| 1. Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt. Author: Afifi M Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 342003 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria. Author: Antai D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76. Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture Document Number: 330568 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Reflecting and shaping the discourse: the role of music in AIDS communication in Tanzania. Author: Bastien S Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(7):1357-60. Abstract: Failure to recognize the importance of oral traditions in Africa and the potential of music and song for stimulating social and behavior change would represent a missed opportunity in HIV prevention strategies. Local narratives concerning AIDS are often utilized in popular songs and constitute rich sources of contextual information about the epidemic that have thus far been un- or underutilized in HIV prevention strategies. Endogenously conceived messages delivered via a channel such as music increase the likelihood of messages being contextually appropriate and culturally engaging. This form of media also presents the greatest opportunity for wide dissemination. Drawing on field work conducted in the Kilimanjaro region, this paper presents examples of how music and musicians in Tanzania reflect and potentially shape AIDS discourse. Three broad recurrent themes addressed in songs are discussed: AIDS metaphors, stigma and broader HIV prevention messages. By tapping into the wealth of information about AIDS discourse contained within popular songs, and by recognizing musicians as potential opinion leaders and agents of social change, the effectiveness of prevention strategies may be increased. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MUSIC | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 341617 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 341801 |
| 5. Title: Predictors of Condom Use Among Israeli Soldiers. Author: Ben Natan M; Danilov S; Evdokimovitz Y Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Jul 14; Abstract: Only a small percentage of young people aged 18 to 20 years use condoms regularly. Thus, the younger population has an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. This study examines the underlying determinants of condom use among soldiers based on the theory of planned behavior as well as the influence of soldiers' social circumstances and prior sexual experience. A correlational design using an exploratory survey method was used. Participants were sampled in a convenience sample of 113 male soldiers from the Israel defense forces. A total of 70.1% of soldiers use condoms in their first sexual experience, however, this percentage subsequently decreases. The study indicates that soldiers are not familiar with the risks of frequent oral and anal sex. Behavioral intentions and self-control are significant predictors of condom use. Condom use among soldiers from one-parent families was lower than among soldiers from two-parent families. The theory of planned behavior seems to be a helpful method of predicting condom use among soldiers. Accordingly, efforts should be channeled at attempts to generate changes in soldiers' views of condom use, intensifying normative pressures operated by their social milieu, and increasing their self-control in the use of condoms. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MILITARY PERSONNEL | MEN | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Culture Document Number: 342123 |
| 6. Title: Knowledge, beliefs, and health care practices relating to treatment of HIV in Vellore, India. Author: Chomat AM; Wilson IB; Wanke CA; Selvakumar A; John KR; Isaac R Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jun;23(6):477-84. Abstract: In India, little is known about health care-seeking behavior among HIV-infected individuals. Similarly, little is known about how HIV is being treated in the community, in particular by Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) providers. Therefore, while ART implementation programs continue to expand, it is important to determine whether the knowledge, attitudes, and treatment practices of HIV-infected individuals and their health care providers are aligned with current treatment recommendations. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with persons with HIV (n = 9 men and 17 women), family members of persons with HIV (n = 14 men and 3 women), and ISM providers (n = 7). Many of the patients we studied turned at some point to ISM providers because they believed that such practitioners offer a cure for HIV. ISM treatments sometimes had negative impacts including side effects, unchecked progression of an underlying illness, and financial depletion. Indian women tended to be less knowledgeable about HIV and HIV treatments, and had less access to financial and other resources, than men. Finally, most of the ISM providers reported dangerous misconceptions about HIV transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. While the existence of ART in India is potentially of great benefit to those with HIV infection, this study shows that a variety of social, cultural and governmental barriers may interfere with the effective use of these therapies. Partnerships between the allopathic and traditional/complementary health sectors in research, policy, and practice are essential in building comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment strategies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | HIV Document Number: 342430 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Cohen CR; Montandon M; Carrico AW; Shiboski S; Bostrom A; Obure A; Kwena Z; Bailey RC; Nguti R; Bukusi EA Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4573. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. METHODS: We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. FINDINGS: 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15-49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22-3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15-24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Population | HIV | Population Characteristics Document Number: 331237 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of changes in women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of Northern Ghana. Author: Doctor HV; Phillips JF; Sakeah E Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):113-122. Abstract: Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | CHRISTIANITY | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Culture Document Number: 341895 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships. Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342138 |
