Contraception and HIV infection in women. Author: Heikinheimo O; Lahteenmaki P Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 Mar-Apr;15(2):165-76. Abstract: BACKGROUND: More than 15 million women, many of reproductive age, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the end of 2007. As the HIV epidemic evolves, heterosexual intercourse is increasingly risky: the risk of infection in exposed young women is 4- to 7-fold higher than in young men and nearly half a million newborns annually have HIV. This review aims to show the effect of contraceptive choices on risk of HIV and on the course of disease in women with HIV. METHODS: Relevant citations were selected by agreement between the authors after a search of MEDLINE using the terms HIV/AIDS and contraception. RESULTS: Risk of transmission of HIV varies from 1 in 200 to 1 in 10 000 coital incidents, depending in part on the integrity of the vaginal epithelium. Consistent use of male condoms has been proven to reduce horizontal transmission of HIV by 80% among HIV-serodiscordant couples. Hormonal contraception may increase the risk of HIV acquisition in high-risk women such as commercial sex workers, but not in women at low risk of HIV. While hormonal contraception did not affect progression of disease in two cohort studies involving 370 women, in a randomized trial among women not receiving antiretroviral medication, clinical disease accelerated in the oral contraception group (13.2/100 woman-years) compared with the copper intrauterine devices group (8.6/100 woman-years; hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.1). Hormonal contraception does not interfere with antiviral drug effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: All the available reversible contraceptive methods can generally be used by women at risk of HIV infection and by HIV-infected women. Further studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficiency of hormonal contraception in women living with HIV/AIDS. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330966 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk of urinary incontinence symptoms in oral contraceptive users: a national cohort study from the Swedish Twin Register. Author: Iliadou A; Milsom I; Pedersen NL; Altman D Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug;92(2):428-33. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of oral contraceptives on lower urinary tract dysfunction in premenopausal women. DESIGN: Nationwide cohort study. SETTING: National registry. PATIENT(S): A total of 10,791 women (born 1959-1985) from the population- based Swedish Twin Registry who participated in a web-based survey of common diseases. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Symptoms of urinary incontinence. RESULT(S): For users of oral contraception there was a significantly reduced risk for symptoms of stress urinary incontinence, mixed urinary incontinence, and urgency urinary incontinence. The reduction remained significant when adjusting for age, body mass index, and pregnancy history. A reduced prevalence of symptoms of overactive bladder in oral contraceptive users was also observed although the association was nonsignificant. There were no significant associations between lower urinary tract symptoms and women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device compared with noncontraceptive users, with the exception of nocturia. CONCLUSION(S): Oral contraceptive use reduces the overall risk for symptoms of urinary incontinence. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342587 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: High fertility in city suburbs: compositional or contextual effects? La fecondite elevee dans les banlieues urbaines: effets de composition ou de contexte? Author: Kulu H; Boyle PJ Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 May;25(2):157-174. Abstract: Fertility rates are known to be higher in city suburbs. One interpretation is that the suburban 'context' influences the behaviour of individuals who reside there while an alternative is that the 'composition' of the suburban population explains the higher fertility levels. Furthermore, suburban in-migrants who intend to have children may have a significant influence on suburban fertility rates. Using Finnish longitudinal register data we show that fertility rates are higher in the suburbs and rural areas and lower in the cities. Fertility variation across these residential contexts decreases significantly after controlling for women's demographic and socio-economic characteristics. However, it does not disappear entirely suggesting that the local context may have some influence on fertility. While movers to suburbs do display higher fertility levels than non-migrant residents, their overall impact is not great because they form a small share of the suburban population. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | RESIDENTIAL SELECTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution Document Number: 340173 |
| 14. Title: Risk-taking behaviour is more frequent in teenage girls with multiple sexual partners. Author: Kuortti M; Kosunen E Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2009;27(1):47-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between sexual behaviour and risk-taking health behaviour among adolescent females in our changing sexual culture. DESIGN: A questionnaire study. Girls who had had multiple sexual partners (at least five in their lifetime or four during the last six months) were compared with those with fewer partners. Logistic regression was applied. SETTING: The Adolescent Clinic, a primary healthcare unit in the city of Tampere, Finland. SUBJECTS: A sample of 247 female clients aged 15-18 years who had experienced sexual intercourse. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Contraceptive practices, substance use, and sexual attitudes. RESULTS: Girls with multiple sexual partners (n = 69) and the reference group (n = 178) did not differ from each other significantly by age, age at menarche, or educational status. In univariate analysis, age at sexual debut, contraceptive practices, and various substance uses were strongly associated with having multiple sexual partners. Ever-use of emergency contraception was marginally associated, while ever-use of conventional hormonal contraception or condoms was not. In multivariate analysis, low age at sexual debut (OR 8.75 for age 11-13), omitting contraception at the most recent intercourse (OR 3.48), ever-use of withdrawal as a contraceptive method (OR 2.34), and repeated use of drugs (OR 4.10) were associated with having multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSION: Different types of risk-taking behaviour are still interlinked. In discussions with adolescents showing one type of risk behaviour health service providers should make an effort to identify other modes of risk-taking. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 330352 |
| 15. Title: Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. Author: Lidegaard O; Lokkegaard E; Svendsen AL; Agger C Source: BMJ. 2009;339:b2890. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of venous thrombosis in current users of different types of hormonal contraception, focusing on regimen, oestrogen dose, type of progestogen, and route of administration. DESIGN: National cohort study. SETTING: Denmark, 1995-2005. PARTICIPANTS: Danish women aged 15-49 with no history of cardiovascular or malignant disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adjusted rate ratios for all first time deep venous thrombosis, portal thrombosis, thrombosis of caval vein, thrombosis of renal vein, unspecified deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism during the study period. RESULTS: 10.4 million woman years were recorded, 3.3 million woman years in receipt of oral contraceptives. In total, 4213 venous thrombotic events were observed, 2045 in current users of oral contraceptives. The overall absolute risk of venous thrombosis per 10 000 woman years in non-users of oral contraceptives was 3.01 and in current users was 6.29. Compared with non-users of combined oral contraceptives the rate ratio of venous thrombembolism in current users decreased with duration of use (<1 year 4.17, 95% confidence interval 3.73 to 4.66, 1-4 years 2.98, 2.73 to 3.26, and >4 years 2.76, 2.53 to 3.02; P<0.001) and with decreasing dose of oestrogen. Compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel and with the same dose of oestrogen and length of use, the rate ratio for oral contraceptives with norethisterone was 0.98 (0.71 to 1.37), with norgestimate 1.19 (0.96 to 1.47), with desogestrel 1.82 (1.49 to 2.22), with gestodene 1.86 (1.59 to 2.18), with drospirenone 1.64 (1.27 to 2.10), and with cyproterone 1.88 (1.47 to 2.42). Compared with non-users of oral contraceptives, the rate ratio for venous thromboembolism in users of progestogen only oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel or norethisterone was 0.59 (0.33 to 1.03) or with 75 mug desogestrel was 1.12 (0.36 to 3.49), and for hormone releasing intrauterine devices was 0.90 (0.64 to 1.26). CONCLUSION: The risk of venous thrombosis in current users of combined oral contraceptives decreases with duration of use and decreasing oestrogen dose. For the same dose of oestrogen and the same length of use, oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone were associated with a significantly higher risk of venous thrombosis than oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. Progestogen only pills and hormone releasing intrauterine devices were not associated with any increased risk of venous thrombosis. Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | THROMBOSIS | PULMONARY EMBOLISM | ESTROGENS | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342468 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use and pregnancy outcome in three generations of Swedish female teenagers from the same urban population. Author: Lindh I; Blohm F; Andersson-Ellstrom A; Milsom I Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):163-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary objective of the study was to describe contraceptive use, reasons for discontinuation of contraception and pregnancy outcome in three generations of female teenagers over a period of 20 years. The secondary objective was to describe the relationship between contraception, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of 19-year-old women born in 1962, 1972 and 1982 and living in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1981, 1991 and 2001 was conducted. Contraceptive use, pregnancy outcome, smoking and weight/height were assessed by a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Current contraceptive use was unchanged between the 62 (60%) and 72 cohorts (62%) but had increased (p<.01) in the 82 cohort (78%); there was no difference in contraceptive use between SES groups at any time. Condom use alone increased over time (p<.01), and the use of oral contraception and a condom together had increased in the 72 and 82 cohorts compared to the 62 cohort (p<.01). Reasons given for using and discontinuing oral contraceptives in three generations of teenagers were studied over 20 years. In addition to contraception, oral contraception was used to reduce dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding. Discontinuation due to bleeding disturbances decreased (p<.01) over time, whereas discontinuation due to mental side effects increased (p<.01). The percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age in the 82 cohort (7%) was lower (p<.01) than in the 1962 (11%) and 1972 (13%) cohorts. However, there was a successive increase (p<.001) in the percentage of women who had been pregnant more than once at < or =19 years of age (1962/1972/1982: pregnant more than once, 8%/21%/31%). Smoking decreased over time (p<.01) and was no longer related to SES in the 82 cohort. BMI increased (p<.01) over time. There was no difference in BMI between SES groups in the 62 and 72 cohorts but was higher in the low-SES group in the 82 cohort compared to the middle (p<.01) and high (p<.05) SES groups. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive use was higher in the 82 cohort where there was a corresponding reduction in the percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts. Discontinuation of oral contraception due to mental side effects increased over time. The prevalence of smoking decreased and BMI increased, and there were changes in smoking prevalence and BMI in the different SES groups over time. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | TOBACCO USE | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342305 |
| 17. Title: Oral contraception, body mass index, and asthma: A cross-sectional Nordic-Baltic population survey. Author: Macsali F; Gomez Real F; Reidar Omenaas E; Bjorge L; Janson C; Franklin K; Svanes C Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009 Jan 2;123:391-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that sex steroid hormones may influence airways obstruction, and that metabolic status may modify potential effects. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and asthma in a Nordic-Baltic population-based study, while taking into account possible interplay with body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Postal questionnaires were sent to subjects in Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden from 1999 to 2001 (response rate in women, 77%). Pregnant women, women using hormone replacement therapy, and women >45 years were excluded. Analyses included 5791 women 25 to 44 years old, of whom 961 (17%) used OCP. Logistic regression analyses included adjustment for smoking, irregular menstruation, BMI, age, type of dwelling, and center. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive pills were associated with increased risk for asthma (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09-1.86), asthma with hay fever (1.48; 1.08-2.03), wheeze with shortness ofbreath (1.27; 1.02-1.60), hay fever (1.25; 1.06-1.48), and >/=3 asthma symptoms (1.29; 1.05-1.58). The findings were consistent between centers. The associations were present only among normal weight women (BMI 20-25 kg/m(2), asthma: 1.45; 1.02-2.05) and overweight women (BMI >25kg/m(2): 1.91; 1.20-3.02), but not among lean women (BMI <20 kg/m(2): 0.41; 0.12-1.40). Interaction between BMI and OCP in association with asthma was significant (P(interaction) < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Women using oral contraceptive pills had more asthma. This was found only in normal weight and overweight women, indicating interplay between sex hormones and metabolic status in effect on the airways. The findings originate from a cross-sectional postal survey and should be interpreted with caution; it is recommended that asthma symptoms are included in clinical trials of oral contraception. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | ASTHMA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Pulmonary Effects | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 329675 |
| 18. Title: Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of women of reproductive age is positively associated with oral contraceptive use and physical activity. Author: Magnusardottir AR; Steingrimsdottir L; Thorgeirsdottir H; Gunnlaugsson G; Skuladottir GV Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009 Jan;80(1):27-32. Abstract: Optimal intake of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and proper balance between intake of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA are important for human health. Considerable evidence exists to show that DHA has a marked benefit during pregnancy. Lifestyle factors can affect the biosynthesis of DHA from dietary precursors, incorporation into membranes and degradation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the PUFA composition of red blood cells (RBCs) from women (n=40) in reproductive age, and how it is affected by diet and other lifestyle factors. Of all the lifestyle factors tested oral contraceptive use and physical activity were the ones correlated with DHA in RBCs, after adjustment for DHA intake. The findings indicate that oral contraceptive use and physical activity have a positive impact on the DHA status, as assessed by RBC level, of women in reproductive age. Language: English Keywords: ICELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DIET | NUTRITION | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 330996 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model. Author: Meng CX; Andersson KL; Bentin-Ley U; Gemzell-Danielsson K; Lalitkumar PG Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Jan;91(1):256-64. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on the expression of endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional endometrial construct. DESIGN: In vitro study. SETTING: University hospital and research laboratory. PATIENT(S): Twelve fertile donors. INTERVENTION(S): Timed endometrial biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Examine the effect of levonorgestrel along with another well-studied fertility-regulating drug, mifepristone, on the expression of endometrial receptivity factors in a three-dimensional stromal and epithelial cell coculture model by immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S): Both epithelial and stromal cells of in vitro endometrial construct showed the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha, estrogen receptor-beta, progesterone receptors-(A+B), vascular endothelial growth factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-1 beta, and cyclooxygenase-2, whereas the expression of progesterone receptor-B (AR), integrin alpha(V)beta(3,) and MUC1 were confined to epithelialcells. Mifepristone up-regulated expression of epithelial estrogen receptor-beta and progesterone receptor-B and down-regulated stromal vascular endothelial growth factor and surface molecules MUC1 and integrin alpha(V)beta(3) as observed in vivo. Levonorgestrel had no effect on the expression of endometrial receptivity markers studied. CONCLUSION(S): This in vitro model expresses progesterone-regulated endometrial receptivity factors seen in the physiologic condition. Treatment with levonorgestrel did not affect the expression of these endometrial receptivity markers in contrast to mifepristone. This in vitro model holds the potential to study endometrial receptivity, the embryo-endometrial interaction, and develop new agents for fertility control. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | DECIDUAL CELL REACTION | FERTILITY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Cytologic Effects | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329592 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Expressions of steroid receptors and Ki67 in first-trimester decidua and chorionic villi exposed to levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception. Author: Meng CX; Cheng LN; Lalitkumar PG; Zhang L; Zhang HJ; Gemzell-Danielsson K Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Apr;91(4 Suppl):1420-3. Abstract: Levonorgestrel (1.5 mg) is commonly used for emergency contraception to prevent an unwanted pregnancy after an unprotected intercourse. We found that postovulatory administration of 1.5 mg of levonorgestrel to women with a subsequent or existing early pregnancy did not affect the immunohistochemical expressions of estrogen receptors (ER(alpha), ER(beta)), P receptors (PR(B), PR(A+B)), androgen receptor (AR), or proliferation index Ki67 in the first-trimester decidua and chorionic villi. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | HORMONE RECEPTORS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 331189 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Frequency and risk factors for repeat abortions after surgical compared with medical termination of pregnancy. Author: Niinimaki M; Pouta A; Bloigu A; Gissler M; Hemminki E; Suhonen S; Heikinheimo O Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Apr;113(4):845-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and risk factors for repeat abortions after surgical compared with medical termination of pregnancy. METHODS: Frequency of and risk factors for repeat abortions after medical (performed with mifepristone alone, or with a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or other prostaglandins) compared with surgical (dilation and curettage, or vacuum aspiration) termination of pregnancy were studied using Finnish national health registries. The cohort consisted of 40,360 women undergoing termination of pregnancy between 2000 and 2005 (19,841 medical and 20,519 surgical abortions) with duration of gestation of 63 days or less. Univariable and multivariable association models were used in connection with various factors associated with repeat abortion. The mean (+/-standard deviation) follow-up times were 3.0 (+/-1.5) and 4.3 (+/-1.9) years, respectively. RESULTS: Women choosing surgical and medical abortion differed subtly, but significantly in several respects. The total number of repeat terminations was 37.9 per follow-up year per 1,000 after surgical termination of pregnancy and 40.4 after medical termination of pregnancy (P=.01). However, medical termination of pregnancy was not linked to an increased risk of another abortion when compared with surgical methods (hazard ratio [HR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.04). In multivariable analysis, the risk factors for repeat abortion were parity (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.85-2.14), previous abortion(s) (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.60-1.82), low socioeconomic status (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.39), and being unmarried but cohabiting (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.25) or single (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15-1.36). The risk of repeat termination of pregnancy decreased with age, among women living in rural areas, and when intrauterine devices or sterilization were planned for future contraception. CONCLUSION: The risk of repeat abortion is associated with various sociodemographic characteristics. The method of abortion used is not a risk factor for repeat termination of pregnancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Health | Economic Factors Document Number: 341228 Notification |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: The socio-demographic patterning of sexual risk behaviour: a survey of young men in Finland and Estonia. Author: Nikula M; Gissler M; Jormanainen V; Laanpere M; Kunnas H; Haavio-Mannila E; Hemminki E Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):256. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among the youth are an increasing challenge for public health in Europe. This study provided estimates of men's (18-25 years) sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs and their socio-demographic patterning in Finland and Estonia; two countries that are geographically close, but have very different STI epidemics. METHOD: Nationally representative cross-sectional population surveys with comparable survey questions were used. Data from self-administered questionnaires for 1765 men aged 18-25 years in Finland (85% of the age cohort was included in the sampling frame, 95% of the sample responded) and 748 in Estonia, with a response rate of 43% respectively, were analysed. Socio-demographic patterning of multiple partners, condom use and self-reported STIs are presented was studied using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The main findings focus on associations found within each country. In Finland, higher age, low education and to a lesser extent relationship with a non-steady partner increased the likelihood of reporting multiple lifetime-partners, while in Estonia only higher age and low education revealed this effect. In relation to unprotected intercourse, in Finland, higher age, low education and relationship status with a steady partner increased the likelihood of reporting unprotected intercourse. In Estonia, the same was observed only for relationship status. In Finland the likelihood of self-reported STIs increased by older age and lower education and decreased by being with a non-steady partner, while in Estonia, a non-significant increase in self-reported STIs was observed only in the older age group. CONCLUSION: A clear socio-demographic patterning for sexual behaviour and self-reported STIs was revealed in Finland, but a less consistent trend was seen in Estonia. The findings of this study suggest that prevention strategies should focus in Finland on less educated singles and in Estonia on young men generally. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | ESTONIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | QUESTIONNAIRES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Europe, Eastern | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342288 |
| 23. Title: Maternal Use of Oral Contraceptives During Early Pregnancy and Risk of Hypospadias in Male Offspring. Author: Norgaard M; Wogelius P; Pedersen L; Rothman KJ; Sorensen HT Source: Urology. 2009 Jul 8; Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between maternal use of oral contraceptives in early pregnancy and increased prevalence of hypospadias in male offspring. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based case-control study using data from nationwide medical databases. Among live male births between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2005, we identified all cases of hypospadias recorded anytime postpartum (n = 1683) and randomly selected 10 controls per case without such a diagnosis (n = 15 650), matched by year and hospital of birth. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate prevalence ratios stratified according to time of diagnosis (within 6 months postpartum, >6 months postpartum), controlling for potential confounding factors including maternal age, birth order, maternal smoking, prescriptions for ovulation-inducing drugs, antiepileptics, and antidiabetics, and a maternal diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: We included 1683 cases of hypospadias and 15 650 population controlsduring 1996-2005. Among the 1186 boys who had their hypospadias diagnosis recorded within 6 months postpartum, 28 (2.4%) had been exposed to oral contraceptives between 30 days before conception until the end of the first trimester. Among the controls, 307 (2.8%) were similarly exposed, corresponding to a prevalence ratio of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.57-1.27) after adjusting for possible confounders. For a diagnosis registered >6 months postpartum, the adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.61-2.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support the hypothesis that maternal use of oral contraceptives around conception is associated with an increased prevalence of hypospadias in the offspring. Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | INFANT | BIRTH DEFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 342127 |
| 24. Title: Breast feeding, but not use of oral contraceptives, is associated with a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Author: Pikwer M; Bergstrom U; Nilsson JA; Jacobsson L; Berglund G; Turesson C Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2009 Apr;68(4):526-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breast feeding or the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) affects the future risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a community-based prospective cohort. METHODS: A community-based health survey (18 326 women) was linked to regional and national registers, and incident cases of RA were identified. All women with a diagnosis of RA after inclusion in the health survey (n = 136) and four female controls for every case, who were alive and free from RA when the index person was given a diagnosis of RA, were included in a case-control study. Data on lifestyle factors at baseline were derived from a self-administered questionnaire. Potential predictors were examined in logistic regression models. RESULTS: 136 women with incident RA were compared with 544 age-matched controls. A longer history of breast feeding was associated with a reduced risk of RA (OR 0.46 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.91) for women who had breast fed for >/=13 months and OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.20) for those who had breast fed for 1-12 months, compared with those who had never breast fed). The protective effect of longer breast feeding remained significant after adjustment for smoking and level of education in multivariate models, and point estimates were protective also when the analyses were restricted to parous women. Neither parity nor OC use had any significant effect on the risk of RA. CONCLUSION: In this study, long-term breast feeding, but not OC use, was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of RA. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | BREASTFEEDING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RHEUMATOID FACTOR | SKELETAL EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Autoantibodies | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 331290 |
| 25. Title: Mechanisms of thrombosis related to hormone therapy. Author: Sandset PM; Hoibraaten E; Eilertsen AL; Dahm A Source: Thrombosis Research. 2009;123 Suppl 2:S70-3. Abstract: Combined oral contraceptives and combined oral postmenopausal hormone therapy are associated with a weak, but clinically significant risk of arterial and venous thrombosis (VT). The effects are related to dose of estrogen and type of progestin. The main effects are increase in markers of activated coagulation, reduction in coagulation inhibitors, and acquired activated protein C resistance. Reduction in tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is probably an important mechanism, which predicts activation of coagulation and acquired resistance to activated protein C. Coagulation markers should be used as intermediate or surrogate markers in early pharmacodynamic studies to evaluate the risk associated with new formulations. Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | THROMBOSIS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | THROMBOEMBOLISM | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROTEINS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Hematological Effects | Hemic System Document Number: 341123 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Promotion of adolescent sexual health in primary care: survey in Finnish health centres. Author: Sannisto T; Kosunen E Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):27-38. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe adolescent sexual health services in primary care in Finland, focusing on services for contraceptive counselling, sexually transmitted infections and abortion. METHODS: Service provision, accessibility and practices were surveyed in all 63 health centre organizations (HCOs) in a hospital district in Western Finland via separate e-mailed questionnaires to chief physicians (n = 49, response rate 78%), directors of nursing (58, 92%), doctors (49, 78%) and nurses (62, 98%). RESULTS: Dedicated youth clinics existed in only three HCOs. In others, services were provided in family planning, maternity or outpatient clinics. The average wait for contraceptive consultation was 4.8 days to a nurse and 12.5 days to a doctor. In 15 HCOs doctors stipulated a minimum age for combined hormonal contraception. Free supply of contraceptives was often limited to initiation. On-site instructions for chlamydia screening existed in 11 HCOs. Nurses could test for chlamydia without doctor's involvement in 46 HCOs. School nurses participated actively in sexuality education in secondary schools. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent sexual health services were generally adequately available in the HCOs studied. However, services tailored for adolescents were rare. Some medical barriers to access to contraception were found. To improve the system, further involvement of nurses in service provision is recommended. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHLAMYDIA | ABORTION | COUNSELING | HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341235 Notification |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and premenstrual dysphoric symptoms in patients with experience of adverse mood during treatment with combined oral contraceptives. Author: Segebladh B; Borgstrom A; Odlind V; Bixo M; Sundstrom-Poromaa I Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):50-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Negative mood symptoms remain one of the major reasons for discontinuation of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs). The primary aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women with different experience of COCs. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty women currently on COCs with no report of adverse mood symptoms, 28 women currently on COCs and experiencing mood-related side effects, 33 women who had discontinued COC use due to adverse mood effects and 27 women who had discontinued COC use for reasons other than adverse mood symptoms were included. Ongoing psychiatric disorders were evaluated by a structured psychiatric interview and prevalence rates of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) were assessed by daily prospective ratings on the Cyclicity Diagnoser scale. RESULTS: Women with ongoing or past experience of COC-induced adverse mood, more often suffered from mood disorders than women with no reports of adverse mood while onCOC. The prevalence of prospectively defined PMS or PMDD did not differ between prior users with positive or negative experience. Women who had discontinued COC use due to adverse mood symptoms more often had had a legal abortion in the past. CONCLUSION: Women with ongoing or past self-reported adverse mood effects from COCs had a significantly increased prevalence of mood disorders. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | EVALUATION INDEXES | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | MENTAL DISORDERS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SIDE EFFECTS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | ANXIETY DISORDERS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330536 |
