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Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78.
Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331114

3.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

Peer Reviewed

Title: Biological Validation of Self-Reported Condom Use Among Sex Workers in Guinea.
Author: Aho J; Koushik A; Diakite SL; Loua KM; Nguyen VK; Rashed S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 13;
Abstract: Self-reported condom use may be prone to social desirability bias. Our aim was to assess the validity of self-reported condom use in a population of female sex workers using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a gold standard biomarker of recent unprotected vaginal intercourse. We collected data on 223 sex-workers in Conakry, Guinea in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported condom use as well as to examine the predictors of discordance between self-report and PSA presence. PSA was detected in 38.4% of samples. Sensitivity of self-reported condom use was 14.6% and its specificity was 94.7%. Self-perceived high risk of HIV infection was the only significant independent predictor of misreported condom use. PSA could be useful to validate self-reported condom use in surveys and to allow a better understanding of factors associated with social desirability in sexual behaviour reporting.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | BIAS | DATA REPORTING | VALIDITY | VAGINA | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement | Data Collection | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342486

Peer Reviewed

Title: Can a clinical prediction tool guide HIV-testing decisions? Experience at a national hospital in Guatemala.
Author: Anderson MR; Samayoa B; O'Sullivan LF; Fletcher J; Arathoon E
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jan;20(1):30-4.
Abstract: The USA and international recommendations no longer emphasize using risk factors to target groups for HIV-testing. Using a Guatemalan database of HIV tests, we developed a clinical prediction rule to guide decisions on HIV-testing. Prior to HIV-testing, data were collected on demographics, risk factors and prior testing. Based on a theoretical construct incorporating demographics, known HIV risk factors and symptoms, we developed a logistic regression model to predict HIV seropositivity. Between 2000 and 2005, 16,471 tests were performed, of which 19.8% were positive. The algorithm successfully predicted 1883 of 2489 HIV-positive tests (sensitivity 76%, likelihood ratio [LR]-positive 2.45) and 6282 of 9086 HIV-negative tests (specificity 69%, LR-negative 0.35). Although the model indices are robust, applying the model in a clinical setting would have little impact on improving selective testing practices. Our findings support current recommendations for universal HIV-testing, not selective testing based on risk factors. Before these recommendations can be adopted widely in Guatemala, treatment access needs to be assured and protections put in place for people diagnosed with HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | HIV TESTING | HOSPITALS | DECISION MAKING | RISK ASSESSMENT | PROBABILITY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Data Analysis | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Behavior | Evaluation | Statistical Studies
Document Number: 330715

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk behaviour of the first cohort undergoing screening for enrollment into Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in South Africa.
Author: Andersson KM; Van Niekerk RM; Niccolai LM; Mlungwana ON; Holdsworth IM; Bogoshi M; McIntyre JA; Gray GE; Vardas E
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):95-101.
Abstract: We assessed risk behaviour in a heterosexual cohort undergoing prescreening for the first Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in Soweto. We developed a survey and collected self-reported data from HIV-negative potential volunteers. Of 488 participants, most were single and approximately half were from households with incomes below the poverty level. Males reported higher rates of heavy alcohol use (P < 0.001), marijuana use (P < 0.001) and other recreational drug use (P < 0.01). Males reported more sex partners than females in the previous six months (P < 0.001), as well as more casual/anonymous partners (P < 0.001) and one-night stands (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed substance use and male gender predicted higher risk behaviours, including <100% condom use with known/suspected HIV-positive partners, having casual/anonymous partners and having more than two partners. For this population, male volunteers may need increased risk-reduction counselling during Phase I/II trials and additional recruitment methods may be necessary to identify high-risk female volunteers for Phase III efficacy trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VACCINES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SCREENING | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331093

Title: Collecting reliable information about violence against women safely in household interviews: experience from a large-scale national survey in South Asia.
Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Ansari N; Omer K; Chaudhry UU; Khan A; Pearson L
Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Apr;15(4):482-96.
Abstract: This article describes the first national survey of violence against women in Pakistan from 2001 to 2004 covering 23,430 women. The survey took account of methodological and ethical recommendations, ensuring privacy of interviews through one person interviewing the mother-in-law while another interviewed the eligible woman privately. The training module for interviewers focused on empathy with respondents, notably increasing disclosure rates. Only 3% of women declined to participate, and 1% were not permitted to participate. Among women who disclosed physical violence, only one third had previously told anyone. Surveys of violence against women in Pakistan not using methods to minimize underreporting could seriously underestimate prevalence.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SAFETY | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341635

Peer Reviewed

Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame?
Author: Aslam M
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784.
Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 341095

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in orange farm, South Africa.
Author: Auvert B; Sobngwi-Tambekou J; Cutler E; Nieuwoudt M; Lissouba P; Puren A; Taljaard D
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan 1;199(1):14-9.
Abstract: The authors used data from a male circumcision (MC) trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa among men aged 18-24 years to investigate the association between male circumcision (MC) and the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) among young men. Urethral swab samples were collected during a period of 262 consecutive days from participants in the intervention (circumcised) and control (uncircumcised) groups who were reporting for a scheduled follow-up visit. Swab samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. HR-HPV prevalence rate ratios were assessed using univariate and multivariate log Poisson regression. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the prevalence of HR-HPV among the intervention group was 14.8% (94/637) and in the control group was 22.3% (140/627). Controlling for propensity score and confounders (ethnic group, age, education, sexual behavior [including condom use], marital status, and human immunodeficiency virus status) had no effect on the results. This is the first randomized controlled trial to show a reduction in the prevalence of urethral HR-HPV infection after MC. This finding explains why women with circumcised partners are at a lower risk of cervical cancer than other women.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | YOUTH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HPV | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 328586

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Increased access to emergency contraception: why it may fail.
Author: Baecher L; Weaver MA; Raymond EG
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Apr;24(4):815-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: To explore why increased access to emergency contraception (EC) failed to reduce pregnancies in a recent randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for unintended pregnancy using data from a trial involving sexually active women (n = 1490, aged 14-24 years) randomly assigned to either increased access or standard access to EC. We used predictive modeling to generate estimated pregnancy risk scores for each participant. We then examined EC use among women at low or high baseline risk of pregnancy. RESULTS: Gravidity, recent history of unprotected sex (within 14 days of enrollment to study) and lower aversion to pregnancy predicted unintended pregnancy. Women in the increased access group were more likely than women in the standard access group to use EC repeatedly. This difference was significantly stronger (P = 0.03) among low risk women than high risk women [Relative risk (RR) 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5-15.4 and RR 5.5, 95% CI 3.8-7.9, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Increased access to EC had a greater impact on women who were at lower baseline risk of pregnancy. This may explain in part why increased access to EC has had no measurable benefit in clinical trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INCIDENCE | RISK FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 341661

11.

Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Baldwin W; Diers J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13)
Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331433

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic.
Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044.
Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331004

13.

Title: Inadequate use of prenatal services among brazilian women: the role of maternal characteristics.
Author: Bassani DG; Surkan PJ; Olinto MT
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):15-20.
Abstract: CONTEXT: To improve the uptake of prenatal care, it is important to know how the use of prenatal care varies by maternal attitudes and social and demographic factors. METHODS: Information about social and demographic variables, prenatal care, parity, pregnancy planning, abortion attempts, satisfaction with pregnancy and satisfaction with the relationship with the child's father was collected from 611 postpartum women in Porto Alegre in southern Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between these variables and whether the women's use of prenatal care was adequate, partially inadequate or inadequate. RESULTS: About 40% of women had inadequate or partially inadequate prenatal care. After adjustment for other covariates, including satisfaction with the pregnancy, women having an unplanned pregnancy were significantly more likely to have had inadequate care than women who had planned their pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.0). Not living with the child's father (2.8) and dissatisfaction with pregnancy (2.1) were also associated with inadequate use of prenatal care. Women having their second or higher order birth were significantly more likely to report inadequate use of prenatal care than women having their first birth (3.9-9.0). Household income was inversely associated with inadequate use of care. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that maternal attitudes may be important for adequate prenatal care. Interventions should be created to encourage women with negative maternal attitudes to use prenatal care and to ensure that they have access to the care they need.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 341412

