2.  Title: Exposure to information and communication about HIV/AIDS and perceived credibility of information sources among young people in northern Tanzania. Author: Bastien S; Leshabari MT; Klepp KI Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):213-222. Abstract: A structured face-to-face interview was completed by 993 young people out of school, between the ages of 13 and 18, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; additionally, the questionnaire was self-administered by 1,007 students attending either their last year of primary or first year of secondary school. Significant factors associated with the frequency of exposure to HIV/AIDS information and frequency of communication about HIV/AIDS included urban/rural location, sex, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Both groups ranked the radio as the most frequent source of HIV/AIDS information. The in-school group reported significantly more frequent exposure to all sources of HIV/AIDS information, and they communicated more frequently about the topic than did the out-of-school group. The in-school group gave high credibility ratings to medical doctors, the radio, and parents as sources of information, whereas the out-of-school group attributed the most credibility to the mass media. Irrespective of school attendance, the young people ranked friends, parents, and doctors as preferred communicators of sexual and reproductive health information. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Communication | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339889 |
| 3. Title: Effects of female literacy on family size. Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7. Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 340190 |
| 4. Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia. Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14. Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Document Number: 341413 |
| 5. Title: Youth as research fieldworkers in a context of HIV/AIDS Author: Francis D; Hemson C Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):223-230. Abstract: While youth-to-youth research approaches have increased in both popularity and practice, our understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying the successes or failures of 'peer researchers' is still developing. This study addresses the question through qualitative research, drawing on observations of the process of training out-of-school youths as research fieldworkers, reflections on the interviews with respondents, and focus group discussions with the young fieldworkers. The authors found several advantages to using fieldworkers who are close in their characteristics to that of respondents. These benefits included ready access to respondents, the immediate use of language appropriate to the respondents, and an ability to swiftly establish rapport. They authors also observed several limitations: the peer researchers struggled with the wish of some respondents to establish supportive friendships with them, they lacked the authority of an academic researcher, and they sometimes resorted to false promises in attempts to get cooperation. The authors conclude that using youths as peer researchers is neither better nor worse than using professional researchers, but each approach can produce its own challenges and possibilities. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | INTERVIEWERS | PEER GROUPS | HIV INFECTIONS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | POWER | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | LANGUAGE | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survey Personnel | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 339895 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy-related deaths in rural Rajasthan, India: exploring causes, context, and care-seeking through verbal autopsy. Author: Iyengar K; Iyengar SD; Suhalka V; Dashora K Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):293-302. Abstract: In 2002-2003, all deaths (n=156) of women aged 15-49 years in a block of southern Rajasthan were investigated to determine the cause of death and care-seeking behaviour. Family members of 156 (98%) of 160 deceased women were interviewed following the comprehensive listing of all deaths among women of reproductive age. Of the 156 deaths, 31 (20%) were pregnancy-related; 77% of these women died during the postpartum period, and 74% of the deaths occurred in the home. Direct and indirect obstetric causes were responsible for 58% and 29% of the deaths respectively; 12% were injury-related deaths. Medical care was sought for 65% of the women, and 29% were hospitalized. Family perception of not being able to afford treatment at distant hospitals was a major barrier to seeking care, and 60% of those who sought care had to borrow money for treatment. Lack of skilled attendance and immediate postpartum care were major factors contributing to deaths. Improved access to emergency obstetric care facilities in rural areas and steps to eliminate costs at public hospitals would be crucial to prevent pregnancy-related deaths. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | LOW LITERATES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | AUTOPSY | CAUSES OF DEATH | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341928 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Breastfeeding knowledge and practices amongst mothers in a rural population of North India: a community-based study. Author: Kishore MS; Kumar P; Aggarwal AK Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Jun;55(3):183-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: National family health survey-3 of India has revealed startling lower exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates (16.9%) in the state of Haryana compared with national data (46%). The barriers to breastfeeding in this population are not clearly known. Therefore, a study was conducted in a rural population of the state to study their breastfeeding practices, knowledge regarding usefulness of breastfeeding and factors influencing the breastfeeding practices. METHODS: In six villages of Panchkula district of Haryana, all the mothers of infants between 0-6 months were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Time at initiation of breastfeeding, duration of EBF and their understanding about the usefulness of breastfeeding were assessed. Position of the baby during breastfeeding and attachment of the baby's mouth to the breast were assessed by direct observation while feeding. Breastfeeding knowledge of the mother was evaluated. RESULTS: Out of the 77 mothers, 30% and 10% exclusively breastfed their infants till 4 and 6 months of age, respectively. There was 'good attachment' in 42% mother-infant pairs and infants were held in 'correct position' by 60% mothers. Thirty-nine percent of the mothers had 'satisfactory' breastfeeding knowledge. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, lack of breastfeeding counseling was significantly associated with decreased rates of EBF at 4 months and 6 months (p-value 0.01 and 0.002, respectively) and 'full' breastfeeding (FBF) at 6 months of age (p-value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: EBF/FBF practices and breastfeeding knowledge are suboptimal among the rural North Indian mothers. Breastfeeding counseling with emphasis on correct technique can improve the EBF/FBF rates. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | OBSTACLES | LITERACY | COUNSELING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 341968 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Age at first sex in rural South Africa. Author: McGrath N; Nyirenda M; Hosegood V; Newell ML Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i49-i55. Abstract: The authors used longitudinal data from four rounds (2003–2007) of a prospective population-based HIV and sexual behavior survey in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa to investigate the distribution and predictors of earlier first sex among young men and women (12-25 years) in a population with a high prevalence and incidence of HIV. Survival analyses were used, and each analysis considered men and women separately. Among the 4,724 women and 4,029 men who were virgins at the beginning of the period, the median age at first sex (AFS) was 18.5 and 19.2 years, respectively. In multivariable models, factors associated with earlier AFS across gender were periurban residence (vs. rural), ever use of alcohol, and knowing at least one person who had HIV, while school attendance had a significant protective effect. Other factors were important for one gender only. Maternal death was significantly associated with earlier AFS for women, in the same way that paternal death was for young men, while mother's membership of the same household significantly delayed AFS of young men. The analysis of early first sex confirmed the same factors to be important as in the overall analyses for men and women. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 340107 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex work, Syphilis, and Seeking Treatment: An Opportunity for Intervention in HIV Prevention Programming in Karnataka, South India. Author: Mishra S; Moses S; Hanumaiah PK; Washington R; Alary M; Ramesh BM; Isac S; Blanchard JF Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb 9; Abstract: OBJECTIVES:: To measure the determinants of syphilis among female sex workers (FSWs) in the state of Karnataka, South India. METHODS:: During 2004-2006, cross-sectional surveys were administered to 2312 FSWs across 5 districts in the state, in the context of a large-scale HIV preventive intervention program. Demographic and behavioral information, and serum (for syphilis, HSV-2 and HIV) and urine specimens (for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis) were obtained. RESULTS:: The prevalences of lifetime (TPHA positive) and active (RPR and TPHA positive) syphilis were 25.3% and 9.6%, respectively. There was considerable variation in the prevalence between districts, ranging from 10.9% to 37.4% lifetime, and 3.4% to 24.9% active infection. Factors associated with lifetime syphilis were older age, longer duration of sex work, illiteracy, client volume, practising sex work in >1 city, and sex work typology (public solicitation followed by brothel or lodge-based sex). The same typology, client volume, illiteracy, and having been widowed, divorced or deserted, were predictive of active infection. Of the 976 women who had symptoms of an STI, 78.8% had sought medical treatment, behavior that was protective for both outcomes. HIV infection was strongly associated with lifetime (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.6-2.6) and active syphilis (OR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5-2.9). CONCLUSIONS:: Despite reasonable treatment-seeking behavior, the high prevalence of syphilis has necessitated enhanced outreach efforts for FSWs and acceleration of the implementation of syphilis screening. Mobilizing resources to enhance syphilis control will not only reduce the burden of syphilis morbidity, but should impact in reducing HIV transmission. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | SYPHILIS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HIV PREVENTION | HERPES GENITALIS | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | AGE FACTORS | PREVALENCE | ILLITERACY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341500 |
| 10. Title: Comparison of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of orphans and non-orphans among HIV-positive children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Oladokun R; Brown B; Aiyetan P; Ayodele O; Osinusi K Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul;13(4):462-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV-positive orphans and to compare their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics with HIV-positive non-orphans. METHODS: A survey was conducted among patients attending the infectious disease clinic of the Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between July 2005 and November 2006. Information obtained included demographic data, orphan status, HIV/AIDS status of parents, current caregiver, school enrolment, and clinical parameters at presentation. RESULTS: Of the 110 children studied (mean age 43.5 months, SD 41.7 months), 58 (52.7%) were male and 74 (67.9%) presented with severe clinical disease, while 68.1% were malnourished. There were 40 orphans, giving a prevalence of 36.4%. Of this number, 13 (32.5%) were paternal orphans, 20 (50%) were maternal orphans, and seven (17.5%) were double orphans. Thirty-five (87.5%) were cared for within the family and none were in institutional care. Compared to non-orphans, orphans tended to be older at presentation (p=0.02). There were no significant differences in school enrolment, clinical stage of the disease, CD4 counts, or mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age Z-scores at presentation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: It appears that the extended family system is currently coping with the orphan situation. There is need for provision of social and economic support to caregivers of children orphaned by AIDS before the family system is overwhelmed. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | AGE FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | CHILD CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 342833 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Comprehension of a prototype emergency contraception package label by female adolescents. Author: Raymond EG; L'Engle KL; Tolley EE; Ricciotti N; Arnold MV; Park S Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):199-205. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We evaluated female adolescents' comprehension of a prototype over-the-counter package label for an emergency contraceptive pill product. STUDY DESIGN: Volunteers aged 12-17 years who could read English were recruited at malls and clinics in six United States metropolitan areas. After completing a literacy assessment, subjects examined the prototype package and answered 20 questions that assessed understanding of six key concepts related to appropriate use of the product. RESULTS: The analysis population included 335 subjects, 54 to 59 of each year of age between 12 and 17 years. When asked what the product is used for, 264 respondents (79%) specifically indicated contraception. The six key concepts were each understood by 83-96% of subjects. In all 24 population subgroups examined, each key concept was understood by at least 72% of subjects. CONCLUSION: Female adolescents aged 17 years and younger understand the prototype package label well enough to enable safe and effective use without assistance from a clinician. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | READING | LANGUAGE | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | AGE FACTORS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Literacy | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330058 |
12.  Title: Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of school adolescents in Ghana. Author: Sallar AM Source: African Health Sciences. 2009 Jun;9(2):82-91. Abstract: A cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents ages 10-19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana. When asked how to prevent acquiring AIDS, participants mentioned sexual abstinence (78.1%), condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitudes toward PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of relatives with HIV/AIDS, allow PLWHAs to conceal their status, or allow PLWHAs to work with others. Out-of-school students were also more likely to provide PLWHAs with less healthcare, and they indicated that PLWHAs should be isolated. The author concludes that out-of-school adolescents constitute a hard-to-reach population, and mechanisms should be developed to help reduce their misperceptions that fuel stigma and discrimination. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 339887 |
| 13. Title: Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of-school adolescents in Ghana. Author: Sallar AM Source: African Health Sciences. 2009 Jun;9(2):82-91. Abstract: BACKGROUND: A quarter century into the HIV pandemic, knowledge about sexual transmission and sharing of needles remain high just as misperceptions relating to casual contact. OBJECTIVES: To assess HIV knowledge, misperceptions, and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among adolescents. METHODS: A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana. RESULTS: Knowledge score ranged 0 to 38 (mean = 26.64; sd +/- 6.74). To prevent AIDS, 78.1% mentioned sexual abstinence, condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitude towards PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of HIV/AIDS relatives (p = 0.004); allow PLWHAs conceal their status (p < 0.001); allow PLWHAs to work with others (p = 0.007); more likely to let PLWHAs have less healthcare (p = 0.026); and indicate that PLWHAs should be isolated (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Out-of-school adolescents constitute hard-to-reach population and mechanisms should be developed to reach them to reduce misperceptions which may fuel stigma and discrimination. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 342651 |
| 14. Title: The prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases among married women in the reproductive age group in a rural area. Author: Sharma S; Gupta BP Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2009 Jan;34(1):62-64. Abstract: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a major public health problem in developing countries. The consequences of RTIs are numerous and potentially devastating. These include postabortal and puerperal-sepsis, ectopic pregnancy, fetal and perinatal death, cervical cancer, infertility, chronic physical pain, emotional distress, and social rejection of women. In Indian communitybased studies, the range of self-reported morbidity has been reported to vary from 39.84%. Most of the Indian studies in the Þ eld of reproductive health care are based on clinical examination and a few are based on laboratory tests. This community-based cross-sectional study of the prevalence of RTIs gives some indication of the likely burden of the disease in the population studied and highlights some associated factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | ILLITERACY | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328725 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation and risk: girls' experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. Author: Sommer M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):383-398. Abstract: This paper examines girls' voiced experiences of menstruation, puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Moshi and Rombo Districts of Kilimanjaro, a predominantly Chagga region with historically strong support for girls' education. The major question explored was how the onset of menses and puberty may be impacting on girls' school participation, given societal implications of pubertal onset and potentially gender discriminatory school environments. The methodology included a comparative case study using in-depth interviews and participatory research with young women living in urban and rural Kilimanjaro. Along with important findings about how menstrual onset creates challenges for girls attending school emerged findings about the significant gaps in girls' knowledge about body changes, sexual health and HIV/AIDS. These findings underline the importance of identifying new girl-centred approaches to guidance on bodily development and HIV prevention. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | MENARCHE | SEXUALITY | CULTURE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Menstruation | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Evaluation | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 341089 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Do instructions for over-the-counter pre-coital female contraceptives promote "perfect use"? Author: Zite NB; Wallace LS Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):211-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to estimate the readability and related features of English-language over-the-counter (OTC) pre-coital female contraceptive (PFC) instructions. STUDY DESIGN: We identified and purchased all currently available OTC PFCs (n=8), including Encare (Contraceptive Gel and Insert), F.C. Female Condom, Ortho Options (Conceptrol, Delfen and Gyncol II Jelly), Today Sponge and VCF Vaginal Film. Reading grade level was calculated using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Text point size was measured and total number of graphics was tallied. Graphic dimensions were also measured. We also assessed OTC PFC instructions on four main criteria--derived from the "User-Friendliness Tool (UFT)"--including layout features, graphic characteristics, presence of a clear message and presentation of manageable information. RESULTS: Reading level ranged from 8th to 12th grade (mean+/-SD=10.0+/-1.2). Mean page length was 24.4+/-7.0 cm (9.6+/-2.76 in.), while average page width was 20.3+/-13.8 cm (7.99+/-5.43 in.). Average text point size was 7.9+/-2.3 (range=6-12). Illustrations, predominantly line drawings, were used throughout (range=3-11), and most were similar in size to a matchbox. None of the "How to Use" sections scored high in all criteria on the UFT. CONCLUSIONS: "How to Use" sections of OTC PFC instructions should be revised to be easier to read and more user friendly. Ideally, the gap between "typical" and "perfect" contraceptive efficacy could potentially be narrowed if instructions were developed that the large majority of women could easily understand. Language: English Keywords: TENNESSEE | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | USER COMPLIANCE | PROMOTION | LANGUAGE | READING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication | Literacy | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 330056 |
| 17. Title: Healthy youth productive lives: empowering youth in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Author: American Institutes for Research [AIR]. Malawi Teacher Training Activity Source: Washington, D.C., AIR, 2008. [8] p. (USAID Contract No. GS 10F-0112J Order No: 690-M-04-00260-00) Abstract: In 2006, the USAID-funded Malawi Teacher Training Activity created the Mphamvu Kwa Achinyamata ("Power to the Youth") clubs to support school-based HIV and AIDS prevention education in Malawi. This brochure highlights key aspects of the HIV/AIDS School Clubs Initiative, and it profiles just a few of the many successful club activities underway throughout Malawi. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | CHILDREN | STUDENTS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 339986 |
| 18. Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls. Author: Plan Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p. Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 326794 |
| 19. Title: Socio-demographic variables associated with AIDS epidemic: evidence from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the African countries. Author: Al-Asfahani AM; Girvan JT Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):1-16. Abstract: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been spreading rapidly worldwide for the past two decades, causing a variety of symptoms known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has killed millions of people, and which looks likely to kill millions more. Generally, HIV infection rates are currently decreasing in several countries, but globally the number of people living with HIV/AIDS continues to rise both geographically and among specific demographic groups. For example, despite the remarkable efforts that are being made throughout Africa to avert the spread of HIV and reduce its impact, the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa continues to spread obstinately. Among the vexing issues related to the AIDS epidemic are the insufficient provisions of planners, policy makers and the public in general in curbing its devastating consequences to the health sector, households, schools, workplaces, economies and the quality of life as a whole. This paper presents information on the association between socio-demographic variables and AIDS prevalence in some African and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The studied variables included size of population; population density; urbanization; average life expectancy; average female life expectancy; average male life expectancy; literacy; female and male literacy; population increase; infant mortality; average daily calorie intake; gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; religion; fertility rates; death rates; and AIDS-rate. Several parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques were adopted including Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Insignificant difference in the means of AIDS-rates between the OECD countries and the African group was found, but the difference was significant when the USA was excluded from the analysis. As initially expected, life expectancy in the OECD countries was significantly higher than that of the African group while the average rates of infant mortality, population growth, fertility, and death were significantly higher within the African group. Significant association between AIDS-rate and life expectancy was only found for African males, while association with fertility, infant mortality, population density, and calorie intakes was statistically insignificant. No clear difference between urban and rural areas with respect to AIDS-rates was discerned. Communities of Muslims were less subject to the AIDS problem. In conclusion, future studies should devote more attention toward impacts on HIV/AIDS prevalence of other equally important variables such as access to social and health care services, cultural norms, ethnic diversity, and educational facilities. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POPULATION DENSITY | URBANIZATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LITERACY | INFANT MORTALITY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | QUALITY OF LIFE | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Length of Life | Mortality | Demographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | Biology Document Number: 322509 |
| 20. Title: Madrasas and NGOs: complements or substitutes? Non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh. Author: Asadullah MN; Chaudhury N Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, South Asia Region, Human Development Unit, 2008 Feb. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4511) Abstract: There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there's little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on female enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee primary schools on growth in female enrollment in madrasas. The analysis deals with potential endoegeneity by using data on number of the number of school branches and female members in the sub-district. The findings show that madrasas that are located in regions with a greater number of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee schools have higher growth in female enrollment. This relationship is further strengthened by the finding that there is, however, no effect of these schools on female enrollment growth in secular schools. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Schools Document Number: 325677 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Contextual correlates of child malnutrition in rural Maharashtra. Author: Bawdekar M; Ladusingh L Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):771-786. Abstract: This paper examines the role of observed contextual factors like topography, development and literacy on severe malnutrition among social groups in rural Maharashtra based on the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey (RCH-DLHS) Round II (2002-04) data. Multilevel modelling techniques were applied in order to examine the district-wise variations in severe malnutrition associated with the characteristics of the places (contextual effects), as the relationships with the type of people (compositional effects) have already been well established. The results show that developmental aspects such as road connectivity, community literacy, toilet facilities and household standard of living contribute positively to the status of severe malnutrition. Also, the scheduled tribe, aboriginal underprivileged group are more at risk of severe malnourishment due to a lack of proper development, poor awareness about maintaining and enhancing the nutritional value of food and lack of hygiene and sanitation as compared with the scheduled castes, another aboriginal group. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RURAL AREAS | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | LITERACY | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HYGIENE | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Geographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 308355 |
| 22. Title: Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Ethiopia: correlation with culture, histology and HIV status. Author: Beyene D; Ashenafi S; Yamuah L; Aseffa A; Wiker H; Engers H; Klatser P; Sviland L Source: International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008 Sep;12(9):1030-6. Abstract: SETTING: Butajira, Southern Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic capacity of the clinical criteria for tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) with histological and/or culture results and to assess the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis. DESIGN: Patients (n=171) were included in the study from October 2005 until July 2006 at Butajira Hospital. Laboratory tests were performed to confirm TBLN. HIV status was identified in TBLN patients and retrospectively in 1608 healthy individuals. RESULT: A total of 136/161 (84.5%) patients were diagnosed with TBLN by histology. TBLN was culture-confirmed in 107/156 (68.6%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of histology were respectively 92.5%, 49%, 79.8% and 75% when compared to culture as gold standard. Patients positive for TBLN by cytology and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) were also positive by histology and culture. Among the 143 confirmed TBLN patients, nine (6.3%) were HIV-positive. Of the 1608 healthy individuals, 77 (4.8%) were HIV-positive. Younger age (P=0.0001), female sex (P=0.016), not being married (P=0.0001) and illiteracy (P=0.016) showed a strong association with HIV in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: Clinical criteria alone over-diagnosed TBLN by 15.4% compared to histological and/or bacteriological results. The HIV prevalence in TBLN patients and healthy individuals was the same. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | ILLITERACY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 329222 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. Author: Bharati S; Pal M; Bharati P Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):801-814. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial distribution of nutritional status of children of less than three years through Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height using data collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99), India. The nutritional status of pre-school children was regressed on different sociodemographic factors after eliminating the effect of age. The data show that there are gender differences and spatial variations in the nutritional status of children in India. Gender difference is not very pronounced and almost disappears when the effects of age and socio-demographic variables are removed. The spatial difference, especially the rural-urban difference, was found to be very large and decreased substantially when the effects of age and socioeconomic variables were removed. However, the differences were not close to zero. All the variables were found to affect significantly the nutritional status of children. However, the literacy of mothers did not affect height-for-age significantly. The weight-for-age and height-for-age scores showed a dismal picture of the health condition of children in almost all states in India. The worst affected states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Assam and Rajasthans are also lagging behind. Weight-for-height scores do not give a clear picture of state-wise variation. Goa, Kerala and Punjab are the three most developed states in India and also have the lowest percentages of underweight children according to the Z-scores. Along with these three states come the north-eastern states where women are well educated. Thus overall development, enhancement of level of education and low gender inequality are the key factors for improvement in the health status of Indian children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | LITERACY | STANDARD OF LIVING | CASTE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class Document Number: 326468 |
| 24. Title: The effectiveness of the TBA programme in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in Malawi. Author: Bisika T Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Aug;5(2):103-110. Abstract: The main objective of this study was to assess the role of TBAs and the quality of their services in contributing to the reduction of maternal deaths in Malawi. This study used a qualitative research methodology involving key informant and in-depth interviews, observation and focus group interviews. The study found that most of the people rely on traditional birth attendants although the quality of their services is poor due to illiteracy, their ailing age, lack of supplies and equipment and general absence of supervision. The study further observed that although the hospital sees many pregnant women during antenatal care, very few women actually come back to the hospital for delivery. The study also found that there was high awareness among TBAs about what they were supposed to do but that their actual practices did not reflect compliance with their roles as assigned by the formal health system. The study concludes that TBAs are an important source of maternal care especially in rural areas and that they need to be empowered to comply with the requirement of ensuring infection free deliveries. This entails adequate supervision and provision of supplies. The study further observed that the utilization levels of TBAs is far much greater that presently acknowledged suggesting severe inadequacies within the formal health system. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | RURAL POPULATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | ILLITERACY | AGE FACTORS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | MANAGEMENT | CHILDBIRTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 323083 |
| 25. Title: Oh! So 'we' have been under-reporting Nairobi's primary school enrolment rates? Author: Epari C; Ezeh A; Mugisha F; Ogollah R Source: Nairobi, Kenya, African Population and Health Research Center [APHRC], 2008. 16 p. (APHRC Working Paper No. 35) Abstract: Progress towards universal primary education by 2015 is monitored by primary school enrolment rates, survival rates to grade 5 and youth literacy rates. For the period 2000-2004, official statistics show Nairobi's primary school gross and net enrolment rates as being much lower than any other province in Kenya. Nairobi's informal settlements (slums) are estimated to be home to over 50% of the city's population and are largely served by low cost private, community and non-formal schools managed by individual entrepreneurs, communities and non-governmental organizations. This paper examines Nairobi's slum and non-slum primary school enrolment rates and their under-reporting in government statistics. The study was conducted in two slum settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) as well as in two non-slum sites (Jericho and Harambee) in Nairobi. A total of 13,882 children aged 5-19 years were identified in 2005 regardless of whether or not they were in school in the four geographically-defined study sites.The study used retrospective schooling history data for six years (2000-2005) collected within the longitudinal framework of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Data were collected on a range of issues in modular form using five questionnaires, each addressing a specific theme. For children aged 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years in 2005, only data for one (2005), two (2005 and 2004), three (2005-2003), four (2005-2002) and five (2005-2001) years were collected starting in 2005, respectively. For those aged 10 to 19 years, data for six years (2000-2005) were collected. We use these data to calculate the gross and net enrolment rates as well as the Gender Parity Index (GPI) and rate of underreporting of these enrolment rates in government statistics for the four sites in 2005. The results show high gross enrolment ratios of 100.7% and 106.8% for the slum and non-slum sites, respectively, for 2005. The net enrolment ratio is equally high at 83.3% and 94.5% for the slum and non-slum areas for thesame year. These are however under-reported in government statistics by up to 23.3% for all the four sites. At an average of 1.08 for the period 2000-2005, the GPI values in the slums are in favor of girls while the opposite is true for the non-slum sites at an average GPI value of 0.93 in favor of boys. This evidence shows that Nairobi's enrolment rates are quite high, contrary to official statistics which show these as much lower compared to the rest of the country. We largely attribute these low enrolment rates to under-reporting. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | DATA QUALITY | UNDERCOUNT | STATISTICS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Schools | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Analysis | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 326401 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Getting girls into school: Evidence from a scholarship program in Cambodia. Author: Filmer D; Schady N Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2008 Apr;56:581-617. Abstract: In this study we evaluate the impact of a program designed to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary school in Cambodia. The program we evaluate is the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) scholarship program. This program, which began in the 2004 school year, awarded scholarships to poor girls who were completing sixth grade, the last grade of primary school. We show that the scholarship program increased the enrollment and attendance of recipients at program schools by about 30 percentage points. Larger impacts are found among girls with the lowest socioeconomic status at baseline. The results are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between scholarship recipients and nonrecipients, to unobserved heterogeneity across girls, and to selective transfers between program schools and other schools. We conclude that there is substantial potential for demand-side interventions in lower-income countries like Cambodia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROMOTION | EVALUATION | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Communication Document Number: 325941 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent pregnancy in Argentina: Evidence-based recommendations for public policies. Author: Gogna M; Binstock G; Fernandez S; Ibarlucia I; Zamberlin N Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):192-201. Abstract: In Argentina adolescent pregnancy is still regarded as a public health problem or a "social epidemic". However, it is necessary to ask from which perspective and for whom it is a problem, and what type of problem. This article presents the findings of a large quantitative and qualitative study conducted in five Northern provinces and two metropolitan areas of Argentina in 2003-2004. Based on the results of a survey of adolescent mothers (n=1,645) and ten focus group discussions with adolescent girls and boys, it addresses the connections between school dropout, pregnancy and poverty, and makes recommendations on how to tailor health care and sexuality education to address local realities. The findings indicate a need to develop educational activities to promote safer sex and address gender power relations in programmes working with deprived communities. Sexuality education with a gender and rights perspective, and increasing accessibility to contraceptive methods for adolescent girls and boys is also crucial. Antenatal and post-partum care, as well as post-abortion care, should be improved for young women and viewed as opportunities for contraceptive counselling and provision. Male participation in pregnancy prevention and care also needs to be promoted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | POVERTY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Collection | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326989 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessment of self-reported sexual behavior and condom use among female sex workers in India using a polling box approach: A preliminary report. Author: Hanck SE; Blankenship KM; Irwin KS; West BS; Kershaw T Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 May;35(5):489-494. Abstract: The accuracy of behavioral data related to risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections is prone to misreporting because of social desirability effects. Because computer-assisted approaches are not always feasible, a noncomputerized interview method for reducing social desirability effects is needed. The previous performance of alternative methods has been limited to aggregate data or constrained by the simplicity of dichotomous-only responses. We designed and tested a "polling box" method for case-attributable, multiple-response survey items in a low literacy population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 812 female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. For a subset of questions embedded in a face-to-face survey questionnaire, every third participant was provided graphical response cards upon which to mark their answer and place in a polling box outside the view of the interviewer. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test for response differences to questions about socially undesirable, socially desirable, or sensitivity-neutral behaviors in the 2 interview methods. Polling box participants demonstrated higher reporting of risky sexual behaviors and lower reporting of condom use, with no conclusive response patterns among sensitivity-neutral items. Our findings suggest that the polling box approach provides a promising technique for improving the accurate reporting of sensitive behaviors among a low-literacy population in a resource poor setting. Additional research is needed to test logistical adaptations of the polling box approach. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | SEX WORKERS | LOW LITERATES | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | PRIVACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Behavior | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 326467 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women's perceived ability to refuse sex in urban Cameroon. Author: Hattori MK; DeRose L Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):309-320. Abstract: In many sub-Saharan African countries, young women face decreasing educational opportunities, age asymmetries between sexual partners, and high prevalence of HIV infection. This study draws upon data from the 2002 Cameroon Adolescent Reproductive Health Survey to analyze the determinants of young women's perceived ability to refuse sex in urban Cameroon. Our findings are consistent with predictions of social exchange theory: young women's status characteristics predict their vulnerability differently under different circumstances, and, overall, young women report having a lower ability to refuse sex in their relationships with men who offer to pay their school fees than in their relationships with men in positions of power over them. The costs and benefits of sexual exchanges made in order to continue one's education increase simultaneously in a context of declining enrollments and spreading HIV infection. When educational aspirations exceed opportunities, policy supporting access to education could reduce young women's need to employ their sexual resources in order to invest in their future. Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | PERCEPTION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | |