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4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

Title: Eliminating world poverty: Building our common future.
Author: Akkerhuys Z; Allan T; Andreyeva R; Arthy B; Chalinder P
Source: Norwich, United Kingdom, The Stationery Office, 2009 Jul. 154 p.
Abstract: The White Paper represents a fundamental shift in the way the UK delivers development aid, refocusing resources onto fragile countries and for the first time treating security and justice as a basic service alongside health, education, water and sanitation. Fifty per cent of new bilateral funding will be committed to fragile countries. Key announcements in Building our Common Future include: A renewed commitment to 0.7 per cent of UK Gross National Income (GNI) for international development, meaning a contribution of �9bn per year by 2013; Measures to reduce maternal mortality rates and potentially save the lives of six million mothers and babies by 2015; Plans to support over eight million more children in Africa to go to school; Doubling of funding to �1bn for African infrastructure including transport, energy and trade in the region; A tripling of funding to support developing countries to recover stolen assets, and new resources to Interpol, as part of a major effort to stamp out corruption; Increased investment in the Central Emergency Response Fund for humanitarian aid at the UN.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 331494

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Title: Headache induced by the use of combined oral contraceptives.
Author: Allais G; Gabellari IC; Airola G; Borgogno P; Schiapparelli P; Benedetto C
Source: Neurological Sciences. 2009 May;30 Suppl 1:S15-7.
Abstract: Although combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are a safe and highly effective method of birth control, they may also give rise to problems of clinical tolerability in migraine patients. Indeed, headache is among the most common side effects reported with the use of COCs, frequently leading to their being discontinued. The latest International Classification of Headache Disorders identified at least two entities evidently related to the use of COCs, i.e., exogenous hormone-induced headache and estrogen-withdrawal headache. As to the former, the newest formulations of COCs are generally well tolerated by migraine without aura patients, but can worsen headache in migraine with aura patients. Headache associated with COCs, generally, tends to improve as their use continues. However, although it is not yet clear if there is an association between headache and the composition of COCs (both in the type and amount of hormones), it has been observed that the incidence of headache during COC use seems greater if migraine is associated with menstrual trigger. The estrogen-withdrawal headache is a headache that generally appears within the first 5 days after cessation of estrogen use and resolves within 3 days, even if in some cases it may appear on the sixth or seventh day after pill suspension and lasts more than 3 days.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HEADACHE | MIGRAINE | INCIDENCE | HORMONES | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342617

Title: Oral contraceptives in migraine.
Author: Allais G; Gabellari IC; De Lorenzo C; Mana O; Benedetto C
Source: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Mar;9(3):381-93.
Abstract: Combined oral contraceptives are a safe and highly effective method of birth control, but they can also raise problems of clinical tolerability and/or safety in migraine patients. It is now commonly accepted that, in migraine with aura, the use of combined oral contraceptives is always contraindicated, and that their intake must also be suspended by patients suffering from migraine without aura if aura symptoms appear. The newest combined oral contraceptive formulations are generally well tolerated in migraine without aura, and the majority of migraine without aura sufferers do not show any problems with their use; nevertheless, the last International Classification of Headache Disorders identifies at least two entities evidently related to the use of combined oral contraceptives: exogenous hormone-induced headache and estrogen-withdrawal headache. As regards the safety, even if both migraine and combined oral contraceptive intake are associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, migraine without aura per se is not a contraindication for combined oral contraceptive use. Other risk factors (tobacco use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes) must be carefully considered when prescribing combined oral contraceptives in migraine without aura patients, in particular in women aged over 35 years. Furthermore, the exclusion of a hereditary thrombophilia and of alterations of coagulative parameters should precede any decision of combined oral contraceptive prescription in migraine patients.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | MIGRAINE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 330561

Title: Interventions for pain with intrauterine device insertion.
Author: Allen RH; Bartz D; Grimes DA; Hubacher D; O'Brien P
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(3):CD007373.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fear of pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a barrier to use of this contraceptive method. Interventions for pain during IUD insertion include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local cervical anesthetics, and cervical ripening agents such as misoprostol. OBJECTIVES: To review all randomized controlled trials that have evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the computerized databases MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE for relevant trials. We also examined reference lists of pertinent articles and wrote to known investigators for information about other published or unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that evaluated a treatment for IUD insertion-related pain. The intervention could be compared to a placebo or another active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently abstracted data from relevant trials and data were entered into RevMan 5.0 for analysis. For dichotomous variables, the Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was calculated. For continuous variables, the mean differences with 95% confidence interval was computed. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials met the inclusion criteria; the total number of participants was 2204. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of varying types and doses were not effective for reducing pain during IUD insertion. Misoprostol for cervical ripening did not reduce pain with IUD insertion in nulliparous women. Two trials evaluated pain that occurs after IUD insertion using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In one trial, naproxen taken prior to IUD insertion was effective in reducing pain compared with placebo in the first two hours after IUD insertion in mostly nulliparous women. However, this trial utilized the Dalkon Shield, an IUD with a wider diameter than modern IUDs. In another trial, ibuprofen 600 mg taken before IUD insertion did not show evidence of an effect on pain four to six hours after IUD insertion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No interventions that have been properly evaluated reduce pain during or after IUD insertion. One poorly controlled trial suggested that topical lidocaine gel may reduce insertion-related pain and warrants further investigation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILE | DENMARK | SWEDEN | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | IUD | INSERTION | PAIN | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MISOPROSTOL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Europe, Northern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342475

10.

Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis: A review of the epidemiologic evidence.
Author: Alonso A; Clark CJ
Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2009 May 7;
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is more frequent in women than in men, suggesting that sex hormones could play a role in the development of MS. For this reason, several studies have assessed whether use of oral contraceptives modifies the risk of MS. In this article, we review the methodology and results of published epidemiologic studies addressing this issue. On the whole, the existing epidemiologic evidence does not support an important effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of MS, though it does suggest that oral contraceptives might delay the onset of the disease.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | RISK ASSESSMENT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Safety | Public Health | Health | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation
Document Number: 341145

11.

Title: Hysteroscopic female sterilization with Essure in an outpatient setting.
Author: Andersson S; Eriksson S; Mints M
Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(6):743-6.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the short and long-term results of hysteroscopic sterilization in an outpatient setting. Sixty-one women underwent hysteroscopic sterilization. At follow-up, all of the women were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning possible pregnancy, bleeding patterns, side-effects, or need for further therapy after sterilization. Technical feasibility, complications, patient satisfaction, and tubal occlusion based on X-ray or ultrasound were measured. Fifty-eight (95%) women were sterilized according to this method. Successful bilateral device placement was achieved in 52 women (85%) during the first attempt and in six (9.8%) during the second. A total of 50 (81.9%) women submitted completed outcome questionnaires. The mean follow-up period was 23 (range 7-67) months. No pregnancies were reported. All questionnaire respondents expressed overall satisfaction with the procedure. To conclude, Essure sterilization is a safe effective method for female sterilization thatis feasible in the outpatient setting.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | HYSTEROSCOPY | COMPLICATIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | TUBAL OCCLUSION | SATISFACTION | SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Treatment | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health
Document Number: 341444

12.

Title: Human papillomavirus typing and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in female sex workers with a negative cervical smear result.
Author: Arioz DT; Altindis M; Tokyol C; Kalayci R; Saylan A; Yilmazer M
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 20;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in female sex workers with a negative cervical smear result, and to determine the effectiveness of using sIL-2R levels to screen for high-risk strains of HPV. METHOD: A negative cervical smear result and a blood sample were obtained from 68 women: 43 female sex workers and 25 women acting as controls. HPV DNA genotyping was performed and sIL-2R levels were assessed. RESULTS: Female sex workers had significantly higher sIL-2R levels than women in the control group (318.37+/-239.7 vs 114.4+/-56.5 U/mL, respectively P<0.001). In addition, female sex workers with high-risk strains of HPV had significantly higher sIL-2R levels than those who did not have high-risk strains of HPV (736.7+/-251.5 vs 250.5+/-156.1 U/mL, respectively; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: High sIL-2R levels may be useful in screening for high-risk strains of HPV in female sex workers who have a negative cervical smear result.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | SEX WORKERS | HPV | CERVICAL CANCER | RISK FACTORS | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | SCREENING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Health | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341451

13.
Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future.
Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E
Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15.
Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341675

14.
Title: Emergency contraception: how does it work?
Author: Baird DT
Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 1:32-6.
Abstract: Emergency (or post-coital) contraception is any substance or device that is used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. Currently used hormonal methods of emergency contraception (high-dose combined oral contraceptive pill or levonorgestrel) prevent about 50-80% of pregnancies. Research has demonstrated that these methods inhibit the midcycle surge of LH from the pituitary and, if given at least 2 days before ovulation, ovulation is delayed or prevented. Ovulation still occurs if administration is delayed until ovulation is imminent. Biological data that suggest that the most likely mode of action is by preventing fertilization are supported by the clinical observation that the greater the interval between coitus and administration the greater the chance of pregnancy. There are no data supporting the view that levonorgestrel can impair the development of the embryo or prevent implantation. In contrast, other very effective methods of emergency contraception, such as mifepristone and intrauterine devices, can also inhibit implantation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | RU-486 | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 330739

15.

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk in young patients treated with drospirenone-ethinylestradiol or contraceptive vaginal ring. A prospective, randomized, pilot study.
Author: Battaglia C; Mancini F; Fabbri R; Persico N; Busacchi P; Facchinetti F; Venturoli S
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Jul 8;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a pill containing drospirenone with those of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring on the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and on the surrogate markers of arterial function. SETTING: Bologna University School of Medicine. PATIENT(S): Thirty-seven women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were randomly submitted to drospirenone + ethinylestradiol (group I; n = 19) or combined contraceptive vaginal ring (group II; n = 18) therapy. The duration of the study was 6 months. INTERVENTION(S): The effect of treatments was assessed after 6 months of therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Utero-ovarian ultrasound analysis and color Doppler evaluation of uterine and stromal ovarian arteries. In addition, analysis of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed. Fasting blood samples were drawn for testing biochemical and hormonal parameters and nitrites/nitrates. RESULT(S): Both treatments improved hirsutism, hyperandrogenemia, and ultrasound and color Doppler ovarian parameters. Both drospirenone + ethinylestradiol or contraceptive vaginal ring induced a slight but significant increase of diurnal and 24-hour blood pressure. Although both therapies worsened the lipid profile, the oral pill administration was associated with a more evident increase of circulating triglycerides. The 6-month treatment with the vaginal ring significantly improved the area under the curve for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, whereas the drospirenone + ethinylestradiol pill induced an increase in the insulinogenic index and homeostatic model assessment estimate for insulin resistance values. CONCLUSION(S): Vaginal hormonal contraception appears to be preferable to oral ethinylestradiol + drospirenone administration in hyperinsulinemic patients with PCOS.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | VAGINAL RING | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | BLOOD PRESSURE | ULTRASONICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Physiology | Biology | Metabolic Effects | Lipids | Hemic System | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342128

17.

Title: Quantitative analysis of DHEA and androsterone in female urine: investigating the effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception and training on exercise-induced changes in young women.
Author: Bayle ML; Enea C; Goetinck P; Lafay F; Boisseau N; Dugue B; Flament-Waton MM; Grenier-Loustalot MF
Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 Feb;393(4):1315-25.
Abstract: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolite androsterone (A) are natural steroids secreted in high quantities in human body. To assess the influence of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle phase, and also physical exercise (acute and chronic such as training) on these metabolites excretions, a collection of 28 female urine specimens was organized. A three-extraction-step method was developed, and the analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated 19-noretiocholanolone as the internal standard. Sample hydration state was found to be of great importance for kinetic studies, as it directly influenced the concentrations. No influence of menstrual cycle and training was found for androsterone and DHEA. However, oral contraceptive intake lowered DHEA excretion in urine and A seems to be slightly affected by exercise.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ATHLETES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE | ANALYSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PHYSIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 330963

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors
Document Number: 341801

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access.
Author: Belfield T
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329668

20.

Title: Why embarrassment inhibits the acquisition and use of condoms: A qualitative approach to understanding risky sexual behaviour.
Author: Bell J
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2009 Apr;32(2):379-91.
Abstract: This article is based on research commissioned by the UK Government's Teenage Pregnancy Unit. The Living on the Edge (LOTE) study qualitatively explored factors that shape young people's experiences and attitudes towards sexual behaviour and young parenthood in three linked seaside and rural areas in England. It identifies embarrassment as a key risk factor in young people's sexual behaviour and demonstrates why engaging in protective behaviour and seeking information and advice, can be constrained by fear of embarrassment and concerns about how they are regarded by others. This paper also argues that embarrassment around condom use is not necessarily restricted to adolescence. Embarrassment is a deeply unpleasant experience for everyone and people (young and old) are motivated to avoid it. Implications and recommendations for future policy and service provision are highlighted.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | EMOTIONS | SELF-PERCEPTION | FEAR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 342414

21.

Title: Genetic counseling for teratogenic risk due to exposure to medications: 89 pregnancies conceived during oral contraceptive use.
Author: Belli S; Mazzola S; Luongo R; Barcella L; Alushi B
Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 2009 Jun 5;
Abstract: Congenital malformations are relatively frequent (2% of the general population) but only a small proportion of them can be ascribed to medication exposure during pregnancy. Nevertheless, for the purposes of accurate prenatal diagnosis, monitoring and research, is it important to offer teratology counseling to patients exposed to drugs. There are approximately 20 medications currently on the market that have been universally acknowledged as teratogenic. At the current state of the art, exposure of early embryos to oral contraceptives is not considered teratogenic. Oral contraceptive use may be continuous (estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone) or emergency (levonorgestrel is the only drug authorized in Italy). Like all drugs, oral contraceptives have a therapeutic failure rate, which means that a number of women on oral contraceptives conceive each year and request genetic counseling about teratogenic effects. During the period 1998-2006 at our genetics clinic we received 89 requests for counseling regarding teratogenic risk due to oral contraceptives. Our study of these patients confirms an absence of teratogenic risk for pregnancies occurring during oral contraceptive use. Teratology counseling was useful to reassure the mothers about the low risk (in the case of oral contraceptive use alone), since only 12 women chose to terminate pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | GENETICS | COUNSELING | EXPOSURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | PROGESTERONE | LEVONORGESTREL | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Biology | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Reproduction
Document Number: 341602

22.

Title: Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism.
Author: Bergendal A; Odlind V; Persson I; Kieler H
Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(3):261-266.
Abstract: Objective. To assess the current knowledge concerning progestogen-only contraception (POC) and risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Design and setting. Systematic review of the literature on observational and analytical studies reporting risk estimates for VTE in women exposed to POCs. Methods and main outcome measures. We performed a computerized literature search in the Pub Med, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 1966 and February 13, 2008. Based on the evaluated studies we calculated an overall risk estimate for VTE in association with POC. Results. Four case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Of the case-control studies, three reported an increased risk and one a decreased risk of VTE. The cohort study found divergent results depending on the type of statistical analysis used. None of the results was statistically significant. The overall odds ratio for POC-associated VTE in the four case-control studies was 1.45 (95% CI=0.92-2.26). Conclusions. The risk of VTE associated with use of POCs is poorly investigated. The slightly elevated overall risk estimate might suggest an association between POC and an increased risk for VTE. The results must, however, be interpreted with caution due to the possibility of residual confounding. Well-designed studies with sufficient statistical power to evaluate risks of VTE with POC are warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329655

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Religious socialisation and fertility: transition to third birth in the Netherlands.
Author: Berghammer C
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):297-324.
Abstract: Although previous studies have demonstrated that religious people in Europe have larger families, the role played by religious socialization in the context of contemporary fertility behavior has not yet been analysed in detail. This contribution specifically looks at the interrelation between religious socialisation and current religiosity and their impact on the transition to the third child for Dutch women. It is based on data of the first wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (2002-2004) and uses event history analysis. The transitions to first, second and third birth are modeled jointly with a control for unobserved heterogeneity. The findings provide evidence for an impact of women�s current church attendance as well as religious socilisation measured by their fathers� religious affiliation, when they were teenagers. A religious family background remains influential even when a woman has stopped attending church. The effects of religious indicators strengthen over cohorts. Moreover, the combined religious make-up of the respondent�s parents also significantly determines the progression of the third child.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | RELIGION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 339899

24.