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessing motivations to engage in intentional condomless anal intercourse in HIV risk contexts ("Bareback Sex") among men who have sex with men.
Author: Bauermeister JA; Carballo-Dieguez A; Ventuneac A; Dolezal C
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):156-68.
Abstract: Although condom use is an effective barrier against HIV transmission, some men who have sex with men (MSM) engage in bareback sex (unprotected anal sex in risky contexts) and increase their risk for HIV (re)infection. Understanding MSM's decision to bareback (vis-a-vis condom use) is essential to develop effective HIV/AIDS prevention programs for this population. An ethnically diverse sample of men who bareback (n = 120) was recruited exclusively on the Internet and stratified to include two thirds who reported both unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) and being HIV uninfected. We used exploratory factor analysis to explore the domains within the Decisional Balance to Bareback (DBB) scale, and test the association between DBB and risky sexual behaviors. HIV-positive MSM (n = 31) reported higher costs/losses associated with condom use than HIV-negative men (n = 89). We found two underlying factors in the DBB scale: a Coping with Social Vulnerabilities subscale (eight items; alpha = .89) and a Pleasure and Emotional Connection subscale (five items; alpha = .92). We found a positive association between DBB (i.e. greater gains associated with bareback sex) and URAI occasions, number of partners, and having one or more sero-discordant partners in the past 3 months. We conclude that because MSM may avoid using condoms in order to cope with psychosocial vulnerabilities and create intimacy with other MSM, this population could benefit from alternatives to condoms such as pre/post exposure prophylaxis and rectal microbicides.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FACTOR ANALYSIS | ANAL SEX | CONDOM USE | HIV TRANSMISSION | DECISION MAKING | INTERNET | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | EMOTIONS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Data Analysis | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Networks | Communication | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 331286

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection among children with severe malaria.
Author: Berkley JA; Bejon P; Mwangi T; Gwer S; Maitland K; Williams TN; Mohammed S; Osier F; Kinyanjui S; Fegan G; Lowe BS; English M; Peshu N; Marsh K; Newton CR
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Aug 1;49(3):336-43.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) are reported among children with severe malaria. However, it is unclear whether their cooccurrence with falciparum parasitization and severe disease happens by chance or by association among children in areas where malaria is endemic. METHODS: We examined 3068 consecutive children admitted to a Kenyan district hospital with clinical features of severe malaria and 592 control subjects from the community. We performed multivariable regression analysis, with each case weighted for its probability of being due to falciparum malaria, using estimates of the fraction of severe disease attributable to malaria at different parasite densities derived from cross-sectional parasitological surveys of healthy children from the same community. RESULTS: HIV infection was present in 133 (12%) of 1071 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-15%). Parasite densities were higher in HIV-infected children. The odds ratio for admission associated with HIV infection for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 9.6 (95% CI, 4.9-19); however, this effect was restricted to children aged 1 year. Malnutrition was present in 507 (25%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 23%-27%). The odd ratio associated with malnutrition for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 4.0 (95% CI, 2.9-5.5). IBI was detected in 127 (6%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 5.2%-7.3%). All 3 comorbidities were associated with increased case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: HIV, malnutrition and IBI are biologically associated with severe disease due to falciparum malaria rather than being simply alternative diagnoses in co-incidentally parasitized children in an endemic area.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALNUTRITION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | CASE FATALITY RATE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Infections | Death Rate | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342633

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk-taking among adult dating couples in the United States.
Author: Billy JO; Grady WR; Sill ME
Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;41(2):74-83.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Knowledge of sexual and contraceptive behaviors as risk factors for STDs is largely based on women's or men's separate reports of their attitudes and behaviors. Little research has been based on couples. METHODS: Data from the 2005-2006 National Couples Survey were used to examine the sexual risk-taking behavior of 335 dating couples. Associations between each partner's characteristics and the couple's probability of recently having had anal sex and of having done something to protect themselves from STDs were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Models included measures of power dynamics and partners' perceptions of who controls sexual and contraceptive decisions. RESULTS: Couples in which the female partner reported that her male partner made the decisions about sex and contraception had increased probability of having had anal sex during the four weeks prior to the interview. In addition, partners' relationship power and their perception of control over sex and contraception moderated associations between couples' behavior and partners' characteristics, experiences and beliefs. For example, although couples in which the male partners had known someone with AIDS were less likely than others to engage in anal sex, that association was much greater for males with high income-and thus greater power-than for those with low income. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual behaviors are not controlled by any one individual in a relationship; characteristics of each partner are important. Couples-based interventions that take into consideration relationship-especially power-dynamics may enable individuals to initiate and sustain safer-sex practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADULTS | COUPLES | SEX BEHAVIOR | POWER | ANAL SEX | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 342624

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Emergence of a peak in early infant mortality due to HIV/AIDS in South Africa.
Author: Bourne DE; Thompson M; Brody LL; Cotton M; Draper B; Laubscher R; Abdullah MF; Myers JE
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):101-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: South Africa has among the highest levels of HIV prevalence in the world. Our objectives are to describe the distribution of South African infant and child mortality by age at fine resolution, to identify any trends over recent time and to examine these trends for HIV-associated and non HIV-associated causes of mortality. METHODS: A retrospective review of vital registration data was conducted. All registered postneonatal deaths under 1 year of age in South Africa for the period 1997-2002 were analysed by age in months using a generalized linear model with a log link and Poisson family. RESULTS: Postneonatal mortality increased each year over the period 1997-2002. A peak in HIV-related deaths was observed, centred at 2-3 months of age, rising monotonically over time. CONCLUSION: We interpret the peak in mortality at 2-3 months as an indicator for paediatric AIDS in a South African population with high HIV prevalence and where other causes of death are not sufficiently high to mask HIV effects. Intrauterine and intrapartum infection may contribute to this peak. It is potentially a useful surveillance tool, not requiring an exact cause of death. The findings also illustrate the need for early treatment of mother and child in settings with very high HIV prevalence.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LINEAR REGRESSION | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT MORTALITY | AIDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | CHILD MORTALITY | VITAL STATISTICS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | DEATH RATE | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population Statistics | Transmission | Infections
Document Number: 330334

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in prenatal care settings: Association with medical liability.
Author: Coco AS; Cohen D; Horst MA; Gambler AS
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):257.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Medical liability concerns centered around maternity care have widespread public health implications, as restrictions in physician scope of practice may threaten quality of and access to care in the current climate. The purpose of this study was to examine national trends in prenatal care settings based on medical liability climate. METHODS: Analysis of prenatal visits in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1997 to 2004 (N = 21,454). To assess changes in rates of prenatal visits over time, we used the linear trend test. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was developed to determine characteristics associated with visits made to hospital outpatient departments. RESULTS: In regions of the country with high medical liability (N = 11,673), the relative number, or proportion, of all prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments increased from 11.8% in 1997-1998 to 19.4% in 2003-2004 (p < .001 for trend); the trend for complicated obstetrical visits (N = 3,275) was more pronounced, where the proportion of prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments almost doubled from 22.7% in 1997-1998 to 41.6% in 2003-2004 (p = .004 for trend). This increase did not occur in regions of the country with low medical liability (N = 9,781) where the proportion of visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments decreased from 13.3% in 1997-1998 to 9.0% in 2003-2004. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a shift in prenatal care from obstetrician's offices to safety net settings in regions of the country with high medical liability. These findings provide strong indirect evidence that the medical liability crisis is affecting patterns of obstetric practice and ultimately patient access to care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PHYSICIANS | HIGH RISK WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANTENATAL CARE | MEDICAL LIABILITY | OBSTETRICS | PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Medicine | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Grants
Document Number: 342287

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Kenya.
Author: Cohen CR; Montandon M; Carrico AW; Shiboski S; Bostrom A; Obure A; Kwena Z; Bailey RC; Nguti R; Bukusi EA
Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4573.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. METHODS: We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. FINDINGS: 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15-49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22-3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15-24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Population | HIV | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 331237

20.

Title: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in women.
Author: Coutinho JM; Ferro JM; Canhao P; Barinagarrementeria F; Cantu C; Bousser MG; Stam J
Source: Stroke. 2009 Jul;40(7):2356-61.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little is known about the gender-specific manifestations of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, a disease that is much more common in women than men. METHODS: We used data of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT), a multicenter prospective observational study, to analyze gender-specific differences in clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-five of a total of 624 patients were women (75%). Women were significantly younger, had less often a chronic onset of symptoms, and had more often headache at presentation. There were no gender differences in ancillary investigations or treatment. A gender-specific risk factor (oral contraceptives, pregnancy, puerperium, and hormonal replacement therapy) was present in 65% of women. Women had a better prognosis than men (complete recovery 81% versus 71%l P=0.01), which was entirely due to a better outcome in female patients with gender-specific risk factors. Women without gender-specific risk factors are similar to men in clinical presentation, risk factor profile, and outcome. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the absence of gender-specific risk factors is a strong and independent predictor of poor outcome in women with sinus thrombosis (OR, 3.7; CI, 1.9 to 7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified important differences between women and men in presentation, course, and risk factors of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis and showed that women with a gender-specific risk factor have a much better prognosis than other patients.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342314

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage?
Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342845

22.

Title: Traffic-related air pollution and perinatal mortality: a case-control study.
Author: de Medeiros AP; Gouveia N; Machado RP; de Souza MR; Alencar GP; Novaes HM; de Almeida MF
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009 Jan;117(1):127-32.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ambient levels of air pollution may affect the health of children, as indicated by studies of infant and perinatal mortality. Scientific evidence has also correlated low birth weight and preterm birth, which are important determinants of perinatal death, with air pollution. However, most of these studies used ambient concentrations measured at monitoring sites, which may not consider differential exposure to pollutants found at elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to examine the association between traffic-related pollution and perinatal mortality. METHODS: We used the information collected for a case-control study conducted in 14 districts in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil, regarding risk factors for perinatal deaths. We geocoded the residential addresses of cases (fetal and early neonatal deaths) and controls (children who survived the 28th day of life) and calculated a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure considering all roads contained in a buffer surrounding these homes. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed a gradient of increasing risk of early neonatal death with higher exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Mothers exposed to the highest quartile of the DWTD compared with those less exposed exhibited approximately 50% increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.19). Associations for fetal mortality were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that motor vehicle exhaust exposures may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERINATAL MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TRANSPORTATION | RISK FACTORS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Economic Factors | Biology | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources
Document Number: 330469

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of nonadherence to a single-dose nevirapine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rwanda.
Author: Delvaux T; Elul B; Ndagije F; Munyana E; Roberfroid D; Asiimwe A
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Feb 1;50(2):223-30.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe experiences, and identify factors associated with nonadherence to a single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Rwanda. METHODS: In April to May 2006, using a case-control design at 12 PMTCT sites, we interviewed HIV-infected women who did not adhere (n = 111) and who adhered (n = 125) to the PMTCT prophylaxis regimen. Nonadherence was defined as mother and/or infant not ingesting SD-NVP at the recommended time or not at all and adherence as mother-infant pairs who ingested it as recommended. RESULTS: Only 61% of nonadherent women had received SD-NVP during pregnancy or delivery. Among nonadherent women who received SD-NVP, 80% ingested it at the recommended time, representing 49% of all nonadherent women. Only 7% of their newborns ingested SD-NVP. Multivariate logistic regression showed that unmarried women, less educated women, women who made 2 or less antenatal care visits, and those offered HIV testing after their first antenatal care visit were more likely to be nonadherent to PMTCT prophylaxis. Not disclosing one's HIV status to someone aside from a partner was also associated with nonadherence in mother-infant pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors, health services delivery factors, and a lack of communication and social support contributed to nonadherence to PMTCT prophylaxis in Rwanda.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PREVALENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ANTENATAL CARE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 330370

24.
Title: Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1.
Author: Dhalla S; Poole G
Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2009 Jul-Aug;100(4):299-303.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex. METHODS: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.1), a population-based, voluntary, cross-sectional survey of subjects ages 12-85 years. Data collection took place between January and December 2005. From the survey, a study sample of 20,975 people was drawn, consisting of individuals providing valid responses (yes/no) to mood disorder and last-time condom use. The question of sexual behaviours was asked only of those ages 15-49 years. Logistic regression was used to examine individual variables as potential determinants of last-time condom use stratified by sex. RESULTS: The relationship between mood disorder and condom use was non-significant in both males (AOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.70-1.04) and females (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.78-1.03). Increasing age was found to be inversely associated with last-time condom use in both males and females. Male factors significantly associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64-0.79) and being a current student (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI =1.16-1.42). Female factors associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.79) and being a former drinker (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.63-3.11). CONCLUSION: Our results identify important determinants of last-time condom use in both males and females in the CCHS 3.1. These findings may have important implications for the devising and implementation of safe sex programs in a Canadian population ages 15-49 years.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | MENTAL DISORDERS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 342618

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The Relationship Between Rejection Sensitivity and Compliant Condom Use.
Author: Edwards GL; Barber BL
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Sep 4;
Abstract: Those who are rejection sensitive anxiously expect and readily perceive rejection. Rejection sensitivity is hypothesized to predict behavior; however, this link may be more evident in some contexts than others. The current study examined the link between rejection sensitivity and condom use. Australian young adults in romantic (n = 649, 70% female) and casual (n = 144, 76.2% female) relationship contexts completed measures on rejection sensitivity, condom use preferences, and condom use. Regression analysis showed that rejection sensitivity predicted condom use when participants' condom use preferences were at odds with those they thought their partner held. Specifically, highly rejection-sensitive individuals who preferred more frequent condom use reported using condoms less often, if that was what they thought their partners wanted. The results lend support to the model of rejection sensitivity in that individuals comply more with their perceived partner's preferences if they are more rejection-sensitive. The results also highlight the need to take the situational context into consideration when examining links between personality dispositions and behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PERCEPTION | QUESTIONNAIRES | Oceania | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 342840

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessment of insecticide-treated bednet use among children and pregnant women across 15 countries using standardized national surveys.
Author: Eisele TP; Keating J; Littrell M; Larsen D; Macintyre K
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Feb;80(2):209-14.
Abstract: Impact of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) on preventing malaria may be minimized if they are not used by vulnerable populations. Among ITN-owning households from 15 standardized national surveys from 2003 to 2006, we identify factors associated with ITN use among children younger than 5 years of age and make comparisons of ITN use among children and pregnant women across countries. Within ITN-owning households, many children and pregnant women are still not using them. Between-country analysis with linear regression showed child ITN use increases as intra-household access to ITNs increases (P = 0.020, R2 = 0.404), after controlling for season and survey year. Results from within-country logistic regression analyses were consistent with between-country analysis showing intra-household access to ITNs is the strongest and most consistent determinant of use among children. The gaps in ITN use and possession will likely persist in the absence of achieving a ratio of no more than two people per ITN.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CHILDREN | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PESTICIDES | BED NETS | MALARIA PREVENTION | CHILD SURVIVAL | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330299

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with an explosive HIV epidemic among injecting drug users in Sargodha, Pakistan.
Author: Emmanuel F; Archibald C; Razaque A; Sandstrom P
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51(1):85-90.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: During a routine surveillance round, an extremely high prevalence of 51.3% was found among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Sargodha, a small town in Pakistan. This sharp increase of HIV among this group warranted an urgent need to explore the factors leading toward this explosion of HIV infection among IDUs at this very location to direct the policy makers in designing preventive activities, especially in the context of HIV prevention. METHODS: In 2007, 400 current IDUs were recruited through multistage cluster sampling based on mapping studies. Participants provided dried blood spot samples for HIV testing and completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and sexual/drug injecting behaviors. Logistic regression was used to examine the independent association of multiple variables with HIV infection. RESULTS: Of the 400 IDUs tested, 205 (51.3%) were HIV positive confirmed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. In multivariate analysis, geographical location of IDUs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.4 for IDUs located in the northern zone vs southern zone, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 3.7], injected in groups (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.1), and sharing injecting paraphernalia with other IDUs (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.4) were strong correlates of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Effective outreach programs need to be developed to provide a comprehensive package of HIV prevention services to IDUs not reached by existing services, entry into drug abuse treatment and medical care needs to be facilitated, and essential legal and social services need to be provided with community participation.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | NEEDLE SHARING | SEX BEHAVIOR | QUESTIONNAIRES | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Risk Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342369

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Multiple sexual partnership mediates the association between early sexual debut and sexually transmitted infection among adolescent and young adult males in Nigeria.
Author: Fatusi A; Wang W
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):134-43.
Abstract: The study was cross-sectional analytical in design and involved 1,278 Nigerian males aged 15-24 years. Logistic regression was used in assessing the statistical relationship between early sexual debut (<16 years) and self-reported STIs (history of at least one of three symptoms-painful urination, genital discharge, and genital ulcer/sore within the past 12 months), with demographic factors, sexual behaviors, and psychosocial measures controlled for. The prevalence of self-reported symptoms was 4.2% for genital discharge, 4.1% for painful urination, and 2.0% for genital sore/ulcer. Overall, 6.8% had STI symptoms. At bivariate analysis, early sexual debut (p = 0.021), multiple partners (p < 0.001), concurrent partners (p = 0.002), and sex with casual/commercial partners (p = 0.013) were associated with STIs. At multivariate analysis, early sexual debut (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-3.84) remained significantly associated with STIs. Multiple sexual partnership (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.13-3.52) was also significantly associated with STIs and is a mediator of the association between early debut and STI.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | YOUTH | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 341447

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of distance of residence from a peripheral health facility on pediatric health utilisation in rural western Kenya.
Author: Feikin DR; Nguyen LM; Adazu K; Ombok M; Audi A; Slutsker L; Lindblade KA
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jan;14(1):54-61.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of distance on utilisation of peripheral health facilities for sick child visits in Asembo, rural western Kenya. METHODS: As part of a demographic surveillance system (DSS), censuses of all households in the Asembo population of 55,000 are conducted three times a year, data are collected at all outpatient pediatric visits in seven DSS clinics in Asembo, and all households are GIS-mapped and linkable to a child's unique DSS identification number. Between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004, 3501 clinic visits were linked to 2432 children among 10,973 DSS-resident children < 5 years of age. RESULTS: Younger children and children with more severe illnesses travelled further for clinic visits. The median distance travelled varied by clinic. The rate of clinic visits decreased linearly at 0.5 km intervals up to 4 km, after which the rate stabilised. Using Poisson regression, controlling for the nearest DSS clinic for each child, socio-economic status and maternal education, and accounting for household clustering of children, for every 1 km increase in distance of residence from a DSS clinic, the rate of clinic visits decreased by 34% (95% CI, 31-37%) from the previous kilometer. CONCLUSION: Achieving equity in access to health care for children in rural Kenya will require creative strategies to address a significant distance-decay effect in health care utilisation.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | DISTANCE | HEALTH FACILITIES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS |