| 1. Title: Incidence and diagnoses of HIV infection - Puerto Rico, 2006. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Jun 5;58(21):589-91. Abstract: In 2006, 33 U.S. states and five territories had confidential, name-based, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reporting; among territories, Puerto Rico had the second highest rate of HIV infection. To characterize the HIV epidemic in Puerto Rico in 2006 (the year with the most recent available data), the Puerto Rico Department of Health and CDC analyzed data on diagnoses of HIV infection (including infections that occurred in 2006 and in previous years) and used a stratified extrapolation approach developed by CDC to generate HIV incidence estimates (the number of persons newly infected with HIV in 2006). The results indicated that, in 2006, an estimated 1,440 persons aged >or=13 years were newly infected with HIV in Puerto Rico, resulting in an estimated incidence rate of 45.0 cases per 100,000 population, twice the rate for the 50 U.S. states and District of Columbia (DC). Males accounted for 65% of new HIV infections in Puerto Rico, and 38% of new HIV infections occurred among persons aged 30-39 years; 39% of new infections were associated with injection-drug use, and 37% with high-risk heterosexual contact. The results provide insight into HIV transmission patterns in Puerto Rico that can help guide allocation of resources and the planning, implementation, and evaluation of HIV prevention programs and other services. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | MEN | HISPANICS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341589 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Hormonal contraception, sickle cell trait, and risk for venous thromboembolism among African American women. Author: Austin H; Lally C; Benson JM; Whitsett C; Hooper WC; Key NS Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;200:620e1-620e3. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of oral and other hormonal contraceptive (HC) use on venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and investigated whether the association was modified by the sickle cell trait. STUDY DESIGN: We report the findings of a case-control study that included 60 African American women with an idiopathic, first episode of venous thromboembolism and 196 African American controls. RESULTS: The odds of current HC use compared with noncurrent use contrasting cases and controls is 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-8.1; P < .001). Among subjects with sickle cell trait, the odds ratio is higher (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% CI, 1.0-43) than the odds ratio among subjects without sickle cell trait (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2), but the difference is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study provides persuasive evidence that hormonal contraceptive use increases venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and that the increase in risk may be larger among women with sickle cell trait. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Health Document Number: 330853 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to research and capacity building at Hispanic-serving institutions: the case of HIV/AIDS research at the University of Puerto Rico. Author: Bernal G; Ortiz-Torres B Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;99 Suppl 1:S60-5. Abstract: Substantive barriers to research, such as cultural, language, and methodological variables, exist in Hispanic-serving institutions. Historical and contextual variables account for the differences between academic settings with research-intensive centers and those with limited infrastructure for competitive research. We provide a case example to serve as a model for developing and strengthening the research infrastructure in Hispanic-serving institutions and for providing the mentorship Latino investigators may need to compete with other investigators in research-intensive centers. We present recommendations to reduce these barriers. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | HISPANICS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | UNIVERSITIES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | HIV | AIDS | CAPACITY BUILDING | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | PARTICIPATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Schools | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 330955 |
| 4. Title: "Everything I know I learned from my mother...Or not": perspectives of African-American and white women on decisions about tubal sterilization. Author: Borrero S; Nikolajski C; Rodriguez KL; Creinin MD; Arnold RM; Ibrahim SA Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Mar;24(3):312-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: African-American women have had higher rates of female sterilization compared to white women since its emergence as a contraceptive method. The reasons underlying this observed racial difference are unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to (1) explore what factors shape black and white women's decisions about tubal sterilization as a contraceptive method and (2) generate hypotheses about the relationship of race to the decision-making process. DESIGN: We conducted six focus groups stratified by tubal sterilization status and race. During each of the audio-recorded sessions, participants were asked to discuss reasons that women choose sterilization as a contraceptive method. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of the study were 24 African-American women and 14 white women. APPROACH: Transcripts of the sessions were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to factors that might be unique to each of the two racial groups. RESULTS: Personal factors shaped black and white women's decisions regarding tubal sterilization. Preference for a convenient, highly effective contraceptive method was the main reason to get a tubal sterilization for women of both racial groups. We also identified socio-cultural differences that might explain why black women are more likely than white women to choose tubal sterilization over other contraceptive methods. An unanticipated, but clinically important, finding was that women often reported feeling that their doctors and the health-care system served as barriers to obtaining the desired procedure. CONCLUSION: Socio-cultural differences may help explain why black and white women choose different contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | BLACKS | WHITES | WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Behavior Document Number: 341434 |
| 5. Title: Supportive friendships moderate the association between stressful life events and sexual risk taking among African American adolescents. Author: Brady SS; Dolcini MM; Harper GW; Pollack LM Source: Health Psychology. 2009 Mar;28(2):238-48. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether uncontrollable stressful life events were associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents across a 1-year period, and whether supportive friendships modified associations. DESIGN: Participants were 159 sexually active African American adolescents (57% male; mean age [SD] = 17.0 [1.5] years at baseline). Participants were recruited for in-person interviews through random digit dialing in one inner-city neighborhood characterized by high rates of poverty and crime relative to the surrounding city. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables included substance use before sexual activity and inconsistent condom use. RESULTS: Among adolescents who reported low levels of supportive friendships, uncontrollable stressors were associated with greater levels of sexual risk taking over time. In contrast, uncontrollable stressors were not associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents who reported high social support from friends; risk taking was typically moderate to high among these adolescents. CONCLUSION: Different processes may explain sexual risk taking among adolescents with varying levels of social support from friends. Adolescents with low support may be prone to engagement in health risk behavior as a stress response, while adolescents with high support may engage in risk behavior primarily due to peer socialization of risk. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341117 |
| 6. Title: What do sexually active adolescent females say about relationship issues? Author: Bralock A; Koniak-Griffin D Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2009 Apr;24(2):131-40. Abstract: Many sexually active teenagers face risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. The purpose of our study was to gain an understanding about influences on condom use among sexually active adolescents in relationships. Data were collected through semi-structured openended interviews. The findings of this study suggest that many adolescents desired the love of a male partner, and were willing to concede to his request of practicing unprotected sex. Findings support the urgent need for interventions that will promote skill-building techniques to negotiate safer sex behaviors among youth who are most likely to be exposed to STIs through risky behaviors. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | COUPLES | BLACKS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | NEEDS | CONDOM USE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 342095 |
| 7. Title: Community characteristics, sexual initiation, and condom use among young Black South Africans. Author: Burgard SA; Lee-Rife SM Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Sep;50(3):293-309. Abstract: Individual and household-level characteristics that influence sexual behavior have been extensively studied in South Africa, but community characteristics have received limited attention. We use multilevel discrete time hazard models and multilevel logistic regression models to analyze data from a representative sample of young people in KwaZulu Natal, and from several sources of community data. Results suggest that, net of individual and household characteristics, higher levels of community concentrated disadvantage are associated with increased hazard of sexual initiation and higher risk of unprotected sex. Social disorder increases the hazard of sexual initiation, while greater community social cohesion is associated with delayed sexual debut, although the latter association appears stronger for young men than for young women. We discuss these results and the ways they vary from predictions based on US. theory in light of conditions prevailing in contemporary South Africa. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | BLACKS | YOUTH | HOUSEHOLDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | EXPOSURE | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | COMMUNITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 342565 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and risk factors for Hepatitis C and HIV-1 infections among pregnant women in Central Brazil. Author: Costa ZB; Machado GC; Avelino MM; Gomes Filho C; Macedo Filho JV; Minuzzi AL; Turchi MD; Stefani MM; de Souza WV; Martelli CM Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2009;9:116. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are a major burden to public health worldwide. Routine antenatal HIV-1 screening to prevent maternal-infant transmission is universally recommended. Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of and potential risk factors for HCV and HIV infection among pregnant women who attended prenatal care under the coverage of public health in Central Brazil. METHODS: Screening and counselling for HIV and HCV infections was offered free of charge to all pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) in the public health system, in Goiania city (~1.1 million inhabitants) during 2004-2005. Initial screening was performed on a dried blood spot collected onto standard filter paper; positive or indeterminate results were confirmed by a second blood sample. HCV infection was defined as a positive or indeterminate sample (EIA test) and confirmed HCV-RNA technique. HIV infection was defined according to standard criteria. Factors associated with HIV and HCV infections were identified with logistic regression. The number needed to screen (NNS) to prevent one case of infant HIV infection was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. RESULTS: A total of 28,561 pregnant women were screened for HCV and HIV-1 in ANC. Mean maternal age was 23.9 years (SD = 5.6), with 45% of the women experiencing their first pregnancy. Prevalence of HCV infection was 0.15% (95% CI 0.11%-0.20%), and the risk increased with age (p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti-HIV infection was 0.09% (95% CI 0.06%-0.14%). Black women had a 4.9-fold (95% CI 1.42-16.95) greater risk of HIV-1 infection compared to non-black women. NNS to prevent one case of infant HIV infection ranged from 4,141 to 13,928. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HIV and HCV infections were low among pregnant women, with high acceptability rates in the opt-in strategy in primary care. Older maternal age was a risk factor for HCV and antenatal HCV testing does not fulfill the requirements for screening recommendation. The finding of higher risk of HIV-1 infection among black women despite being in consonance with the HIV-1 ethnic pattern in some American regions cannot be ruled out to be a surrogate marker of socio-economic condition. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANT WOMEN | BLACKS | ANTENATAL CARE | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | SCREENING | COUNSELING | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | AGE FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342683 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Group a Streptococcus causing necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome after medical termination of pregnancy. Author: Daif JL; Levie M; Chudnoff S; Kaiser B; Shahabi S Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Feb;113(2 Pt 2):504-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Group A Streptococcus is an aerobic gram-positive bacteria known to cause cutaneous infections. Invasive infections can lead to toxic shock syndrome with multiorgan failure and mortality rates of 25-48%. CASE: A healthy, young woman developed necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis, and toxic shock syndrome after an elective medical termination of pregnancy. This patient had confirmed group A Streptococcus on blood cultures and underwent surgical debridement. After aggressive surgical treatment, below-the-knee amputation, and antibiotic therapy, the patient survived. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the need for prompt recognition and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis/toxic shock syndrome. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | HISPANICS | WOMEN | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DERMATITIS | TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME | ABORTION | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | SURGERY | ANTIBIOTICS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Urogenital Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 330358 Notification |
| 10. Title: Knowledge, attitudes, and use of emergency contraception among Hispanic women of North Carolina. Author: Galvin SL; Fagan EB Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):17-20. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: This project was designed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported use of emergency contraception (EC) of Spanish-speaking women of western North Carolina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey, a convenience sample of patients completed the survey in exam or interview rooms of an obstetric and gynecology residency program in western North Carolina. Participants included 213 Spanish-speaking women of childbearing age (18 to 44-years-old) presenting for routine care between August 2004 and October 2006. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the sexually active respondents (N = 196) reported inconsistent use of birth control. Only 22% reporting knowing about EC; an additional 26% knew about the morning after pill. Overall, 12% reported previous use of EC. Very few (15%) reported a moral or religious objection to EC. Only 21% reported having discussed EC with a care provider. DISCUSSION: Considerable opportunity exists to expand patient education about all contraceptive options, including EC with Hispanic women of western North Carolina. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HISPANICS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330064 |
| 11. Title: Contraceptive attitudes among inner-city African American female adolescents: Barriers to effective hormonal contraceptive use. Author: Gilliam ML; Davis SD; Neustadt AB; Levey EJ Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Apr;22(2):97-104. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To better understand the contraceptive attitudes of low-income, inner-city African American female adolescents. DESIGN: We conducted four focus group sessions with African American female adolescents. SETTING: An urban, community health clinic serving low-income patients on Chicago's south side. PARTICIPANTS: African American female adolescents (n = 15) between 14 and 19 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Focus group sessions lasting approximately 90 minutes in length were conducted using a pre-determined script with set probes and open-ended questions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify major themes related to adolescents' contraceptive attitudes. RESULTS: Six themes related to the contraceptive attitudes of these adolescents emerged: Concerns About Hormones, Concerns About Privacy, Concerns About Compliance, Limited Awareness of New Methods of Hormonal Contraception (HC), Preference for Condoms, and Acceptability of Emergency Contraception (EC). Overall, adolescents in these sessions expressed skepticism and unwillingness to use continuous methods of HC. For some adolescents, concerns about hormones, privacy, and compliance outweighed their concerns about pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Concerns about perceived side effects and long-term health risks associated HC and privacy in obtaining contraception and reproductive health care, as well as concerns about ability to comply with daily and weekly HC regimens are common among African American female adolescents and may deter consistent HC use. Although condoms and EC appear to be highly acceptable among this group, adolescents also report a number of barriers to their consistent use. Efforts to reduce early, unintended pregnancy among African American youth should focus on addressing adolescents' HC-related concerns, improving access to EC, and helping female adolescents effectively negotiate condom use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PRIVACY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330953 |
| 12. Title: Circumcision and sexual behavior: factors independently associated with human papillomavirus detection among men in the HIM study. Author: Giuliano AR; Lazcano E; Villa LL; Flores R; Salmeron J; Lee JH; Papenfuss M; Abrahamsen M; Baggio ML; Silva R; Quiterio M Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2009 Mar 15;124(6):1251-7. Abstract: There is growing interest in understanding human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related disease among men. To date there have been numerous studies reporting HPV DNA prevalence among men from several different countries, however, few have incorporated multivariable analyses to determine factors independently associated with male HPV detection. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors independently associated with HPV detection in men ages 18-70 years residing in Brazil (n = 343), Mexico (n = 312), and the United States (US) (n = 333). In samples combined from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum, we evaluated factors associated with any, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV infections. In multivariable analyses, detection of any HPV infection was significantly associated with reported race of Asian/Pacific Islander, lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. Oncogenic HPV detection was independently associated with lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. NonOncogenic HPV infection was independently associated with lifetime number of sexual partners. Circumcision, assessed by clinical examination, was associated with reduced risk of HPV detection across all categories of HPV evaluated. HPV detection in men in the current study was strongly related to sexual behavior and circumcision status. Interventions such as circumcision may provide a low-cost method to reduce HPV infection. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | ASIANS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | HPV | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Measurement | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330377 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: A 15-Minute Interactive, Computerized Condom Use Intervention With Biological Endpoints. Author: Grimley DM; Hook EW 3rd Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):73-78. Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Brief face-to-face-behavioral interventions have been shown to be efficacious, but are costly to sustain and to widely disseminate. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 15-minute theory-based behavioral intervention designed to increase condom use and reduce new cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. METHODS:: Participants were randomly assigned via the computer to the intervention or the comparison group stratified by gender and their baseline stage of change (motivational readiness) for using condoms consistently (100%) with their main partners. Behavioral data and biologic specimens for testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained at baseline and at 6 months post intervention. The intervention was delivered via an audio, multimedia, computerized application that provided individualized interventions to patients based on their responses to assessment items; comparison patients interacted with a 15-minute, computerized, multiple health risk assessment with no intervention. RESULTS:: The majority of the sample (N = 430) was black (88%); 54.5% women; with a mean age = 24.5. Assuming all participants who did not return to the clinic at 6 months were not using condoms consistently, 32% of the treatment group versus 23% in the comparison group reported consistent condom use (P = 0.03). The combined Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis incidence declined to 6% in the intervention group versus 13% in the comparison group (P = 0.04). Results from a regression analysis revealed that the only statically significant predictor of sexually transmitted diseases infection at the follow-up was group assignment (OR = 1.91, 95% confidence index = 1.09-3.34; P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS:: These findings suggest that brief, interactive, computer-delivered interventions provided at the evaluation visit increase condom use and reduce sexually transmitted diseases without putting additional burden on clinicians or staff. Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | THEORETICAL MODELS | BLACKS | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | CONDOM USE | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | TIME FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Processing | Information | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | Population Dynamics | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 329674 |
| 14. Title: Science, ideology, and the public good: the precarious state of emergency contraception in America [editorial] Author: Kauffman RP Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):3-4. Abstract: Prevention of unintended pregnancy is a universally desirable public health initiative. Current evidence overwhelmingly affirms the acceptability, safety, and efficacy of EC. Ultimately, political and healthcare systems charged to protect the public good must direct policy based on best scientific evidence rather than ideology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISPANICS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases Document Number: 330065 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV infection, stressful life events, and intimate relationship power: the moderating role of community resources for black South African women. Author: Ketchen B; Armistead L; Cook S Source: Women and Health. 2009 Mar-May;49(2-3):197-214. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Black women in South Africa are vulnerable with limited power in intimate relationships. This study explored whether stressful life events and/or HIV infection were associated with relationship power and whether the impact was moderated by community resources. METHOD: One hundred four women living with HIV and 152 women not living with HIV participated in individual interviews. RESULTS: Undesirable life changes were negatively associated with relationship control. HIV infection and women's knowledge of community resources were associated with mutual decision-making, while frequency of family use of community resources was negatively related to female dominated decisions. Women living with HIV perceived their male partners as less dominant when they perceived their community resources to be more helpful. CONCLUSIONS: Power in intimate relationships may enhance the quality and length of life for black South African women living with HIV. Knowledge of and perceived helpfulness of community resources are avenues for promoting relationship power. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POWER | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | STRESS | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342428 |
| 16. Title: Breastfeeding self-efficacy in women of African descent. Author: McCarter-Spaulding D; Gore R Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Mar-Apr;38(2):230-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding self-efficacy predicts the duration and pattern of breastfeeding in a sample of Black women of African descent. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal, cohort study. Participants were recruited during the postpartum hospitalization and followed monthly for 6 months or until complete weaning. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale--Short Form (BSES-SF) (Dennis, 2003). SETTING: A large urban teaching hospital in New England. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Women who self-identified as being of African descent with full-term infants who were planning to breastfeed (N=125). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breastfeeding pattern was determined by the total number of feedings the infant received in the past 24 hours and how many of these were breast milk. Duration of breastfeeding was defined as the number of weeks until complete weaning. RESULTS: Higher levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy predicted longer duration and a more exclusive pattern of breastfeeding at 1 and 6 months postpartum, consistent with prior research (p<.01). Planned pattern of feeding predicted actual pattern of feeding at 1 month postpartum (p<.01). Returning to work after 12 weeks was protective of breastfeeding to 6 months postpartum (p<.01). CONCLUSION: Theory-based interventions to enhance self-efficacy will help improve breastfeeding outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | WEANING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341947 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers and facilitators to maternal communication with preadolescents about age-relevant sexual topics. Author: Miller KS; Fasula AM; Dittus P; Wiegand RE; Wyckoff SC; McNair L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):365-74. Abstract: The present study examined factors that promote parent-child discussions about sex topics. A sample of 1,066 dyads of African American mothers and their 9-12-year-old children participated completing computer-administered surveys. After controlling for all other covariates, mother's sexual communication responsiveness (i.e., knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence) was the most consistent predictor of discussions. Mothers with higher responsiveness had significantly increased odds of discussions about abstinence, puberty, and reproduction, based on both mother and child reports. In addition, child's age, pubertal development, readiness to learn about sex, and being female were positively associated with an increase in the odds of discussions in most models. Findings indicate that encouraging parents to talk with their children early may not be sufficient to promote parent-child sex discussions. Parents also need the knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence to communicate effectively and keep them from avoiding these often difficult and emotional conversations with their children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | SEXUALITY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Organization and Administration | Education | Child Rearing Document Number: 342862 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and white women. Author: Moorman PG; Palmieri RT; Akushevich L; Berchuck A; Schildkraut JM Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;170(5):598-606. Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in both African-American and white women. Although prevalences of many ovarian cancer risk factors differ markedly between African Americans and whites, there has been little research on how the relative contributions of risk factors may vary between racial/ethnic groups. Using data from a North Carolina case-control study (1999-2008), the authors conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American (143 cases, 189 controls) and white (943 cases, 868 controls) women and to test for interactions by race/ethnicity. They also calculated attributable fractions within each racial/ethnic group for the modifiable factors of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and body mass index. Many risk factors showed similar relations across racial/ethnic groups, but tubal ligation and family history of breast or ovarian cancer showed stronger associations among African Americans. Younger age at menarche was associated with risk only in white women. Attributable fractions associated with tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were markedly higher for African Americans. The relative importance of ovarian cancer risk factors may differ for African-American women, but conclusions were limited by the small sample. There is a clear need for further research on etiologic factors for ovarian cancer in African-American women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TUBAL LIGATION | OBESITY | BREASTFEEDING | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 342784 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Increasing incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (1983-2006). Author: Mosam A; Carrara H; Shaik F; Uldrick T; Berkman A; Aboobaker J; Coovadia HM Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):553-6. Abstract: The aim of the study was to describe the temporal trends in the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The study was designed as a retrospective record review. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma was estimated using administrative records for patients receiving care for KS through public sector oncology clinics in KZN, 1983-2006. Annual age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using provincial census data for the denominator. Age-specific rates were calculated for the pre-AIDS (1983-1989) and for the generalized AIDS epidemic eras (2006). Age-standardized incidence of KS increased in KZN from <1:100,000 in 1990 to at least 15:100,000 in 2006; this increase was observed in both men and women. There was a shift in the peak age-specific incidence rates from the sixth decade of life in the pre-AIDS era to the fourth and fifth decades in the AIDS era. In conclusion, KS is a growing public health problem in KZN, South Africa. These data reinforce the need for comprehensive national access to and roll-out of antiretroviral drugs, given their success in prevention and treatment of KS in first-world settings. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | BLACKS | AIDS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342265 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) and Ortho Gynae T380 intrauterine copper device on lipid metabolism--a randomized comparative study. Author: Ng YW; Liang S; Singh K Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):24-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on lipid metabolism in an Asian population using Ortho Gynae T380 copper containing (nonhormonal) intrauterine device (IUD) as a control. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-two healthy women requesting IUD for contraception were randomly allocated to the two groups and were followed up at 6-, 12- and 18-month intervals. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and apolipoprotein B were measured pre insertion and at each visit following insertion. RESULTS: There was a marginally significant reduction in TC level in the LNG-IUS group. HDL-C showed a significant reduction in the LNG-IUS group at 6 months but reverted back to its preinsertion value by 1 year. TG, LDL-C and the cholesterol ratios remained stable. Levels of Apo A-I and B also showed no significant reduction in both groups, and their ratios remained stable and insignificant. CONCLUSION: In this randomized comparative study among our local Asian population, it is assuring to note that the LNG-IUS does not have any adverse effects on lipid metabolism. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ASIANS | LIPIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | IUD | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 330539 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Application of the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy Model to Condom Use Among African-American STD Clinic Patients: Implications for Tailored Health Communication. Author: Noar SM; Crosby R; Benac C; Snow G; Troutman A Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 14; Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to apply the attitude-social influence-efficacy (ASE) model to achieve a theory-based understanding of condom use among low income, heterosexually active African-American STD clinic patients. N = 293 participants were recruited from a large, publicly-funded metropolitan STD clinic in the Southeastern United States and surveyed using an ACASI computer program. Results indicated that several ASE variables exhibited meaningful relationships with condom stages of change in univariate analyses, replicating patterns found in previous research. Fewer variables remained significant in multivariate analyses, however. There was also some support for the proposition that early stage movement (e.g., Precontemplation to Contemplation) is based more upon perceptions of condom use (e.g., pros, perceived norms), whereas later stage movement (e.g., Preparation to Action/Maintenance) is based more upon perceived and actual skills acquisition (e.g., condom self-efficacy, negotiation strategies). Results varied with regard to main and casual condom stage of change. Implications for developing tailored HIV prevention interventions with heterosexual African-Americans are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HIV PREVENTION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 342545 |
| 22. Title: Antiepileptic drugs: are women aware of interactions with oral contraceptives and potential teratogenicity? Author: Pack AM; Davis AR; Kritzer J; Yoon A; Camus A Source: Epilepsy and Behavior. 2009 Apr;14(4):640-4. Abstract: Women with epilepsy (WWE)'s knowledge of the interaction between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and oral contraceptives (OCs) and the potential teratogenicity of AEDs has received limited study. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study (English or Spanish) among young WWE (18-44 years) to assess demographic characteristics, current AED use, and knowledge of AED interactions with OCs and teratogenicity. We used the Food and Drug Administration's classification system to categorize each AED's teratogenic potential. Participants (n=148) had a mean age of 32 years (SD 8); 32% spoke Spanish and described themselves as Hispanic. Among women prescribed a cytochrome p450-inducing AED, 65% were unaware of decreased OC efficacy. Forty percent of those prescribed Category D AEDs were unaware of potential teratogenic effects. WWE have limited knowledge of the potential interaction between AEDs and OCs and the teratogenic effects of AEDs. Educational efforts should highlight the reproductive health effects of AEDs in WWE. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HISPANICS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | KNOWLEDGE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341110 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Stages of consistent condom use, partner intimacy, condom use attitude, and self-efficacy in African-American crack cocaine users. Author: Pallonen UE; Timpson SC; Williams ML; Ross MW Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Feb;38(1):149-58. Abstract: This study examined how condom use attitude, self-efficacy, and partner intimacy related to five stages of consistent condom use. Interview data were collected from sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack cocaine smokers (N = 366). Dependent measures assessed both the participants' own responses and their perceptions about their last sex partner's own personal condom use attitude and participants' condom use self-efficacy expectations. Partner intimacy was assessed both as a continuous attitudinal and as a discrete relationship measure. Less than 10% were classified as consistent condom users. Two thirds of inconsistent users were in the Precontemplation (PC) stage. The contemplation (C) and preparation (P) stages were equal among the remainder of the inconsistent condom users. Higher partner intimacy reduced modestly readiness for consistent condom use. The stage but not the intimacy group was related to the condom use attitudes and self-efficacy measures. Last partners' perceived own negative attitudes were significantly related to the stages of consistent condom use and was especially low in the action (A) and maintenance (M) stages. Participants' own negative attitudes were unrelated to the stages. Of the self-efficacy measures, both participants' performance and situational condom use self-efficacies increased significantly after the PC stage and were highest in the P, A, and M stages. However, situational self-efficacy accounted for most of performance self-efficacy variance. In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHANGES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330845 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to adolescents' getting emergency contraception through pharmacy access in California: differences by language and region. Author: Sampson O; Navarro SK; Khan A; Hearst N; Raine TR; Gold M; Miller S; de Bocanegra HT Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;41(2):110-8. Abstract: CONTEXT: In California, emergency contraception is available without a prescription to females younger than 18 through pharmacy access. Timely access to the method is critical to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy among adolescents, particularly Latinas. METHODS: In 2005-2006, researchers posing as English- and Spanish-speaking females-who said they either were 15 and had had unprotected intercourse last night or were 18 and had had unprotected sex four days ago-called 115 pharmacy-access pharmacies in California. Each pharmacy received one call using each scenario; a call was considered successful if the caller was told she could come in to obtain the method. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between subgroups. In-depth interviews with 22 providers and pharmacists were also conducted, and emergent themes were identified. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of all calls were successful. Spanish speakers were less successful than English speakers (24% vs. 48%), and callers to rural pharmacies were less successful than callers to urban ones (27% vs. 44%). Although rural pharmacies were more likely to offer Spanish-language services, Spanish-speaking callers to these pharmacies were the least successful of all callers (17%). Spanish speakers were also less successful than English speakers when calling urban pharmacies (30% vs. 57%). Interviews suggested that little cooperation existed between pharmacists and clinicians and that dispensing the method at clinics was a favorable option for adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents face significant barriers to obtaining emergency contraception, but the expansion of Spanish-language services at pharmacies and greater collaboration between providers and pharmacists could improve access. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | HISPANICS | LANGUAGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | OBSTACLES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Program Evaluation Document Number: 341529 |
| 25. Title: Building international research partnerships to develop HIV programs for women of color in the context of social inequalities and human rights. Author: Sanders-Phillips K; Pretorius L; Reddy P Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):60-75. Abstract: This article examines relationships among social inequality, drug use, and HIV risk for women of color in the United States and South Africa. In the first section, social and cultural factors that may place women of color at risk for drug use and exposure to HIV are identified. In the second section, lessons learned while developing HIV prevention research protocols for women of color in South Africa are presented and discussed. Experience suggests that to effectively address women's risks of drug use and AIDS requires specific theoretical models and methodological approaches that acknowledge the critical interface that may exist among social inequality, drug use, and AIDS risk for women worldwide. Successful HIV prevention and intervention programs for women of color worldwide also require international research partnerships that are based on mutual respect between partners and attention to the needs and priorities of the target populations. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | WOMEN | BLACKS | INEQUALITIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341953 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: An event-level analysis of condom use as a function of mood, alcohol use, and safer sex negotiations. Author: Schroder KE; Johnson CJ; Wiebe JS Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Apr;38(2):283-9. Abstract: Daily self-reports of condom-protected intercourse were analyzed as a function of emotional states, alcohol consumption, and safer sex negotiations in a sample of single, low-income Hispanic students. The sample included 15 women and 17 men who reported a minimum of four sexual episodes as well as inconsistent condom use over a 3-month self-reporting period. The analyses focused on 829 days out of 2,586 daily self-reports on which sexual intercourse was reported. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict condom-protected intercourse as a function of mood states, substance use, and safer sex negotiations. Safer sex negotiation was the strongest positive predictor of condom use. Contrary to expectation, unprotected intercourse was less likely to occur in episodes characterized by greater negative affect and more likely in episodes in which greater positive mood was reported. No main effect of alcohol consumption on safer sex was observed; however, an interaction between alcohol consumption and positive mood emerged, indicating that unprotected intercourse was most likely to occur when positive mood was combined with alcohol consumption. The results contradict the assumption that emotional distress predicts engagement in more risky sexual behavior and indicate that safer sex negotiations are likely to outweigh any effects of mood or alcohol consumption on subsequent condom use. Language: English Keywords: TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | LINEAR REGRESSION | HISPANICS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SAFER SEX | EMOTIONS | STRESS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330970 |
| 27. Title: Contraceptive use among adolescent Latinas living in the United States: the impact of culture and acculturation. Author: Sterling SP; Sadler LS Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-28. Abstract: Although adolescent pregnancies have declined steadily during the past decade, Latina adolescents continue to have disproportionately high pregnancy rates. For nurse practitioners to effectively counsel this group of women concerning contraceptive use and sexual health, a basic understanding of the unique sociocultural factors influencing Latina adolescents' sexual activity is important. This article reviews recent literature concerning the effects of culture, acculturation, language, and significant relationships on Latina sexual behavior to provide recommendations for clinicians working with Latina adolescents in the primary care setting. Areas in need of further research are identified. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | ACCULTURATION | CULTURE | ABORTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Behavior | Religion Document Number: 342626 Notification |
| 28. Title: Condom failure: examining the objective and cultural meanings expressed in interviews with African American adolescents. Author: Sznitman SR; Horner J; Salazar LF; Romer D; Vanable PA Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2009 Jan 15;:1-10. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and context of self-reported "condom failure" among sexually active African American adolescents. Semistructured interviews regarding methods of protection from pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease (STD) with 124 youth (ages 14-19 years) were content analyzed. The findings suggested three meanings of condom failure. First, condom failure represents a legitimate and important risk related to sexual activity. Second, it can serve as an excuse repertoire for adolescents who engaged in unprotected sex and later experienced either pregnancy or a STD. Third, it may serve as an explanation for males who deceive their partners into having unprotected sex. The findings are discussed with regard to their implications for HIV or STD prevention and research. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | BLACKS | CONDOM FAILURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PREGNANCY | CULTURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329664 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence, correlates, and sexually transmitted infection risk related to coitus interruptus among African-American adolescents. Author: Sznitman SR; Romer D; Brown LK; DiClemente RJ; Valois RF; Vanable PA; Carey MP; Stanton B Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):218-20. Abstract: "Coitus interruptus" or withdrawal that involves the male partner "pulling out" before ejaculation, has received relatively little research attention, particularly in adolescents. The limited data that exist suggest that it is practiced among adolescents, yet its prevalence remains unclear. In a research trial developed to test the efficacy of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV prevention program among black adolescents, we were surprised to see extensive use of withdrawal (60% prevalence). Because black adolescents are disproportionately affected by the intersecting epidemics of HIV and other STIs, the practice of withdrawal may pose a particular risk practice for this population. Therefore, we examined 3 questions: (1) what are the correlates of withdrawal use among black adolescents, (2) how widespread is the combined use of withdrawal and condoms, and (3) what is the contribution of withdrawal to STI acquisition? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | WITHDRAWAL | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341120 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Formative study to develop the Eban treatment and comparison interventions for couples. Author: NIMH Multisite HIV/STD Prevention Trial for African American Couples Group Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Sep 1;49 Suppl 1:S42-51. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe formative and pilot-testing research that generated themes and procedures, curricula, and critical measures for a randomized clinical trial testing a Risk Reduction Intervention for HIV-serodiscordant African American couples (Project Eban). DESIGN: This article describes the themes that emerged from discussions with African American serodiscordant couples about HIV-related risks from focus groups with 11 couples and pilot study results with 32 couples across 4 sites. METHODS: In step 1, focus groups examined the need for a Risk Reduction Intervention for HIV-serodiscordant African American couples and confirmed 4 themes that formed the basis for the intervention curriculum and study format. In step 2, a pilot study refined the clinical trial procedures for this population and tested critical measures and selected portions of the curriculum for both the treatment and the comparison interventions. RESULTS: Based on these findings, stigma and psychological distress, barriers to condom use, insufficient support from community and service organizations, and the lack of skills that emphasize individual and relationship protection were ultimately integrated into the Risk Reduction Intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Pilot study findings highlighted the importance of examining gender and ethnicity in HIV-impacted couples along with factors that heightened HIV-related risk behaviors that affect couples' skills and psychological adjustment. The goal was to ensure that a skill-based, culturally congruent, relationship-centered intervention could be understood and of interest to couples. Future analyses in the main trial will be discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PILOT PROJECTS | CLINICAL TRIALS | COUPLES | BLACKS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | STIGMA | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | CULTURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Clinical Research | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems Document Number: 328590 |
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