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Title: FHI quality improvement guidelines for care and support programs for orphans and other vulnerable children.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009 Jan. 18 p.
Abstract: The guidelines are organized into nine areas of support that respond to the basic needs and human rights of children. They are also aligned with the core areas of support for programs for orphans and vulnerable children established by the U.S. government in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The areas covered by the guidelines are cross-cutting issues, care coordination, health, food and nutrition, education, psychosocial support, shelter and care, protection, and household economic strengthening.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | HOME CARE | MENTAL HEALTH | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPLEMENTATION | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339984

Title: Diarrheal disease: solutions to defeat a global killer.
Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH]
Source: Washington, D.C., PATH, 2009. 38 p.
Abstract: Today, the leading causes of death among children under the age of five, particularly in the developing world, are pneumonia and diarrhea. These illnesses are both preventable and treatable. The global health community possesses the interventions and knowledge to save millions of children's lives worldwide. We can do this by reprioritizing diarrheal disease on the global health agenda; educating, increasing awareness, and mobilizing health care providers, policymakers, and the larger global community around the burden of diarrheal disease and the lifesaving interventions that exist today; and by implementing these solutions with a coordinated approach. Proven, lifesaving, prevention and treatment methods [include]: safe water, improved sanitation and good hygiene; vaccines; exclusive breastfeeding and optimal complementary feeding; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) / oral rehydration solution (ORS); zinc treatment and other micronutrients. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | ZINC | WATER QUALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SANITATION | TREATMENT | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 331382

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Title: The use of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food to treat malnutrition in a rural area during a food crisis.
Author: Amthor RE; Cole SM; Manary MJ
Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009 Mar;109(3):464-7.
Abstract: When the international community declared a famine in Malawi in January of 2006, emergency food aid reached only populations with pre-existing health care services. To treat the widespread childhood malnutrition in Machinga district, a rural area lacking health care facilities, in February 2006 five outpatient therapeutic programs were implemented that utilized home-based therapy and ready-to-use therapeutic food. Children with severe malnutrition, defined as the presence of edema and/or a weight-for-height less than 70% of the reference standard, were enrolled in the program. Two senior clinical nurses trained village health aides in each of the five communities. Children visited the health aides biweekly. During the visits, health aides collected demographic and anthropometric information and distributed a 2-week supply of ready-to-use therapeutic food, providing 175 kcal/kg/d. Treatment continued for 8 weeks; children were discharged before 8 weeks if they reached a weight-for-height more than 100% of the reference standard, or required admission to the hospital due to systemic infection or recurrence of edema. Of the 826 children enrolled, 775 (93.7%) recovered, 13 (1.8%) remained malnourished, 30 (3.6%) defaulted, and 8 (0.9%) died. Mean weight gained was 2.7+/-3.7 g/kg/d, height gained 0.3+/-0.9 mm/d, and mid-upper arm circumference gained 0.2+/-0.3 mm/d. Home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food administered by village health aides is an effective approach to treating malnutrition during food crises in areas lacking health services.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | FAMINE | FOOD SECURITY | NUTRITION DISORDERS | ANTHROPOMETRY | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | HOME CARE | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 330803

Title: Water safety plan manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers.
Author: Bartram J; Corrales L; Davison A; Deere D; Drury D
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2009. 101 p.
Abstract: The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer. In these Guidelines, such approaches are called water safety plans (WSPs). The aim of this Manual is to provide that practical guidance to facilitate WSP development focusing particularly on organized water supplies managed by a water utility or similar entity. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | SAFETY | PLANNING | QUALITY CONTROL | RISK ASSESSMENT | STANDARDS | MONITORING | MANAGEMENT | PROCEDURES | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Organization and Administration | Evaluation
Document Number: 331413