| 10. Title: Condom provision and education in Minnesota public schools: a telephone survey of parents. Author: Eisenberg ME; Bernat DH; Bearinger LH; Resnick MD Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):416-24; quiz 438-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing correct and consistent condom use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a critical public health goal, with schools serving as key agents for achieving this goal through sexuality education and condom use provision. This research aims to describe the views of parents regarding school-based condom distribution and education programs, and examines how these views differ across demographic groups. METHODS: Parents of school-age children in Minnesota were surveyed in telephone interviews (N = 1605; 63% participation) regarding their beliefs about condom availability and education. Chi-square tests of significance were used to detect differences in agreement with each statement for 10 demographic and personal characteristics. RESULTS: A majority of respondents held supportive views about condom availability and education programs. Strongest support centered on statements in the survey about teenagers needing information about condoms (86%) and showing actual condoms during classroom lessons (77%). Approximately two thirds of the parents agreed that school-based instruction about condoms should be "allowed" at the high school level (65%), and one fifth (21%) believed that this type of education should be "required." Support for condom availability and education programs differed significantly according to certain personal characteristics, with less supportive views from self-identified Born Again Christians and politically conservative parents. CONCLUSIONS: Public discourse regarding school-based sexuality education should include the viewpoints of parents of school-aged children as key stakeholders. Parents' perspectives provide unique and critical insights that school administrators and educators should consider as they develop educational and programmatic offerings regarding condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | BELIEFS | SEX EDUCATION | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342559 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Stuips, spuits and prophet ropes: the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in urban South Africa. Author: Friend-du Preez N; Cameron N; Griffiths P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):343-51. Abstract: With a paucity of data on health-seeking behaviour for childhood illnesses in urban South Africa, a mixed method approach was used to investigate the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in Johannesburg and Soweto between March and June 2004. In-depth interviews were held with caregivers (n=5), providers of traditional (n=6) and Western (n=6) health care, as well as five focus groups with caregivers. A utilisation-based survey was conducted with 206 black African caregivers of children under 6 years of age from one public clinic in Soweto (n=50), two private clinics in Johannesburg (50 caregivers in total), two public hospitals from Johannesburg and Soweto (53 caregivers in total) and two traditional healers from Johannesburg and Orange Farm (53 caregivers in total), an informal settlement on the outskirts of Johannesburg. The symptoms of several childhood abantu health problems, their treatment with traditional, church and home remedies, and influences on such patterns of resort are described. Despite free primary health care for children under 6 years, the pluralistic nature of health-seeking in this urban environment highlights the need for community and household integrated management of childhood illnesses and a deeper understanding of how symptoms may be interpreted and treated in the context of the local belief system. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | CHILD HEALTH | INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | BELIEFS | BEHAVIOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331180 |
| 12. Title: Traditional postpartum practices of women and infants and the factors influencing such practices in South Eastern Turkey. Author: Geckil E; Sahin T; Ege E Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):62-71. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to gain an understanding of traditional postpartum practices for women and babies, and to investigate the factors influencing such practices. DESIGN: descriptive study. SETTING: Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: 273 women who gave birth at the Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city from March to June 2004. FINDINGS: more than half of the 273 women (55.7%) were aged between 25 and 32 years (mean 27.85, standard deviation [SD] 5.45). A total of 22.3% of women were illiterate, and most were unemployed. The most popular practices among new mothers were eating a kind of dessert, called 'Bulamac' (82.8%). A number of women (69.6%) drank a mixture of grape molasses and butter, 64.5% had their abdomen tightly wrapped, 62.6% were not left alone at home, and more than half of the women (57.9%) avoided sexual intercourse for 40 days after giving birth. Nearly, half of the women (45.4%) fed their babies with water containing sugar just after the birth, and 77.1% of women kept their babies' umbilical cord in a special place. Afterwards, the mothers threw the cords into a river or they buried them in the grounds of a mosque or a school. Most of the mothers (89%) reported that they covered their babies with a yellow cloth in order to protect them from jaundice. A relationship between traditional postpartum practices and demographic characteristics of women was observed. The women's mothers and mothers-in-law (66.7%) usually encouraged such practices. KEY CONCLUSIONS: postpartum care of women and their babies are important cultural practices. Some of these practices may have harmful effects on women and their babies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: it is important to gain an understanding of cultural beliefs and traditional practices relating to the postpartum care of women and their babies. Midwives and nurses should discuss these findings and their implications when they educate new mothers and their families about contemporary methods of postnatal maternal and infant care. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | POSTPARTUM | DIET | MATERNAL NUTRITION | BEHAVIOR | POSTPARTUM ABSTINENCE | TIME FACTORS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Nutrition | Health | Abstinence | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Infant Nutrition | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331293 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Association of age at first sex with HIV-1, HSV-2, and other sexual transmitted infections among women in northern Tanzania. Author: Ghebremichael M; Larsen U; Paintsil E Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Sep;36(9):570-576. Abstract: The authors examined the association between age at first sex and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV-1 and HSV-2, in women in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania. A total of 2,019 women aged 20 to 44 were randomly selected in a two-stage sampling, and they provided information on demographics and sexual behaviors. Blood and urine samples were drawn for STI testing. Women who had their first sexual intercourse between ages 18 and 19 (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.50-0.86) or 20+ (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.36-0.60) were less likely to have STIs, including HIV-1 and HSV-2, than were women who had their first intercourse before their 18th birthday. Early age at first sex was associated with having a regular noncohabiting partner, female circumcision, and coercion at first intercourse. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | FIRST INTERCOURSE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INCIDENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | RISK FACTORS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339905 |
| 14. Title: Self-reported sexually transmitted disease symptoms and treatment-seeking behaviors in China. Author: Guan J; Wu Z; Li L; Lin C; Rotheram-Borus MJ; Detels R; Hsieh J Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial Group Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jun;23(6):443-8. Abstract: In recent decades, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have reemerged and spread as a major public health problem in China. However, little effort has been made on promoting appropriate health-seeking behaviors among people living with STDs. A randomly selected sample of market vendors in Fuzhou (N = 4510) was recruited and assessed from 2003 to 2004 to examine their choice of pharmacy versus hospital, and folk remedy versus Western medicine when having STD symptoms. Approximately 11.3% of the sample (4.0% of men and 17.8% of women) reported having had abnormal genital discharge or genital ulcer during the past 6 months. More (over 60%) people chose Chinese folk remedy to treat symptoms or prevent transmission when they had genital discharge and/or genital ulcer. Approximately 30% of study participants with reported STD symptoms visited pharmacies only to seek treatment, and 17% visited neither hospital nor pharmacies. Visiting a pharmacy only for STD treatment was marginally significantly associated with being female (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.665, confidence interval [CI] = 0.980, 2.831) and never married (PR = 1.984, CI = 1.098, 3.594) after controlling for other potential confounders. Education about appropriate health-seeking behaviors to obtain effective treatment of STD must be a top priority to control the rapid spread of STDs in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities Document Number: 342431 |
| 15. Title: Disappearance of female genital mutilation from the Bedouin population of Southern Israel. Author: Halila S; Belmaker RH; Abu Rabia Y; Froimovici M; Applebaum J Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2009 Jan;6(1):70-3. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recently, clinicians in Southern Israel perceived that the practice of female genital mutilation had disappeared entirely in the Bedouin population. We previously studied the prevalence of this practice in 1995. AIM: We decided to survey again the Bedouin population focusing on those tribes previously reported to perform this practice. METHODS: Eighty percent of the interviews were done by an Arabic-speaking psychiatrist and 20% were done by an Arabic speaking nurse in the gynecologic clinic of a large Bedouin township or the gynecologic clinic of a smaller Bedouin township. Women were asked if they would be willing to answer a few questions about their past and if they were willing to have the gynecologist, with no additional procedure, note whether any operation had been performed on their genitalia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical examination by gynecologist and an oral questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty two women were examined. No cases of any scarring of the kind reported in the previous study were found on physical examination. CONCLUSIONS: FGM has apparently disappeared over 15 years in a population in which it was once prevalent. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342101 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Sub-Saharan African university students' beliefs about condoms, condom-use intention, and subsequent condom use: a prospective study. Author: Heeren GA; Jemmott 3d JB; Mandeya A; Tyler JC Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):268-276. Abstract: This study examined whether certain behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs predict the intention to use condoms and subsequent condom use among 320 undergraduates at a university in South Africa. The students completed confidential questionnaires on two occasions separated by three months. Participants' mean age was 23.4 years, 47.8% were women, 48.9% were South Africans, and 51.1% were from other sub-Saharan African countries. Multiple regression revealed that condom-use intention was predicted by hedonistic behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs regarding sexual partners and peers, and control beliefs regarding condom-use technical skill and impulse control. Logistic regression revealed that baseline condom-use intention predicted consistent condom use and condom use during most recent intercourse at three-month follow-up. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | BELIEFS | UNIVERSITIES | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SAFER SEX | PEER PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 340124 |
| 17. Title: Andean traditional midwifery in Peru. Author: Ingar C Source: Midwifery today With International Midwife. 2009 Spring;(89):57-9. Abstract: This article provides an overview of common characteristics of the "Andean tradition" regarding conception of the body, pregnancy, and birth. It discusses the birth as ritual and the importance of the figure of the Andean midwife in that ritual. The masculine role in childbirth is also explored, as is maternal care during pregnancy, birth, and after birth. Language: English Keywords: PERU | CRITIQUE | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | CHILDBIRTH | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | PREGNANCY | MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341185 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of domiciliary and institutional delivery-care practices in rural Rajasthan, India. Author: Iyengar SD; Iyengar K; Suhalka V; Agarwal K Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):303-12. Abstract: A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess key practices and costs relating to home- and institutional delivery care in rural Rajasthan, India. One block from each of two sample districts was covered (estimated population--279,132). Field investigators listed women who had delivered in the past three months and contacted them for structured case interview. In total, 1947 (96%) of 2031 listed women were successfully interviewed. An average of 2.4 and 1.7 care providers attended each home- and institutional delivery respectively. While 34% of the women delivered in health facilities, modem care providers attended half of all the deliveries. Intramuscular injections, intravenous drips, and abdominal fundal pressure were widely used for hastening delivery in both homes and facilities while post-delivery injections for active management of the third stage were administered to a minority of women in both the venues. Most women were discharged prematurely after institutional delivery, especially by smaller health facilities. The cost of accessing home-delivery care was Rs 379 (US$ 8) while the mean costs in facilities for elective, difficult vaginal deliveries and for caesarean sections were Rs 1336 (US$ 30), Rs 2419 (US$ 54), and Rs 11,146 (US$ 248) respectively. Most families took loans at high interest rates to meet these costs. It is concluded that widespread irrational practices by a range of care providers in both homes and facilities can adversely affect women and newborns while inadequate observance of beneficial practices and high costs are likely to reduce the benefits of institutional delivery, especially for the poor. Government health agencies need to strengthen regulation of delivery care and, especially, monitor perinatal outcomes. Family preference for hastening delivery and early discharge also require educational efforts. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | FEES | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | OBSTETRICS | OXYTOCIN | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Data Collection Document Number: 341927 |
| 19. Title: Patients' adherence to anti-retroviral therapy in Botswana. Author: Kip E; Ehlers VJ; van der Wal DM Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2009;41(2):149-57. Abstract: PURPOSE: To identify factors influencing patients' anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence at four clinics in Botswana. DESIGN: Quantitative descriptive. Structured interviews were conducted with a random sample of 400 patients out of the population of all patients attending the four randomly selected ART clinics in Botswana during April and May 2007. METHODS: Data were analysed using SPSS version 13. Chi-square and p-value calculations were done to test significance of the relationships between categories or variables. FINDINGS: Patient-centred barriers to ART adherence included inadequate knowledge about ART, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), CD4 cell and viral-load results, stigma, travelling costs, waiting times at clinics, side effects of ART, use of traditional (indigenous or folk) medicines, and abuse of alcohol. Service-centred barriers included nurses' attitudes and knowledge, health workers' inability to conduct home visits and to contact defaulters, limited clinic hours, delays in getting CD4 and viral-load results. CONCLUSIONS: ART adherence requires more than free ART. Adherence levels will improve if both patient-centred and service-centred barriers are addressed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nurses play key roles in educating patients about ART adherence and side effects, but they should also educate patients about CD4 and viral-load test results and about the dangers of using traditional medicines and alcohol with ART. Shorter waiting times at clinics could make ART patients' lives more manageable. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | HIV | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342892 |
| 20. Title: Being a woman: perspectives of low-german-speaking mennonite women. Author: Kulig JC; Babcock R; Wall M; Hill S Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Apr;30(4):324-38. Abstract: Understanding the beliefs and knowledge related to women's sexuality is important when working with unique religious groups in order to provide culturally appropriate care. An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study generated knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to menstruation, ovulation, and family planning among Low German-speaking (LGS) Mennonite women (n = 38). There is a pervasive silence that surrounds sexuality among this group, who have a limited understanding of the physiological changes they experience. Honoring religious principles and family and community expectations through acceptable female behavior is essential. Adherence to religious principles varies by family but is not shared with the group to avoid disfavor. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Data Collection Document Number: 341659 |
| 21. Title: Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination among Chinese women: concerns and implications. Author: Kwan TT; Chan KK; Yip AM; Tam KF; Cheung AN; Lo SS; Lee PW; Ngan HY Source: BJOG. 2009 Mar;116(4):501-10. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore Chinese women's perceptions of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and their intention to be vaccinated. DESIGN: A cross-sectional community-based survey study. SETTING: Thirteen community women's health centres of The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. SAMPLE: A total of 1450 ethnic Chinese women aged 18 or above who attended the health centres. METHODS: Participants completed a written consent and an anonymous questionnaire onsite. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge and beliefs about HPV and HPV vaccination against cervical cancer and participants' own intention to be vaccinated. RESULTS: About 38% of the participants (n = 527) had heard of HPV and 50% (n = 697) had heard of vaccination against cervical cancer. HPV infection was perceived to be stigmatising and detrimental to intimate, family and social relationships. Despite misconceptions and a grossly inadequate knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination, 88% of the participants (n = 1219) indicated that they would likely be vaccinated. Majority of the participants believed that sexually experienced women should be vaccinated, while 27% opposed vaccinating sexually naive women. Younger age women who perceived a disruptive impact of HPV infection on intimate relationship and their partners' approval were significantly associated with a positive intention to be HPV vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: The easy acceptability of HPV vaccination among the mostly sexually experienced Chinese participants and their knowledge deficit on the subject may implicate potential misuse of the vaccines and a false sense of security against cervical cancer. There is a dire need for culturally sensitive and tailored education for the public, women of different ages and their partners about HPV and HPV vaccination. Emphasis must be placed on the prophylactic nature of the current vaccines, the uncertain effects when given to sexually experienced women, the importance of adolescent vaccination and the need for continued cervical screening whether vaccinated or not. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HPV | VACCINES | BELIEFS | CERVICAL CANCER | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Cancer | Neoplasms | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341002 |
| 22. Title: Oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and the professional voice: An electrolaryngographic analysis. Author: La FM; Howard DM; Ledger W; Davidson JW; Jones G Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2009 Apr;34(2):11-19. Abstract: Few studies have been concerned with the effects of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on those who use their voices as a tool of trade. A cohort study involving 20 female professional voice users was carried out assessing irregularity of vocal fold vibration, based on: 1) period-to-period frequency peaks (CFx), and 2) period-to-period amplitude peaks (CAx) in the cycle-to-cycle excitation of the vocal tract. These vocal measures and blood samples were collected at three points of the menstrual cycle, for both natural and OCP cycles. No significant differences were found in vocal parameters assessed between the natural and OCP cycles. The intake of this OCP was not found to have a systematic effect on the vocal parameters studied. Based on these results the modern OCP preparations can be considered safe medications which do not have a negative effect on voice quality in professional voice users. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ARTISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ANABOLIC STEROIDS | SONGS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Music | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329663 |
| 23. Title: The prevalence of the use of 'dry sex' traditional medicines, among Zambian women, and the profile of the users. Author: Mbikusita-Lewanika M; Stephen H; Thomas J Source: Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2009 Mar;14(2):227-38. Abstract: Concern has been voiced about the 'dry sex' practice in Southern and Central Africa, and its possible role in the transmission of the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). Despite this concern, there has been little information about the practice. Most of the available information has been anecdotal, speculative or inadequate mainly because of cultural reluctance to discuss or investigate personal sexual issues. This article provides information about the prevalence of the practice in Zambia and the profile of its practitioners. A cross-sectional study involving 812 Zambian women was undertaken in Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia. Quantitative and qualitative data was obtained through self-administered questionnaires, interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative data was analysed using SPSS, and the qualitative data was used to complement and clarify the quantitative data. Awareness of the 'dry sex' practice was almost universal among Zambian women. About two-thirds had used 'dry sex' traditional medicines (DSTM) at some point in their lives, and about half were using them. Those who were most likely to have been using, or to have used DSTM, were those who were older, married, with little or no formal education, mainstream Christians, from the lower socio-economic levels, homemakers, manual workers (p < 0.001), originally from the Eastern province of Zambia (p < 0.002) and those who had spent most of their formative years in rural areas (p < 0.006).The study showed that the knowledge and use of DSTM is widespread among Zambian women, especially among those who were most likely to adhere to traditional views and beliefs about womanhood and marriage, and perhaps those likely to have a poor sense of self-worth or less confidence. In view of the concern about the possible role of 'dry sex' in HIV transmission, these findings would be useful in Health education strategies. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | SEX BEHAVIOR | WOMEN'S HEALTH | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341836 |
| 24. Title: Breastfeeding self-efficacy in women of African descent. Author: McCarter-Spaulding D; Gore R Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Mar-Apr;38(2):230-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding self-efficacy predicts the duration and pattern of breastfeeding in a sample of Black women of African descent. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal, cohort study. Participants were recruited during the postpartum hospitalization and followed monthly for 6 months or until complete weaning. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale--Short Form (BSES-SF) (Dennis, 2003). SETTING: A large urban teaching hospital in New England. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Women who self-identified as being of African descent with full-term infants who were planning to breastfeed (N=125). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breastfeeding pattern was determined by the total number of feedings the infant received in the past 24 hours and how many of these were breast milk. Duration of breastfeeding was defined as the number of weeks until complete weaning. RESULTS: Higher levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy predicted longer duration and a more exclusive pattern of breastfeeding at 1 and 6 months postpartum, consistent with prior research (p<.01). Planned pattern of feeding predicted actual pattern of feeding at 1 month postpartum (p<.01). Returning to work after 12 weeks was protective of breastfeeding to 6 months postpartum (p<.01). CONCLUSION: Theory-based interventions to enhance self-efficacy will help improve breastfeeding outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | WEANING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341947 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers. Author: Newbold KB; Willinsky J Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):369-382. Abstract: Cultural impacts on health experiences and behaviours are profound in the area of reproductive health and family planning. Explored through interviews with family planning healthcare professionals, this paper evaluates their experiences in providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to immigrants in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area of Ontario, Canada. Results reveal the complexity of delivering care to members of this group, particularly when dealing with language barriers, situations when professional and non-professional interpreters are used, and instances where healthcare professionals realize that they themselves have misconceptions and misunderstandings about other cultures. The paper concludes by discussing future research options and implications for the delivery of reproductive health family planning services to this population. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LANGUAGE | BELIEFS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Communication | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 330417 |
26.  Title: Alleviating the burden of responsibility: report on a study of men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho. Author: Newman C; Makoae N; Reavely E; Fogarty L Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Jan. 101 p. Abstract: This study demonstrates a range of perspectives about gender and HIV/AIDS care from those participating in and potentially affected by health care initiatives, and makes recommendations for increasing the number of male community-based providers of HIV/AIDS care. The objectives of the study were as follows: 1. Determine the need to bring men into community-based HIV/AIDS care and Support; 2. Determine the feasibility of engaging men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support, especially the gender-related and cultural factors that need to be addressed to increase male involvement in community-based care, based on an analysis of gender relations in Lesotho; 3. Identify factors that facilitate or hinder substantive and sustained male involvement in community-based HIV/AIDS care and support; and 4. Make recommendations for feasible gender-redistributive recruitment, training, support or retention strategies to increase the number of male communitybased providers of HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho. Language: English Keywords: LESOTHO | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Culture Document Number: 325235 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Disco funerals: a risk situation for HIV infection among youth in Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Njue C; Voeten HA; Remes P Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):505-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the so-called 'disco funeral' phenomenon in Kisumu, Kenya, whereby community members including adolescents congregate at the home of the deceased for several days, accompanied by music and dancing. We explored whether disco funerals are a risk situation for HIV/sexually transmitted infection infection among youth. DESIGN:: Cross-sectional qualitative study. METHODS: We conducted 44 in-depth interviews with male and female adolescents aged 15-20 years in Kisumu municipality in Nyanza Province, Kenya. We also made observations during six disco funerals. RESULTS: Disco funerals were an important place for young people to hang out; they increased the opportunities to meet and engage in (risky) sexual activities. Many adolescents reported having casual sex on these occasions, sometimes with multiple partners, and mostly without condoms. Some girls were forced into sex, and there were several accounts of gang rape. Sex in exchange for money was reported frequently. Drugs and alcohol seemed to facilitate unprotected, multiple-partner, coerced, and transactional sex. CONCLUSION: In Kisumu, a town with a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic, the high AIDS mortality leads to frequent disco funerals. Because many adolescents are having unprotected, transactional, or coerced sex at these occasions, disco funerals might contribute to the high HIV prevalence among youth, especially among adolescent girls. HIV interventions urgently need to include outreach actions to youth who hang out at disco funerals and link up with parents and funeral organizers to reduce risk situations. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX WORKERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | DANCING | MUSIC | DEATH | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | RAPE | CONDOM USE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sexual Partners | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341131 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Family life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) in schools in Enugu State: baseline study of reproductive health issues among In-School adolescents in Enugu State. Author: Nwaorgu OC; Onyeneho NG; Onyegegbu N; Okolo M; Ebele O Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;13(2):17-32. Abstract: The authors studied the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and practices among students in junior secondary school grades 1 and 3 in Enugu State, Nigeria. Results show that over 90% of the respondents were regularly involved in sexual activities. More than 17% indicated that they would definitely have sex in the next two years, while 19.2% said they might have sex in the next two years. The students lacked proper knowledge of protection, and knowledge scores on SRH issues were low especially among the urban dwellers. Approximately 64% of respondents did not know if condoms prevent pregnancy. Some indicated that charms and herbs are effective ways of preventing pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | CURRICULUM | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Culture | Behavior Document Number: 339908 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in low-income countries. Author: Ogwuegbu CC; Eze OH Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):237-49. Abstract: A review of publications on ethical and social issues from low-income countries was done with the aim of highlighting the major ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in these countries. Low-income countries were identified using the World Health Organization income group classification of member nations. Obstetricians in low-income countries face a wide range of special social and ethical issues that reflect the peculiarities of their practice environment characterized by poverty, low education, deep attachment to tradition and culture, low social status of women, and high levels of physician's paternalism. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ETHICS | POVERTY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | DECISION MAKING | INFORMED CONSENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Traditional Health Practices | Culture Document Number: 342174 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Medical circumcision and manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a post intervention evaluation. Author: Peltzer K; Kanta X Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Jan;11(1):83-97. Abstract: The objectives of this study were first, to report the adverse events reported following male circumcision performed by medical professionals after a one-day training workshop; second, to report on the attitudes towards, beliefs surrounding and experiences regarding circumcision and initiation; and third, to assess the HIV-risk behaviour of young men attending initiation schools post medical circumcision. Initiates who had been medically circumcised by trained healthcare providers were examined and interviewed on the seventh day after circumcision and, in addition, focus-group discussions were conducted with initiates. Results indicate that of the 78 initiates physically examined on the seventh day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse, seven (9%) adverse events (complications) were found. Initiates reported mixed attitudes towards combining medical circumcision with traditional initiation. The majority of the initiates (70%) felt that they could be stigmatized as a result of choosing medical rather than traditional circumcision and 20% thought that the relationship between medical and traditionally circumcised men was hostile. Prior to circumcision, most initiates (92%) had been sexually active and had engaged in HIV-risk behaviour. Focus-group discussions revealed that sexually active initiates, when asked about sex after circumcision, indicated they wished to abstain for a short period before resuming sexual activities with intended condom use being high. Findings are promising for efforts to up-scale integrated medical circumcision alongside traditional initiation into manhood. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | YOUTH | MALE CIRCUMCISION | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | COMPLICATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases Document Number: 341436 |
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