| 28. Title: Neuroendocrine response to violence during pregnancy--impact on duration of pregnancy and fetal growth. Author: Valladares E; Pena R; Ellsberg M; Persson LA; Hogberg U Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(7):818-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the neuroendocrine release of cortisol in response to perceived stress among pregnant women exposed to partner violence and how this affects the duration of pregnancy and the intrauterine growth of the infant. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community-based study. SETTING: Health and Demographic Surveillance System of Leon, Nicaragua. POPULATION: One-hundred and forty-seven pregnant women. METHODS: Standardized scales to measure intimate partner violence, social resources, perceived stress, and socio-economic conditions were applied. Two salivary samples for cortisol were collected in the morning and afternoon on the same day. Linear regression and path analysis were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cortisol levels, gestational age, and weight at delivery. RESULTS: Partner violence during the pregnancy, low social resources, and perceived maternal stress were associated with high level of salivary cortisol. Pregnant women with high cortisol levels were significantly more likely to give birth to small-for-gestational age babies, but not to deliver preterm. A substantial decrease of birthweight, 121-186 g, was associated with an increase in cortisol in association with violence exposure. CONCLUSION: Partner violence during pregnancy is a stressor that provokes high levels of cortisol, which is associated with reduction of birthweight. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | BIRTH WEIGHT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | IMPACT | STRESS | ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 342237 |
| 29. Title: Induced abortions in Danish cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study. Author: Winther JF; Boice JD Jr; Svendsen AL; Frederiksen K; Olsen JH Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2009 May 6;101(9):687-9. Abstract: To learn whether female cancer survivors are more likely to terminate a pregnancy by choice than other women, the occurrence of induced abortions was determined in a population-based cohort of 1688 childhood cancer survivors. Proportion ratios (PRs) were estimated from the ratio of the proportion of pregnancies that resulted in induced abortions among the survivors (or 16 700 randomly selected population control subjects) to the proportion among 2737 sisters of the survivors. The proportion of induced abortions among survivors (292 of 1479 [19.7%]) was marginally higher but not statistically significantly different from that among sisters (961 of 5092 [18.9%]; PR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 1.22) and similar to that of the population control subjects (5505 of 27 989 [19.7%]; PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.14). Survivors were not more likely than sisters and population control subjects to elect a second-trimester abortion because of physical and mental conditions or fetal abnormalities. Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ABORTION | WOMEN | SIBLINGS | CANCER | CHILD HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 341112 |
| 30. Title: Reproductive history, oral contraceptive use, and the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stoke in a cohort study of middle-aged Swedish women. Author: Yang L; Kuper H; Sandin S; Margolis KL; Chen Z; Adami HO; Weiderpass E Source: Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2009 Apr;40(4):1050-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Controversy persists as to whether oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive history play a role in the etiology of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke. Our aim was to investigate this question in a cohort of middle-aged Swedish women. METHODS: The Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study included 49259 Swedish women, aged 30 to 49 years at baseline (1991 to 1992). Participants completed an extensive questionnaire and were traced through linkages to national registries until the end of 2004. RESULTS: Among the 45699 women included in these analyses, there were 285 cases of incident stroke during follow-up (193 ischemic stroke, 72 hemorrhagic stroke, and 20 of unknown origin). Neither ischemic nor hemorrhagic stroke risk was related to OC use, duration, or type of OC use, even among women who were smokers or hypertensive. Though not statistically significant, risk of hemorrhagic stroke was elevated in women who started using OCs after the age of 30 (Hazard Ratio [HR] 2.3, 95% CI=0.8 to 6.8) and women recommended by a doctor to stop using OC for medical reasons (2.1, 0.9 to 5.0) compared with never users. Compared with nulliparous women, parous women had a statistically significant lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (0.5, 0.2 to 0.8), but similar association was not found for ischemic stroke (0.9, 0.5 to 1.4). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association of OC use with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, and the parity was associated with reduced risk of hemorrhagic stroke but not with ischemic stroke. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331084 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |