1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception and sexual health. Author: Guillebaud J Source: Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):163-4. Abstract: This introductory article highlights the discrepancy between family planning and technological progress posing questions such as 'Where is the male pill or implant?' or 'Where is the single user-friendly method that effectively prevents both conception and sexually transmitted infections?' Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | SEXUALITY | FAMILY PLANNING | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 341308 |
| 2. Title: Demographics of infertility. Author: Ledger WL Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:11-4. Abstract: The demographic composition of many developed countries threatens their economies and global influence. On the one hand, the increased cost of living and of raising children discourages couples from starting families until later in life while, on the other hand, improved living standards have increased life expectancy. Together, these have resulted in a low total fertility rate and a net increase in the elderly population. The financial and employment protection incentives offered by governments have had relatively little impact on this demographic trend, and a multi-level approach is needed. Governments are, therefore, considering alternatives as part of a so-called 'population policy mix'. One option is to promote access to assisted reproductive technology for infertile couples. The prevalence of infertility has increased, in part because of general health issues, such as obesity and the rise in sexually transmitted diseases, and also because women are postponing having their first child. Improving accessibility to assisted reproductive technology will relieve the burden of infertility on these couples and may contribute to effectively challenging the problem of low total fertility rates in many developed countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHICS | FERTILITY RATE | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | POLICY | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Political Factors Document Number: 342603 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957. Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167. Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 325567 |
| 4. Title: Doctors on record: Uruguay's infant mortality stagnation and its remedies, 1895-1945. Author: Birn AE Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2008 Summer;82(2):311-54. Abstract: Circa 1900 Uruguayan medical authorities prided themselves on their country's health achievement: the lowest recorded infant mortality rate in Latin America and one of the lowest rates in the world. Over the next three decades, however, these doctors' pride suffered blow after blow as Uruguay's infant mortality stagnated at roughly the same 1900 rate, while other countries experienced sustained mortality declines. Even more frustrating was the apparent inadequacy of the measures that physicians themselves had advocated and implemented. This paper explores Uruguay's infant mortality dynamics during the first half of the twentieth century through the observations, acerbic debates, analyses, policy-making, and administrative perspectives of the country's pediatricians and public health experts. Only after infant health began to be addressed as an integral part of Uruguay's burgeoning welfare state in the 1930s did infant mortality rates start to decline once again. Language: English Keywords: URUGUAY | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | INFANT MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Child Health | Political Factors | Policy Document Number: 328441 |
5.  Title: Food and population: The return of Malthus? Commentary. Author: Bongaarts J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jul 11. [2] p. Abstract: This commentary sparked by the recent sharp rise in global food prices touches on 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | NEOMALTHUSIANISM | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327694 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Three fertility compromises and two transitions. Author: Caldwell JC Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Aug;27(4):427-446. Abstract: Demographers and those concerned with population policy are increasingly focusing on the steep fertility declines that occurred in developed countries from the 1960s and the consequent widespread below-replacement fertility levels. The decline has been termed the Second Demographic Transition. This paper argues that the recent demographic change can best be understood and analyzed if we broaden the concept to include the first demographic transition, and the three demographically more settled periods preceding, separating, and following the two fertility transitions. These more settled periods or "compromises" are examined to ascertain their nature and so to help predict the likely developments in the present or third compromise. It is argued that the third compromise has now extended for 20 years with little movement in fertility rates or other socioeconomic behavior which has been said to be associated with the second transition, and that this provides sufficient evidence for analysis. The approach has two key aspects. First, it is confined in Europe to countries that distinctly experienced the full five demographic periods, namely northwestern and central Europe. Second, the analysis gains strength by including non-European countries that progressed through all five stages, namely the English-speaking countries of overseas European settlement: USA, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | AUSTRALIA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION THEORY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327927 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models. Author: Caswell H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(3):59-116. Abstract: Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models), feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g., dependency ratios), age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MASSACHUSETTS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | ENVIRONMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 325250 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: McCoy D; Bennett S; Witter S; Pond B; Baker B Source: Lancet. 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):675-681. Abstract: Public-sector health workers are vital to the functioning of health systems. We aimed to investigate pay structures for health workers in the public sector in sub-Saharan Africa; the adequacy of incomes for health workers; the management of public-sector pay; and the fiscal and macroeconomic factors that impinge on pay policy for the public sector. Because salary differentials affect staff migration and retention, we also discuss pay in the private sector. We surveyed historical trends in the pay of civil servants in Africa over the past 40 years. We used some empirical data, but found that accurate and complete data were scarce. The available data suggested that pay structures vary across countries, and are often structured in complex ways. Health workers also commonly use other sources of income to supplement their formal pay. The pay and income of health workers varies widely, whether between countries, by comparison with cost of living, or between the public and private sectors. To optimise the distribution and mix of health workers, policy interventions to address their pay and incomes are needed. Fiscal constraints to increased salaries might need to be overcome in many countries, and non-financial incentives improved. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | INCOME | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324870 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Who is getting Pap smears in urban Peru? Author: Paz Soldan VA; Lee FH; Carcamo C; Holmes KK; Garnett GP Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Aug;37(4):862-869. Abstract: Cervical cancer, although usually preventable by Pap smear screening, remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Peru. The percentages and characteristics of women in Peru who have or have not had a Pap smear have not been defined. In an urban community randomized trial of sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV prevention in Peru, 6712 randomly selected women between the ages of 18 and 29 from 20 cities were interviewed regarding having had cervical Pap smears. Among women sampled, only 30.9% had had a Pap smear. By multivariate analysis, the main predictors of having a Pap smear were having had sex, having had children, completion of secondary education and increasing age. Regional variations were also found: women from the highlands and rainforest were less likely to have had Pap smears than women from the coast. A norm of seeking and receiving Pap smears has not been established among sexually active young Peruvian women. To improve Pap smear coverage in Peru, promotionefforts should target underserved women and regions with less coverage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | PAP SMEAR | CERVICAL CANCER | DISEASE PREVENTION | DEMOGRAPHICS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327816 |
| 11. Title: Brief communication: new evidence of tuberculosis from prehistoric Korea-Population movement and early evidence of tuberculosis in far East Asia. Author: Suzuki T; Fujita H; Choi JG Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2008 Jul;136(3):357-60. Abstract: Tuberculosis has been recognized in Japan and Korea for more than 500 years in historical medical documents. However, the origin and early existence of tuberculosis is poorly understood in these regions. Very recently, skeletal evidence for tuberculosis from the Bronze Age (or Aneolithic) period was reported from Japan and Korea. This article describes a possible case of spinal tuberculosis from an archeological site in Korea, which was dated to the first century BC. This date corresponds to the Aneolithic (Yayoi) period in Japan. Skeletal evidence for tuberculosis during the Bronze Age period found in both Korea and Japan are, therefore, discussed as evidence of the earliest tuberculosis outbreaks in East Asia and as biological indicators of population movement between Korea and Japan during this period. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | TUBERCULOSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 328432 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Knut Wicksell on the benefits of depopulation. Author: Wicksell K Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):347-355. Archives. Abstract: The possible effects of declining population numbers on human societies have attracted increasing attention in recent years. This is hardly surprising. Despite continuing improvements in mortality, downward trends in fertility have yielded negative rates of natural increase in a growing number of countries. In the first half of the present decade, deaths were more numerous than births in every country in Eastern Europe. Current total fertility rates are below replacement level, sometimes by a wide margin, in the rest of Europe, as well as in East Asia, Northern America, Australia, and in some countries of Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Latin America. As their age distributions become less supportive of population growth, many countries in these regions will shrink in size unless natural decrease is offset by net immigration. But concern with potential population decline is far from novel. As early as 1890, Arsène Dumont's book, Depopulation et civilisation, addressed the issue as it pertained to France. In the years leading up to World War I, numerous commentaries by social scientists and politicians in Western countries were written on the nearing prospect of population decrease-seemingly foreshadowed by the then steadily falling birth rates. Most such accounts were gloomy. A short essay by Knut Wicksell, Can a country become underpopulated?, is a notable example of the smaller, optimistic subcategory of that literature. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, WESTERN | CRITIQUE | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | POPULATION DECREASE | MALTHUSIANISM | STANDARD OF LIVING | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY PLANNING | INHERITANCE | MOTIVATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327377 |
| 13. Title: Fertility and fertility control in pre-revolutionary China. Author: Wolf AP; Engelen T Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2008 Winter;38(3):345-375. Abstract: The argument of Malthus' First Essay on Population is largely developed on the basis of a comparison between three countries-Britain, the United States, and China. England is presented as an example of an "old state" in which population growth has been considerable in the past but is slow at present. The reason is that "a foresight of the difficulties attending the rearing of a family acts as a preventative check, and the actual distress of some of the lower classes, by which they are disabled from giving the proper food and attention to their children, acts as a positive check." This observation holds for all old states because they lack the resources necessary to support further growth. Malthus offers the United States as an example of a new state in a "healthy country . . . with plenty of food and room" and institutions that made good land affordable and agriculture a good investment. The result was that, as in new colonies generally, the population grew "with astonishing rapidity." Malthus underlines the point by asking why an equal number of people did not "produce an equal increase in the same time in Great Britain." His answer is, "The great and obvious cause . . . is the want of food and room, or in other words, misery." China was known to Malthus as "one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous countries in the world," but Smith characterized it as a country in which "the poverty of the lowest ranks of people . . . far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe." Quesnay summed up the prevailing view: "In spite of . . . the abundance that reigns, there are few countries that have so much poverty among the humbler classes. However great the empire may be, it is too crowded for the multitude that inhabit it." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION THEORY | POVERTY | FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 325519 |
| 14. Title: Assisted reproductive technologies are an integrated part of national strategies addressing demographic and reproductive challenges. Author: Ziebe S; Devroey P Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2008 Nov-Dec;14(6):583-92. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The decline in the total fertility rate in the latter half of the 20th century in many European countries is becoming increasingly important in determining the demographic composition of Europe and its individual member states. This review focuses on discussion surrounding how assisted reproductive technology (ART) can impact declining fertility rates. METHODS: This article summarizes key aspects of presentations given at the 'State of the ART 2007-ART and Society' meeting held in Lyon, France, in June 2007. For each topic, searches were conducted in MEDLINE and other databases and the results, alongside unpublished data and personal opinion, were presented to the Workshop Group. Individual subjects were discussed and any disagreements or omissions resolved. RESULTS: Although reduced fertility rates will have an impact on total population number, it is the change in the age structure of the population that is likely to be the most challenging factor faced by the European Union (EU). With evidence suggesting that an ageing population threatens future standards of living and social cohesion, managing demographic change through integrated policy response has become an important component of EU legislation. However, current measures fail to tackle the contribution that ART may play in alleviating falling fertility rates. Indeed, ART can have an important impact on economic and demographic factors, and should be incorporated into a population policy mix. Current barriers to ART include legislative restriction across different EU countries, limited availability to ART and current perception of ART in society. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of ART as part of a population policy mix in Europe is justified but must involve better communication among ART professionals, politicians and the general public. Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHICS | FERTILITY | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction Document Number: 329625 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Age at first marriage in Nepal: Differentials and determinants. Author: Aryal TR Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):693-706. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the differentials and determinants of female age at first marriage in rural Nepal. The life table technique was employed to calculate median age at marriage. The proportional hazard model was used to study the effect of various socioeconomic variables, and to identify the magnitude and significance of their effects on the timing of first marriage. The data were taken from a sample survey of Palpa and Rupandehi districts in rural Nepal. Both married and unmarried females of marriageable age were included in the survey. Median age at marriage was about 17 years for data from only married females, whereas it was about 18 years for data from married as well as unmarried females of marriageable age. Median age at marriage was about 16 years for uneducated females and 19 years for females educated up to intermediate or higher level. The analysis underestimates the median age at marriage for married females, probably due to right censoring. The risk of getting married early decreased gradually with increasing year-of-birth cohort. The risk of early marriage was higher among females of high socioeconomic status compared with those of low socioeconomic status. Females engaged in service married earlier than those engaged in household work. High socioeconomic status families are motivated, for religious and prestige reasons, to get their daughters married at an early age, preferably before menarche. Thus, education, occupation and age at menarche are the most powerful factors in deciding the timing of first marriage in Nepal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | MARRIAGE AGE | DEMOGRAPHICS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 313737 |
| 16. Title: Demographic history of HIV-1 subtypes B and F in Brazil. Author: Bello G; Eyer-Silva WA; Couto-Fernandez JC; Guimaraes ML; Chequer-Fernandez SL Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2007 Mar;7(2):263-270. Abstract: The reconstruction of the epidemic history of several HIV populations, by using methods that infer the population history from sampled gene sequence data, has revealed important subtype-specific and regional-specific differences in patterns of epidemic growth. Here, we employ Bayesian coalescent-based methods to compare the population history of the HIV-1 subtype B and F1 epidemics in Brazil from non-contemporary env and pol gene sequences. Our results suggest that after the introduction of the subtypes B and F1 into Brazilian population, around mid to late 1960s and late 1970s, respectively, these subtypes experienced an initial period of exponential growth with similar epidemic growth rates (~0.5-0.6 year/-1). Later, the spreading rate of both subtypes seems to have slowed-down since mid to late 1980s. This demographic pattern is very similar to that reported for the subtype B epidemics in high-income countries where HIV was initially transmitted through homosexual intercourse and injecting druguse, as in Brazil; suggesting that the characteristics of transmission networks may be a key determinant of the HIV epidemic growth pattern. It is important to note that most of the subtype B and F1 sequences used in this study come from the Southeast region that has been the most affected by the AIDS epidemic in Brazil, being responsible for around 63% of all AIDS cases reported since the early eighties; but may not represent the demographic trend of the HIV-1 epidemic in other Brazilian regions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | PREVALENCE | MEASUREMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Document Number: 314459 |
| 17. Title: Diarrheal diseases in the history of public health. Author: Blaise NY; Dovie DB Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2007 Feb;38(2):159-163. Abstract: While the public health threat of HIV/AIDS in developing countries has drawn increasing attention from the international community for more than two decades, other health problems such as diarrheal diseases continue to contribute to higher morbidity and mortality rates in much of the developing world. This literature review is an account of both the history and current risks associated with diarrheal diseases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION | DIARRHEA | PREVALENCE | SANITATION | HYGIENE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 314437 |
| 18. Title: Analysing fertility from demographic surveillance system data. Application to the Niakhar site, Senegal. Author: Delaunay V; Marra A; Levi P Source: Paris, France, Centre Population et Developpement [CEPED], 2007. [75] p. (Collections du CEPED. Clefs pour) Abstract: The purpose of this handbook is to offer a standardised analysis of fertility that can be replicated more or less completely using data from the various existing DSSs. It is a methodological document, designed to contribute to better use of DSS data and to facilitate comparative analysis of different DSSs. It describes the particularities of this type of data and presents some of its particular analytical procedures. Part One describes the characteristics of a DSS. Part Two proposes a standardisation of the concepts and indicators. Parts 3 to 6 describe the analytical procedures. These are applied here to fertility, but can be extrapolated for analysing other phenomena. They are derived from what is called cross-sectional demographic analysis, as opposed to longitudinal analysis. Cross-sectional analysis concerns a defined time interval whereas longitudinal analysis involves monitoring records in the form of reproductive history, marital history, residential history etc. The procedures described are then illustrated in Part 7 with an analysis of data from the demographic surveillance system in Niakhar, Senegal. The main calculations are programmed using the Foxpro or Stata software packages. They are shown in the annexes. To use them on different databases, they must be adapted to the structure of the data. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | MANUAL | DEMOGRAPHERS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 308765 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Net cohort migration in England and Wales: How past birth trends may influence net migration. Author: Dorling D; Rigby JE Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):51-62. Abstract: An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Northern | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324756 |
| 20. Title: Emergence of the Indian National Family Planning Program. Author: Harkavy O; Roy K Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :301-323. Abstract: In comparison with neighboring Pakistan and other developing countries, India's rate of population growth was not particularly high. Its overall annual rate of population increase was about 2.2 percent in 1961 and 2.5 percent in 1971, with substantial differences from region to region. Relatively high mortality, together with a high prevalence of widowhood and a cultural taboo on remarriage by widows, prevented extremely high levels of population growth. Nonetheless, more than a million people were added to India's population each month. Furthermore, 2.4 percent of the world's area, which contained about 15 percent of the world's population, accounted for a population density of 300 or more people per square kilometer. Govind Narain, Secretary of the Ministry of Health's Family Planning and Urban Development Department in the late 1960s, expressed the prevailing government outlook: "The high growth rate of this large population . . . poses tremendous socio-economic problems not only for the maintenance of minimal standards of living but also for raising them. Already a vast development by way of large increases in agricultural and industrial production has been neutralized by population growth. . . . The manifold expansion of employment, housing, educational and other facilities has been almost entirely swallowed by the fast growing population". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | MALTHUSIANISM | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEASUREMENT | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Theory | Demography | Science | Contraception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321993 |
| 21. Title: Population size, concentration, and civil war. A geographically disaggregated analysis. Author: Hegre H; Raleigh C Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007 Jun. 36 p. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4243) Abstract: Why do larger countries have more armed conflict? This paper surveys three sets of hypotheses forwarded in the conflict literature regarding the relationship between the size and location of population groups: Hypotheses based on pure population mass, on distances, on population concentrations, and some residual state-level characteristics. The hypotheses are tested on a new dataset - ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) - which disaggregates internal conflicts into individual events. The analysis covers 14 countries in Central Africa. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper develops a statistical method to analyze this type of data. The analysis confirms several of the hypotheses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, CENTRAL | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION THEORY | WAR | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION GROWTH | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 318653 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Physical spousal violence against women in India: Some risk factors. Author: Jeyaseelan L; Kumar S; Neelakantan N; Peedicayil A; Pillai R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):657-670. Abstract: Domestic spousal violence against women in developing countries like India, is now beginning to be recognized as a widespread health problem impeding development. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors for lifetime spousal physical violence. A cross-sectional household survey was carried out in rural, urban and urban-slum areas across seven sites in India, among women aged 15-49 years, living with a child less than 18 years of age. The sample was selected using the probability proportionate to size method. Trained field workers administered a structured questionnaire to elicit information on spousal physical violence. The main hypothesized variables were social support, witnessed father beating mother and experience of harsh physical violence during childhood, alcohol abuse by spouse and socioeconomic variables. The outcome variables included three physical violence behaviours of hit, kick and beat. Odds ratios were calculated for risk and protective factors of violence using logistic regression. Of 9938 women surveyed, 26% reported experiencing spousal physical violence during the lifetime of their marriage. Adjusted odds ratios calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis suggest that women whose husbands regularly consumed alcohol (OR 5.6; 95% CI 4.7-6.6); who experienced dowry harassment (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.7-3.8); had reported experiencing harsh physical punishment during childhood (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8) and had witnessed their fathers beat their mothers (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.6-2.1), were at increased risk of spousal physical violence (beat, hit and kick). Higher socioeconomic status and good social support acted as protective buffers against spousal physical violence. The findings provide compelling evidence of the potential risk factors for spousal physical violence, which in turn could help in planning interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHICS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 313736 |
| 23. Title: Ethics in demographic survey research: Is the minimal risk approach sufficient in the Indian context? Author: Ramanathan M; Sajitha OG Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 6 p. Abstract: In the Indian context, health research involving human subjects is guided by two guidelines the ICMR guidelines for biomedical research and the NCESSRH guidelines for social science research in health. These guidelines list four major principles of ethical research that are relevant for the protection of human subjects, viz. the principles of autonomy, non-malficience, beneficence and justice. However, much of demographic research in India consists of surveys that are considered minimal risk research and therefore subjected to expedited review processes. Is the assumption of minimal risk tenable in all circumstances? This paper attempts to explore the potential for harm to human subjects who participate in such surveys in terms of violation of these four major ethical principles. It also proposes some possible remedies in keeping with the ideas based on the Certificates of Confidentiality under the US - Common Federal Regulations and the Census of India Act of 1948. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RESPONDENTS | DEMOGRAPHERS | ETHICS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CENSUS | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics | Political Factors Document Number: 318539 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards long-term population decline: A discussion of relevant issues. Author: Reher DS Source: European Journal of Population. 2007 Jun;23(2):189-207. Abstract: This paper contains thoughts on the process of imminent population decline under way in much of the developed world and quite possibly in other world regions as well. We are witnessing the beginnings of a vast trend change which promises to bring to a close a period of population growth that has lasted for several centuries. It can be shown that this great change is a byproduct of the demographic transition that unleashed a number of the forces leading to where we are today. The extent to which much of the developing world will follow the reproductive trends of the developed world, with their social and economic implications, is discussed. The decades ahead for much of the world will lead us into mostly uncharted territory that bears few similarities with past periods of population decline. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate reflection and debate on a subject that looms as perhaps the key social issue of the twenty-first century. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DECREASE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION PROJECTION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality Document Number: 313701 |
| 25. Title: Malthus and three approaches to solving the population problem. Author: Rutherford D Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):213-238. Abstract: The terms of Malthus' population principle are clear: there is an intrinsic divergence between population growth and the subsistence needed to sustain it. But difficulties arise when we look at the solutions proposed by Malthus in his writings, since certain essential concepts are used in complex ways. In this article, Donald Rutherford contributes to the debate by analysing the different concepts of human behaviour and of subsistence that appear throughout Malthus' works. He examines in turn the various solutions to the population problem envisaged by Malthus, and finds each one wanting, before concluding that Malthus appears to advocate a diversified and balanced economy. But Malthus is wary of overspecialization in industry and commerce, and argues for equilibrium between the different sectors and different economic activities, thereby rejecting the solution that was to prevail in the following centuries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION THEORY | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development Document Number: 322309 |
| 26. Title: The transition to a predominantly urban world and its underpinnings. Author: Satterthwaite D Source: London, United Kingdom, International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED], 2007. 91 p. (Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series. Theme: Urban Change - 4) Abstract: This paper describes the dramatic changes in the size of the world's urban population and of its largest cities over the last 100 years. This includes the almost tenfold increase in the average size of the world's 100 largest cities between 1900 and 2000. It also describes the changing distribution of cities between regions. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION GROWTH | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION PROJECTION | URBAN AREAS | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques Document Number: 331351 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: "Epidemiologic transition" interrupted or sweep to the second stage of "health transition"? Author: Vallin J Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Apr;36(2):384-386. Abstract: Do it twice and you will get different results. That's a very common law when measuring demographic indicators in developing countries where current statistics are incomplete. And it is very likely that the third time will give yet another result! It is not enough to make good demographers despair. It even presents a good opportunity to outstanding specialists like the authors of 'Epidemiologic transition interrupted: a reassessment of mortality trends in Thailand' to try to approach the true measure of mortality in such a country. To approach, not to reach absolutely, of course. Indeed, several questions still await answers. But the most questionable aspect of the results presented here is not to what extent reassessment fits the reality but to what extent trends reassessed justify the main title: 'Epidemiologic transition interrupted'. The work done by the authors of the article significantly improves our knowledge about recent trends in Thai mortality. They make a very important clarification of the complex set of contradicting data produced by direct and indirect methods applied to vital statistics, census data and the results of different types of surveys. They give us a clearer idea of what must be rejected, what can be used and what can be improved by adequate correction. Nevertheless, as usual, good answers bring new questions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DEMOGRAPHERS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MORTALITY CHANGES | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | VITAL STATISTICS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Statistics | Research Methodology Document Number: 317590 |
| 28. Title: Of lalodes and feminists: Reflections on black women's political action in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Werneck J Source: Cultural Dynamics. 2007;19(1):99-113. Abstract: I acknowledge that the ability to name things refers to a position of power; that is, of a possibility to order the world according to one's own views, be it as an individual or as a collective. It is a position of privilege. Although I will not discuss what and how many weapons have been involved in obtaining such privileges, I cannot ignore the fact that there were, and are, weapons involved. By naming women's struggles based on their own perspective-that of 1970s European bourgeois women-the early agents of feminist theory brought to that newly created concept a profoundly western standpoint which lacked any knowledge of other women in the world. That concept was also wrapped up in a growing individualism supported by a capitalist society. To what extent is the concept of 'feminism' sufficient to embrace all women, all kinds of women's activism, and all forms of women's struggles? For us black women-understood as being ourselves immeasurably diverse but also targets of inequalities that stem from inferiorization and exploitation - the multiple political actions we undertake traverse different levels of action and different fields of existence marked by conflicting or violent meetings with the West and with patriarchy, with capitalism, and with individualism. Is it enough to call this feminism? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | BLACKS | SLAVES | WOMEN | INTEREST GROUPS | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | FEMINISM | Americas | Developing Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights Document Number: 322405 |
| 29. Title: Midwifery education in Jordan: History, challenges and proposed solutions. Author: Abushaikha L Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2006 Nov;8(1):185-193. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical overview of midwifery education in Jordan during the past fifty years with an emphasis on the first bachelor of midwifery program in Jordan. Nine challenges of midwifery education that include expanding midwifery educational needs, accreditation of programs, recruiting qualified faculty members, clinical training, midwifery preceptorship, exit examinations, continuing midwifery education, recognition of midwifery graduates, and lack of graduate midwifery programs are presented. Proposed solutions for these challenges are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | WOMEN | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | EDUCATION | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 320021 |
| 30. Title: Demographic surveillance sites and emerging challenges in international health [editorial] Author: Baiden F; Hodgson A; Binka FN Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Mar;84(3):163-164. Abstract: At present, the long-term social, economic, and demographic impact of major diseases in developing countries can only be estimated using models since there are no empirical data on age and cause-specific morbidity and mortality. Reliable estimates require the input of accurate data into the models, from as many geographical zones as possible. With the collapse of vital registration systems and the rudimentary state of health information systems in most of the developing world, estimated projections are sometimes based on educated guesses and intuition rather than fact. The investment needed to improve health information in these countries is unlikely to be made in the near future. Strong national health research systems are needed to improve health. For developing countries to indigenize health research systems, it is essential to build capacity.,3 A local cadre of research scientists is urgently needed, particularly in epidemiology, statistics, immunology, and the clinical sciences. Global disease control initiatives exist in countries where there are fewer than four epidemiologists and only one statistician. Training abroad has been an invaluable stopgap measure, but demand has consistently outstripped supply. The question remains: where is the next generation of research scientists in the developing world going to be trained? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | DATA COLLECTION | DEMOGRAPHICS | MORBIDITY | MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Health | Political Factors Document Number: 297459 |
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