Title: Sustainable community management of urban water and sanitation schemes (a training manual).
Author: Castro V; Msuya N; Makoye C
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program - Africa, 2009 Jan. 52 p.
Abstract: The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority's (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the material is applicable to other urban communities who may need to improve their management practices and increase the likelihood of a sustainable operation. The material included in this manual is intended to provide a trainer with the tools and information to build management capacity in the target communities. Although the manual is geared for trainers, it has also been designed to serve as a reference tool for communities who may wish to review the material on an on-going basis. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | MANUAL | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROCEDURES | COMMUNICATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Programs | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331414

Title: Traffic-related air pollution and perinatal mortality: a case-control study.
Author: de Medeiros AP; Gouveia N; Machado RP; de Souza MR; Alencar GP; Novaes HM; de Almeida MF
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009 Jan;117(1):127-32.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ambient levels of air pollution may affect the health of children, as indicated by studies of infant and perinatal mortality. Scientific evidence has also correlated low birth weight and preterm birth, which are important determinants of perinatal death, with air pollution. However, most of these studies used ambient concentrations measured at monitoring sites, which may not consider differential exposure to pollutants found at elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to examine the association between traffic-related pollution and perinatal mortality. METHODS: We used the information collected for a case-control study conducted in 14 districts in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil, regarding risk factors for perinatal deaths. We geocoded the residential addresses of cases (fetal and early neonatal deaths) and controls (children who survived the 28th day of life) and calculated a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure considering all roads contained in a buffer surrounding these homes. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed a gradient of increasing risk of early neonatal death with higher exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Mothers exposed to the highest quartile of the DWTD compared with those less exposed exhibited approximately 50% increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.19). Associations for fetal mortality were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that motor vehicle exhaust exposures may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERINATAL MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TRANSPORTATION | RISK FACTORS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Economic Factors | Biology | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources
Document Number: 330469

Title: Micronutrient deficiencies in maternity and child health: a review of environmental and social context and implications for Malawi.
Author: Dickinson N; Macpherson G; Hursthouse AS; Atkinson J
Source: Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2009 Apr;31(2):253-72.
Abstract: It is well documented that micronutrient malnutrition is of increasing concern in the developing world, resulting in poor health and high rates of mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, deficiency of iron and zinc can produce cognitive and growth impairment of the foetus, which may continue into infancy. Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for both plant growth and human nutrition. Despite significant work in the areas of soil fertility, crop biofortification and dietary interventions, the problems of micronutrient deficiencies persist in Africa. There is a need to examine why communities have not embraced intervention strategies which may offer health benefits. Bottom-up, interdisciplinary approaches are required to effectively study the relationships between local communities and their environment, and to assess the impact their behaviour has on the cycling of micronutrients within the soil-plant-human system. From a detailed consideration of diverse influencing factors, a methodological model is suggested for studying the barriers to improving micronutrient uptake within rural communities. It combines environmental understanding with health and social factors, emphasising the need for and potential benefits of understanding and coherence in true interdisciplinary working.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | SOIL DEGRADATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Environmental Degradation | Environment
Document Number: 341174

10.

Title: Does contraceptive treatment in wildlife result in side-effects? A review of quantitative and anecdotal evidence.
Author: Gray M; Cameron E
Source: Reproduction. 2009 Aug 5;
Abstract: The efficacy of contraceptive treatments has been extensively tested, and several formulations are effective at reducing fertility in a range of species. However, these formulations should minimally impact the behaviour of individuals and populations before a contraceptive is used for population manipulation, but these effects have received less attention. Potential side effects have been identified theoretically and we reviewed published studies that have investigated side effects on behaviour and physiology of individuals or population-level effects, which provided mixed results. Physiological side effects were most prevalent. Most studies reported a lack of secondary effects, but were usually based on qualitative data or anecdotes. A meta-analysis on quantitative studies of side effects showed that secondary effects consistently occur across all categories and all contraceptive types. This contrasts with the qualitative studies, suggesting that anecdotal reports are insufficient to investigate secondary impacts of contraceptive treatment. We conclude that more research is needed to address fundamental questions about secondary effects of contraceptive treatment and experiments are fundamental to conclusions. In addition, researchers are missing a vital opportunity to use contraceptives as an experimental tool to test the influence of reproduction, sex and fertility on the behavior of wildlife species.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ANIMALS | WILDLIFE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PHYSIOLOGY | BEHAVIOR | ECOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology
Document Number: 342416

11.