25.

Title: Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Author: Bernier MO; Mikaeloff Y; Hudson M; Suissa S
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009 Mar 30;61(4):476-481.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), because studies of the link between exogenous hormonal exposure and the risk of SLE have produced conflicting results. METHODS: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study among women ages 18-45 years, using the UK's General Practice Research Database. All incident cases of SLE from 1994-2004 (n = 786) were identified in the database and matched with up to 10 controls (n = 7,817) among women without SLE at the time of the case's diagnosis. RESULTS: The adjusted rate ratio (RR) of incident SLE associated with any use of COC was 1.19 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.98-1.45), whereas with current use it was 1.54 (95% CI 1.15-2.07). The rate was particularly increased in current users who had only recently started COC use (RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.14-5.57) compared with longer-term current users (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.99). The risk appearedto be particularly elevated with current exposure to first- or second-generation contraceptives (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.20-2.26), and increasing with the dose of ethinyl estradiol (RR 1.42, 1.63, and 2.92 for Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Evaluation
Document Number: 330926

26.

Title: Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in women aged 18 to 50: a retrospective analysis.
Author: Binder B; Lackner HK; Salmhofer W; Hofmann-Wellenhof R
Source: Dermatologic Surgery. 2009 Mar;35(3):451-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs in one of every 1,000 individuals per year. Various inherited and acquired risk factors are known. We investigated the importance of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a risk factor in women of child-bearing age. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors for DVT in a female patient collective. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 99 women aged 18 to 50 with DVT. We documented age, identifiable risk factor of DVT, location of the thrombus, use of OCs, and thrombophilia. RESULTS: 52.5% of patients suffering from DVT were aged between 40-50 years. Forty-six patients had an unprovoked DVT; the most common risk factor was immobilization in 41. Thrombophilia was found in 18 cases. Twenty-nine patients used OCs; no influence of OCs on any of the other risk factors was found. CONCLUSIONS: In our patient group, the most important risk factors were older age and immobilization. DVT is typically idiopathic and may be caused by subtle nondetectable thrombophilic disorders. The use of OCs was distributed in DVT patients just as in the general Austrian community and seems not to be a severe additional risk factor. Examining the whole lower extremity during ultrasonography is important so as not to overlook a DVT of the lower leg.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | THROMBOSIS | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 331221

27.
Title: Added benefits and user satisfaction with a low-dose oral contraceptive containing drospirenone : results of three multicentre trials.
Author: Bitzer J; Paoletti AM
Source: Clinical Drug Investigation. 2009;29(2):73-8.
Abstract: The ethinylestradiol 20 mug/drospirenone 3 mg combined oral contraceptive (COC), administered in cycles of 21 days continuous use followed by a 7-day hormone-free interval (21/7) [Yasminelle((R))], has been proven to be an effective and well tolerated contraceptive with an acceptable bleeding pattern and good safety profile. In addition, the ethinylestradiol 20 mug/drospirenone 3 mg 21/7 COC prevents water-retention-related weight gain, and improves physical and emotional well-being, consistent with other drospirenone-containing COCs. In clinical studies, >85% of those who received the ethinylestradiol 20 mug/drospirenone 3 mg 21/7 COC were satisfied or very satisfied with this contraceptive. The positive attributes of the ethinylestradiol 20 mug/drospirenone 3 mg 21/7 COC beyond contraceptive protection may have important implications for improving treatment compliance and reducing treatment discontinuation. Physical well-being stayed the same or improved during use of this COC in 56% and 34% of women, respectively. Emotional well-being stayed the same or improved in 71% and 20% of women, respectively.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | SATISFACTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 329809

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Twenty or thirty microgram ethinyloestradiol in an oral contraceptive: Does it make a difference in the mind and the daily practice of gynaecologists and general practitioners?
Author: Bitzer J; Frey B; von Schonau M; Sabler N; Tschudin S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun 5;:1-10.
Abstract: Objectives Currently, evidence-based guidelines concerning the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) containing either 20 or 30 mug ethinyloestradiol (EE) and the same progestogen, are lacking. We wanted to identify whether Swiss gynaecologists and general practitioners (GPs) have specific criteria on which they base their prescribing habit. Methods Two questionnaires were submitted to 158 physicians. The first one contained a list of possible criteria relevant for decision making and a description of specific clinical situations. The second one concerned actual patients who received either a 20 mug (Yasminelle(R)) or a 30 mug (Yasmin(R)) OC containing the same progestogen drospirenone. Results The most relevant criteria for decision making (in hierarchical order) were family history of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), headache, smoking, age beyond 35, stability of the menstrual cycle, breast tenderness, body mass index, irregular bleeding and acne. The 20 mug dosage was preferred for women older than 35, those smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day, those with a family history of VTE, and those complaining of breast tenderness or headache. The 30 mug dosage was preferred for patients with a history of irregular bleeding, a family history of osteoporosis, expected poor compliance and acne. Conclusion Swiss gynaecologists and GPs do not preferentially prescribe the lowest possible dosage of EE. They use indirect markers they consider relevant for differential prescribing. For some markers, there is inconsistency, indicating that preferences for 20 mug and 30 mug preparations may be influenced by other factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | DECISION MAKING | TOBACCO USE | HEADACHE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | AGE FACTORS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Population Characteristics | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 341601

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Involving pharmacists in sexual health research: experience from an emergency contraception study.
Author: Black K; Anderson C; Kubba A; Wellings K
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jan;35(1):41-3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists are expanding their sphere of activity within primary health care, increasing their role not only in health care but also research. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe the challenges encountered in carrying out a pilot study of women obtaining emergency hormonal contraception through different providers, including pharmacies, highlighting deficiencies in understanding and experience of the research process, which impacted on the study in substantial ways. CONCLUSIONS: As pharmacists expand their role, training and professional development will need to be enhanced to support them in their contribution to health care and research.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PHARMACISTS | EDUCATION | HOME CARE | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Care and Support | Health Services | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329636

30.
Title: Venous thromboembolism in women using hormonal contraceptives. Findings from the RIETE Registry.
Author: Blanco-Molina A; Trujillo-Santos J; Tirado R; Canas I; Riera A; Valdes M; Monreal M
Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;101(3):478-482.
Abstract: There is scarce information on the clinical characteristics of contraceptive users who develop venous thromboembolism (VTE). RIETE is an ongoing registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic, objectively confirmed, acute VTE. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and additional risk factors for VTE in all enrolled women aged <50 years who were using or not using contraceptives at presentation with VTE. Of 1,667 women aged <50 years enrolled in RIETE as of December 2007, 593 (36%) were contraceptive users. Of 270 aged <25 years, 190 (70%) were users. Ninety-two contraceptive users (16%) had overweight, 89 (15%) were obese. Of 951 women with no additional risk factors for VTE (i.e. recent surgery, immobility or cancer) 457 (48%) were contraceptive users. Eighty-seven (15%) users had recent immobility for >/=4 days, 44 (7.4%) were postoperative. The most common reason for immobility was lower limb trauma not requiring surgery; 25% of users with recent immobility had received thromboprophylaxis. The most common type of surgery was non-major orthopaedic surgery. Twenty-one (48%) users with postoperative VTE had received prophylaxis. The percentage of users and non-users who tested positive for thrombophilia was similar. Contraceptive use remains the most frequent risk factor for VTE in women at fertile age. Identifying those at increased risk for VTE seems to be difficult. In the meanwhile, a higher use of thromboprophylaxis during immobility or minor surgery should be warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | SIDE EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | SURGERY | POSTOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 330607


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