12.

Title: The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis.
Author: Hampshire K; Casiday R; Kilpatrick K; Panter-Brick C
Source: Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51.
Abstract: In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | DECENTRALIZATION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD CARE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Political Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing
Document Number: 331289

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change in contraceptive methods following the Yogyakarta earthquake and its association with the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy.
Author: Hapsari ED; Widyawati; Nisman WA; Lusmilasari L; Siswishanto R; Matsuo H
Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):316-22.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine access to contraception and change in contraceptive methods before and after the disaster in Bantul area, and to evaluate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In total, 450 married women participated. Questionnaires, which included participants' background, contraceptive methods, difficulties in accessing contraceptive method, and unplanned pregnancy, were completed. RESULTS: Within 1 year of the disaster, the percentage of participants who used injections and implants tended to decrease, while the percentage of participants who used pills tended to increase. Use of coitus interruptus significantly increased after the disaster. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was significantly higher in a group of participants who had difficulty accessing contraceptive methods compared to a group that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Health personnel should not only actively deliver contraceptive methods in a disaster situation but also educate couples to prevent unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | NATURAL DISASTERS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330555

14.

Title: Strong association between birth month and reproductive performance of Vietnamese women.
Author: Huber S; Fieder M
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jan-Feb;21(1):25-35.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies on premodern and modern Western societies indicate that birth season may influence female reproduction. Nothing is known, however, about this effect in developing economies. Many of the latter are characterised by tropical climates with a rainy season associated with lower food availability and a greater prevalence of infectious diseases. We therefore predict that an association between birth month and reproductive output, if it exists, should be related to the rainy season. To test this prediction, we analysed census data of Vietnam obtained from IPUMS-International (Vietnam 1999 Population and Housing Census). Based on 493,853 women born between 1950 and 1977 and thus aged 22 to 49 years, we found that the time series of mean offspring count per month of birth has a highly significant period of 12 months (power = 46.871, P < 0.00001). Our results further indicate that the 12-month periodic signal has a maximum in July and a minimum in January. Accordingly, the peak corresponds to birth during the rainy season, the low if the third pregnancy month concurs with the rainy season. The month of birth is therefore clearly associated with the later reproductive performance of Vietnamese women, strongly supporting the assumption that environmental and maternal conditions during early development exert long-term effects on reproductive functioning. Provided the rainy season adversely affects developmental processes due to inadequate food and/or high infection risk, the association reported here points to a critical period of reproductive development during early pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CENSUS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | SEASONAL VARIATION | CLIMATE | CHILDBIRTH | FOOD SECURITY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Environment | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Food Supply | Natural Resources
Document Number: 330492

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154.
Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341898

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Preclinical characterization of a (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide: a selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception.
Author: Jones A; Chen J; Hwang DJ; Miller DD; Dalton JT
Source: Endocrinology. 2009 Jan;150(1):385-95.
Abstract: The pharmacologic effects of (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) were characterized in male rats as an animal model of hormonal male contraception. S-23 showed high binding affinity (inhibitory constant = 1.7 +/- 0.2 nm) and was identified as a full agonist in vitro. In castrated male rats, the ED50 of S-23 in the prostate and levator ani muscle was 0.43 and 0.079 mg/d, respectively. In intact male rats treated for 14 d, S-23 alone suppressed LH levels by greater than 50% at doses greater than 0.1 mg/d, with corresponding decreases in the size of the prostate but increases in the size of levator ani muscle. In intact male rats treated for up to 10 wk with S-23 and estradiol benzoate (EB; necessary to maintain sexual behavior in rats), S-23 showed biphasic effects on androgenic tissues and spermatogenesis by suppressing serum concentrations of LH and FSH. EB alone showed no effect on spermatogenesis. In the EB + S-23 (0.1 mg/d) group, four of six animals showed no sperm in the testis and zero pregnancies (none of six) in mating trials. After termination of treatment, infertility was fully reversible, with a 100% pregnancy rate observed after 100 d of recovery. S-23 increased bone mineral density and lean mass but reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first study to show that a selective androgen receptor modulator combined with EB is an effective and reversible regimen for hormonal male contraception in rats. The beneficial effects of S-23 on the muscle, tissue selectivity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make it a strong candidate for use in oral male contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ANIMALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330565

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: On population growth near protected areas.
Author: Joppa LN; Loarie SR; Pimm SL
Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4279.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Protected areas are the first, and often only, line of defense in efforts to conserve biodiversity. They might be detrimental or beneficial to rural communities depending on how they alter economic opportunities and access to natural resources. As such, protected areas may attract or repel human settlement. Disproportionate increases in population growth near protected area boundaries may threaten their ability to conserve biodiversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using decadal population datasets, we analyze population growth across 45 countries and 304 protected areas. We find no evidence for population growth near protected areas to be greater than growth of rural areas in the same country. Furthermore, we argue that what growth does occur near protected areas likely results from a general expansion of nearby population centers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results contradict those from a recent study by Wittemyer et al., who claim overwhelming evidence for increased human population growth near protected areas. To understand the disagreement, we re-analyzed the protected areas in Wittemyer et al.'s paper. Their results are simply artifacts of mixing two incompatible datasets. Protected areas may experience unusual population pressures near their edges; indeed, individual case studies provide examples. There is no evidence, however, of a general pattern of disproportionate population growth near protected areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | URBANIZATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 331218

18.

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of an urban sewerage system on childhood diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran: a concurrent control field trial.
Author: Kolahi AA; Rastegarpour A; Sohrabi MR
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;103(5):500-5.
Abstract: The stepwise implementation of the Tehran Sewerage Project provided a convenient setting for which health impacts of an urban sewerage system could be examined with appropriate controls. In 2001, Tehran municipal districts 17 and 18 had no sewerage system connections, but areas within these districts had been planned to be connected by 2006. These areas were chosen as an intervention group. Neighbouring areas, with a similar socio-economic status, that had not been planned to connect to the sewerage system by 2006, were chosen as controls. Homes within designated areas were randomized and surveyed twice to determine diarrhoea incidences for children aged 6-60 months, once in 2001, before connection to the sewerage system, and once again in 2006, after the intervention. By 2006, 76% of the homes in the intervention zones were connected to the sewerage system. In the first stage of the study, diarrhoea incidences for intervention and control groups were 18.6 and 16.6%, respectively. In the second stage, incidences decreased to 10.1 and 10.5%, respectively. Data collected from 4179 children demonstrated that the diarrhoea incidence had decreased by 46% in the intervention group, whereas it had decreased by 37% in the controls.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | URBAN POPULATION | SANITATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIARRHEA | WASTE MANAGEMENT | HYGIENE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Diseases | Environment
Document Number: 342515

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Relationship between intestinal parasitic infection in children and soil contamination in an urban slum.
Author: Korkes F; Kumagai FU; Belfort RN; Szejnfeld D; Abud TG; Kleinman A; Florez GM; Szejnfeld T; Chieffi PP
Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;55(1):42-5.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Urban slums are well known for their high infant mortality and morbidity rates, and parasitic infections seem to be a common problem among these children. The aim of the present study was to determine protozoa and nematodes prevalence among children of a selected community located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and access the relation between soil and children infection. METHODS: Soil contamination samples from 15 strategic locations in the slum area as well as stool samples (examined for protozoa and nematodes through five different methods) from 120 children aged 2-14 years (49% M: 51% F, mean +/- SD = 7.9 +/- 3.8 years) were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Children's domicile locations were determined, and a comparative analysis was undertaken to correlate children and soil infection. RESULTS: Overall infection rate was 30.8% (n = 37), without difference between genders. The most frequent intestinal protozoa were Endolimax nana (20.8%), Entamoeba coli (15.8%) and Giardia lamblia (16.7%). Frequencies of Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis in stool samples were 2.5 and 1.7%, respectively. No cases of hookworms, Schistosoma mansoni or Tricuris trichiura were identified. Polyparasitism occurred in 10.8% of the children, while 69.2% were free of parasitic infections. Out of the 15 soil samples analyzed, Ascaris sp. eggs were found in 20% and hookworm eggs in 6.7%. CONCLUSION: Helminth infection is not as prevalent as previously reported in urban slums in Sao Paulo, neither as clinical disease nor in soil samples. Protozoa intestinal infection, however, is still frequent in some marginalized populations in Sao Paulo. Improvement in living standards, mostly sanitation might decrease the prevalence of these diseases.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | SLUMS | PREVALENCE | SOIL QUALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PARASITIC DISEASES | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Measurement | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Diseases | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330412

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk behaviour for women working in recreational venues in Mwanza, Tanzania: considerations for the acceptability and use of vaginal microbicide gels.
Author: Lees S; Desmond N; Allen C; Bugeke G; Vallely A; Ross D
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1.
Abstract: Qualitative research was conducted to explore the social context of sexual-risk behaviour among women working in recreational occupations, during a feasibility study in preparation for the Phase III clinical trial of vaginal microbicides in Mwanza, Tanzania. Participant observation was conducted in 68 recreational venues. Six focus group discussions were conducted with women working in recreational occupations and two with male customers at these venues. Findings revealed that these women are at risk of HIV due their dependence on sexual transactions to improve their economic circumstances, which take place in environments and relationships where condom use is difficult. However, the findings revealed that, in spite of constraints, women did take actions to prevent HIV by negotiating for condom use or avoiding perceived risky practices or partnerships, in particular moving to more casual partnerships where condom negotiation is more acceptable. This indicates that, given their perception of their own risk, women working in recreational occupations will welcome an effective microbicide. However, sustained use will depend on how formulations overcome the difficulties women currently experience with condom negotiation and the specific environments and relationships in which they engage in sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 341493

22.

Title: Food insecurity among volunteer AIDS caregivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was highly prevalent but buffered from the 2008 food crisis.
Author: Maes KC; Hadley C; Tesfaye F; Shifferaw S; Tesfaye YA
Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Sep;139(9):1758-64.
Abstract: Our objective in this study was to assess the validity and dependability of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed for international use, among community health volunteers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The HFIAS was translated into Amharic and subsequently tested for content and face validity. This was followed by a quantitative validation study based on a representative sample (n = 99) of female community volunteers (HIV/AIDS home-based caregivers), with whom the HFIAS was administered at 3 time points over the course of 2008, in the context of the local and global "food crisis." By pooling observations across data collection rounds and accounting for intra-individual correlation in repeated measures, we found that the HFIAS performed well according to standards in the field. We also observed slight amelioration in reported food insecurity (FI) status over time, which seems paradoxical given the increasing inaccessibility of food over the same time period due to inflating prices and disappearing food aid. We attempted to resolve this paradox by appealing to self-report-related phenomena that arise in the context of longitudinal study designs: 1) observation bias, in which respondents change their reports according to changing expectations of the observer-respondent relationship or change their behavior in ways that ameliorate FI after baseline self-reports; and 2) "response shift," in which respondents change their reports according to reassessment of internal standards of FI. Our results are important for the validation of FI tools and for the sustainability of community health programs reliant on volunteerism in sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | FOOD SECURITY | VALIDITY | AIDS | HOME CARE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | DIET | INCOME | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342809

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Integrating nutrition support for food-insecure patients and their dependents into an HIV care and treatment program in Western Kenya.
Author: Mamlin J; Kimaiyo S; Lewis S; Tadayo H; Jerop FK; Gichunge C; Petersen T; Yih Y; Braitstein P; Einterz R
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):215-21.
Abstract: The Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) is a partnership between Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University School of Medicine, and a consortium of universities led by Indiana University. AMPATH has over 50,000 patients in active care in 17 main clinics around western Kenya. Despite antiretroviral therapy, many patients were not recovering their health because of food insecurity. AMPATH therefore established partnerships with the World Food Program and United States Agency for International Development and began high-production farms to complement food support. Today, nutritionists assess all AMPATH patients and dependents for food security and refer those in need to the food program. We describe the implementation, challenges, and successes of this program.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | FOOD SECURITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 329769

25.

Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants.
Author: Perkins F
Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4.
Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation
Document Number: 342373

26.

Title: Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity chromatography column for the selective extraction of trace contraceptive drug levonorgestrel from water samples.
Author: Qiao Y; Yang H; Wang B; Song J; Deng A
Source: Talanta. 2009 Nov 15;80(1):98-103.
Abstract: The preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column for the specific extraction and enrichment of trace contraceptive drug levonorgestrel (LNG) from water samples were described. The IAC column was constructed by covalently coupling specific polyclonal antibody against LNG to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B and packed into a common solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The extraction conditions including loading, washing and eluting solutions, as well as the effect of flow rate on the extraction were carefully optimized. Pure water, 5% of methanol and 50% of methanol were respectively selected as loading, washing and eluting solutions, while the flow rates in the loading, washing and eluting steps were selected to be 1.0, 2.0 and 0.5 mL min(-1), respectively. Under optimal conditions, the IAC column was characterized in terms of maximum capacity, extraction recovery and stability. It was found that, for IAC column packed with 0.2g of solid support immobilized with antibody, the maximum capacity for LNG was about 260 ng. The extraction recoveries of the column for LNG at three different spiked concentrations were within 95.3-106.9%. After more than 35 times repeated usage, there was not significant loss of specific recognition. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as an analytical tool, trace amount of LNG in the range of ng L(-1) was found in river water and wastewater samples after 600-fold enrichment, demonstrated the feasibility of the prepared IAC column for LNG extraction.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | LEVONORGESTREL | WATER QUALITY | SAFETY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ANTIBODIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342928

27.

Title: Effect of preventive supplementation on young children in Niger [letter]
Author: Roberfroid D; Huybregts L; Kolsteren P
Source: JAMA. 2009 Jun 3;301(21):2208; author reply 2209.
Abstract: In their randomized controlled trial, Ms. Isanaka and colleagues found that providing children younger than 5 years with ready-to-use therapeutic food during periods of food insecurity can prevent cases of malnutrition. However, their study presents 2 important methodological difficulties. First, the authors used different reference distributions to define malnutrition at inclusion in the study (National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization [NCHS/WHO], 1978) and at inclusion in the analysis (WHO Child Growth Standards, 2006). A proportion of participants were thus excluded from the analysis on the grounds that they were already malnourished at recruitment according to the WHO reference. This proportion was likely substantial and would be expected to consist mainly of children younger than 24 months because the 2 references yield different diagnoses principally in that age range. Unfortunately, this age range has the highest risk of malnutrition. This compromises the internal validity of the study, and extrapolation of results to children aged 6 to 60 months requires caution. The problem could be amplified by the interaction of the intervention with child age at baseline (P=.07), a result not fully discussed by the authors. Second, the authors chose purposively a small number of villages that experienced a high prevalence of wasting during the 2005 food crisis. This crisis was an extreme manifestation of a long-term problem, including weak markets, land degradation, and poor access to health services. As a result, the study villages were likely to differ from other villages by a number of key characteristics, putting the external validity of the study in question. In addition, it indicates that without addressing the causal complexity of malnutrition any intervention will have limited impact on malnutrition. The intervention in the study by Isanaka et al reduced the rate of wasting by only 36%. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGER | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FOOD SECURITY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341623

29.

Title: Purchase of drinking water is associated with increased child morbidity and mortality among urban slum-dwelling families in Indonesia.
Author: Semba RD; de Pee S; Kraemer K; Sun K; Thorne-Lyman A; Moench-Pfanner R; Sari M; Akhter N; Bloem MW
Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2009 Jul;212(4):387-97.
Abstract: In developing countries, poor families in urban slums often do not receive municipal services including water. The objectives of our study were to characterize families who purchased drinking water and to examine the relation between purchasing drinking water and child morbidity and mortality in urban slums of Indonesia, using data collected between 1999 and 2003. Of 143,126 families, 46.8% purchased inexpensive drinking water from street vendors, 47.4% did not purchase water, i.e., had running or spring/well water within household, and 5.8% purchased more expensive water in the previous 7 days. Families that purchased inexpensive drinking water had less educated parents, a more crowded household, a father who smoked, and lower socioeconomic level compared with the other families. Among children of families that purchased inexpensive drinking water, did not purchase drinking water, or purchased more expensive water, the prevalence was, respectively, for diarrhea in last 7 days (11.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%), underweight (28.9%, 24.1%, 24.1%), stunting (35.6%, 30.5%, 30.5%), wasting (12.0%, 10.5%, 10.9%), family history of infant mortality (8.0%, 5.6%, 5.1%), and of under-five child mortality (10.4%, 7.1%, 6.4%) (all P<0.0001). Use of inexpensive drinking water was associated with under-five child mortality (Odds Ratio [O.R.] 1.32, 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.] 1.20-1.45, P<0.0001) and diarrhea (O.R. 1.43, 95% C.I. 1.29-1.60, P<0.0001) in multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Purchase of inexpensive drinking water was common and associated with greater child malnutrition, diarrhea, and infant and under-five child mortality in the family. Greater efforts must be made to ensure access to safe drinking water, a basic human right and target of the Millennium Development Goals, in urban slums.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | SLUMS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | WATER SUPPLY | EXPENDITURES | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Measurement
Document Number: 342114

30.

Title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): Determining feasible water and feces management small doable actions for HIV programs in Ethiopia.
Author: Seumo EF; Tesfay M; Rosenbaum J; Bery R
Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], USAID Hygiene Improvement Project, 2009 Feb. 61 p. (Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-04-00024-00)
Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) in resource limited settings. Diarrhea is very debilitating and negatively affects the PLWHA's quality of life. Household members and especially children are at risk of contracting diarrhea from PLWHA suffering from bouts of diarrhea. Improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) helps prevent diarrhea in PLWHA and their households and enhances the quality of life. The major challenge is how to integrate WASH into HIV programs. To address this challenge, USAID / HIP worked with NGOs providing home-based care services in Ethiopia to design and carry out a trial of improved practices (TIPs) to help identify the water, hygiene, and sanitation small doable actions (SDA) to be integrated into HIV programs. A rapid assessment was carried out in Amhara Region in December 2007. The SDA were reviewed with NGOs partners in Addis to identify the WASH behaviors to be explored in the TIPs. Water and feces management were the two areas that required more information and were thus selected for the TIPs. Further, despite the high risk of HIV transmission associated with menstrual blood, very little is known about HIV-positive women's hygiene practices during menstruation. To fill this gap, USAID / HIP also included this topic in the TIPs. For seven weeks trained data collectors and home-based care workers visited 62 PLWHA in Adama, Addis, Alemtena, and Wonji -- urban, peri-urban, and rural sites in the Oromo Region. USAID / HIP reviewed the findings from the Oromo and Amhara regions and developed recommendations on the WASH SDA to be integrated in the home-based care programs in Ethiopia. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER QUALITY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HOME CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DIARRHEA | MENSTRUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproduction
Document Number: 331415


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