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Title: Integrating multiple gender strategies to improve HIV and AIDS interventions: a compendium of programs in Africa.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. AIDS Support and Technical Resources [AIDSTAR-One]
Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2009 May. [220] p. (USAID Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00059-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) AIDSTAR-One project created this compendium of selected HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa that integrate multiple gender strategies. Featured programs address at least two of the following gender strategies: 1) reducing violence and sexual coercion; 2) addressing male norms and behaviors; 3) increasing women's legal protection; and 4) increasing women's access to income and productive resources. The compendium describes each of the 31 selected programs, and synthesizes trends and findings to provide initial insights on using multiple gender strategies in HIV programming, including how strategies are employed together, where gaps exist, and what lessons and experiences are common across programs. Though not meant to be exhaustive, the compendium represents the depth and breadth of current HIV programming that includes multiple gender strategies. Overall, we found that many innovative programs exist in sub-Saharan Africa and that implementers are successfully integrating multiple gender approaches into HIV programs. Program implementers report numerous benefits of combining gender strategies, including ensuring project salience and relevance, extending project reach, and reflecting the multiple, interrelated needs of beneficiaries. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 331479

Title: The long wait: reproductive health care in Haiti.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. Research and Training Institute, Inc.
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, Research and Training Institute, Inc., 2009. 22 p.
Abstract: The reproductive health status of Haiti's communities contributes to a life expectancy of 62.8 years for women in comparison to 75.5 years in neighboring Dominican Republic or 80.8 years for women in the U.S. According to Haiti's 2005-2006 Demography Health Survey, 37.5% of women have unmet family planning needs. Additionally, youth and rural area residents report greater unmet needs for family planning than the national average. Unmet family planning contributes to a high total fertility rate of 4.79 (5 in rural versus 2.8 in urban areas), a high infant morality (57 deaths per 1000 live births) and the highest maternal mortality rate in the western world-630 deaths per 100,000 live births. These alarming RH indicators prompted a team from JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI) to visit Haiti in January 2009. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify gaps in the availability and accessibility of comprehensive RH services including: Safer motherhood and emergency obstetric care (EmOC), Family planning, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention, care and support, Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, care and support, and Adolescent-focused RH programming for each of the above RH components. 2) to identify community-level responses and opportunities for strengthening the quality and availability of comprehensive RH services. This report presents the findings of this assessment.
Language: English
Keywords:
HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341307

Title: Handbook on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.
Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre
Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [74] p.
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the main international instrument for protecting children's rights, is supplemented by two optional protocols. One addresses the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and the other the involvement of children in armed conflict. This handbook addresses the former issue. The publication describes the genesis, scope, and content of the protocol and provides examples of measures taken by governments to fulfill their obligations under this protocol.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TREATIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | VIOLENCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 331375

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal violence and potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss in an African setting: cross-sectional study.
Author: Alio A; Nana PN; Salihu HM
Source: Lancet. 2009;373:318-324.
Abstract: Background Spousal violence is a global issue, with ramifications for the reproductive health of women. We aimed to investigate the effect of physical, sexual, and emotional violence on potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss. Methods We analysed data from the Cameroon Demographic Health Survey. In the violence module of this survey, women were questioned about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their spouses. Respondents were also asked about any stillbirths and spontaneous abortions. We measured risk for single and recurrent fetal loss with odds ratios, with adjustment for intracluster correlations as appropriate. We also estimated the proportion of preventable excess fetal loss at various levels of violence reduction. Findings 2562 women responded to the violence module. Those exposed to spousal violence (n=1307) were 50% more likely to experience at least one episode of fetal loss compared with women not exposed to abuse (odds ratio 1-5; 95% CI 1-3-1-8). Recurrent fetal mortality was associated with all forms of spousal violence, but emotional violence had the strongest association (1-7; 1-2-2-3). If the prevalence of spousal abuse could be reduced to 50%, 25%, or entirely eliminated, preventable excess recurrent fetal demise would be 17%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. Interpretation Spousal violence increases the likelihood of single and repeated fetal loss. A large proportion of risk for recurrent fetal mortality is attributable to spousal violence and, therefore, is potentially preventable. Our findings support the idea of routine prenatal screening for spousal violence in the African setting, a region with the highest rate of fetal death in the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 340220

10.

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Title: Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Alio AP; Daley EM; Nana PN; Duan J; Salihu HM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between contraceptive use and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan African women. METHOD: The data analyzed were from national Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Women of childbearing age completed surveys regarding the use of contraception and about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their partners. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 24311 women who responded to the violence modules, 39.8% reported that they had experienced IPV. Women who had experienced IPV were significantly more likely to report that they had used contraception compared with women who had not experienced IPV (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.38). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence appears to be associated with increased contraception use in the African setting. Among women who have experienced IPV, modern contraception is used more commonly than traditional and folkloric contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Violence | Behavior | Aggression
Document Number: 341449

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan.
Author: Altaf A; Janjua NZ; Kristensen S; Zaidi NA; Memon A; Hook EW 3rd; Vermund SH; Shah SA
Source: Public Health. 2009 Jul 15;
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the sexual- and drug-use-related risk behaviours of male juvenile detainees in Karachi, Pakistan. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of prison inmates aged 15-21 years in Karachi Juvenile Prison in 2002. In total, 321 inmates were interviewed about sexual orientation and behaviours, and knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Urine specimens were collected and tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using ligase chain reaction. RESULTS: A substantial proportion (n=111, 34.6%) of the participants were sexually active. Sixty-two (19%) and 67 (21%) had had sex with a male or female before incarceration, respectively. Twenty-seven (8.4%) participants had an STI, and 50% of the 109 sexually active participants had had multiple sexual partners. Use of addictive substances was associated with sexual activity. The mean knowledge score computed from the sum of 16 items was 4.7, with a median of 2.9. A large proportion (40%) of participants knew about condoms, but very few (3.4%) had ever used one. The mean+/-standard deviation risk score from nine items was 2.4+/-1.7. On the basis of behavioural and biological markers, 117 (36.4%) participants had high-risk behaviour. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, knowledge, risk perception and age were predictive of higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: HIV risk behaviours are common among adolescent inmates. Although inmates do have knowledge about modes of transmission and condom use, the use of condoms is significantly low. Interventions are needed for behavioural change among this group.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PRISONERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 342285

12.

Title: Collecting reliable information about violence against women safely in household interviews: experience from a large-scale national survey in South Asia.
Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Ansari N; Omer K; Chaudhry UU; Khan A; Pearson L
Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Apr;15(4):482-96.
Abstract: This article describes the first national survey of violence against women in Pakistan from 2001 to 2004 covering 23,430 women. The survey took account of methodological and ethical recommendations, ensuring privacy of interviews through one person interviewing the mother-in-law while another interviewed the eligible woman privately. The training module for interviewers focused on empathy with respondents, notably increasing disclosure rates. Only 3% of women declined to participate, and 1% were not permitted to participate. Among women who disclosed physical violence, only one third had previously told anyone. Surveys of violence against women in Pakistan not using methods to minimize underreporting could seriously underestimate prevalence.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SAFETY | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341635

13.

Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

14.
Title: [The perception of domestic violence of pregnant and not pregnant women in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo] Percepcao da violencia domestica por mulheres gestantes e nao gestantes da cidade
Author: Audi CA; Correa AM; Turato ER; Santiago SM; Andrade Mda G; Rodrigues MS
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):587-94.
Abstract: This study sought to compare the perception of domestic violence of women, victims of this kind of violence, with the perception of pregnant women, victims or not of domestic violence, as well as to search for elements allowing for the planning and execution of a cohort study on domestic violence among pregnant women. A qualitative exploratory research was conducted using the technique of convenience sampling for selecting a focal group. The subjects were twenty four women divided into two groups: (1) thirteen women from a follow-up group from a Referral Center for victims of domestic violence, and (2) eleven pregnant women that were participating in the pre-natal care program in a primary care unit, selected independently of suffering domestic violence or not. The data collected were transcribed, conceptually decoded and qualified for qualitative analysis. The contents of the women's discourse were analyzed on the basis of thematic categories. It was observed that domestic violence was perceived in a similar way by both studied groups, independently from the fact of having or not experienced a situation of this kind. The understanding and discussion of the topics proposed for the groups allowed developing a more appropriate approach to the studied women. The way the questions were formulated in the questionnaire was considered of easy understanding by both groups of women.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERCEPTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | STUDY DESIGN | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies
Document Number: 342097

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues.
Author: Babu BV; Kar SK
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:129.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against women is now widely recognised as an important public health problem, owing to its health consequences. Violence against women among many Indian communities on a regularly basis goes unreported. The objective of this study is to report the prevalence and other related issues of various forms of domestic violence against women from the eastern zone of India. METHODS: It is a population-based study covering both married women (n = 1718) and men (n = 1715) from three of the four states of Eastern India selected through a systematic multistage sampling strategy. Interviews were conducted using separate pre-piloted structured questionnaires for women (victimization) and men (perpetration). Women were asked whether their husband or any other family members committed violent acts against them. And men were asked whether they had ever perpetrated violent acts against their wives. Three principle domestic violence outcome variables (physical, psychological and sexual violence) were determined by response to a set of questions for each variable. In addition, data on socio-economic characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, bi- and multivariate analyses were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual and any form of violence among women of Eastern India were 16%, 52%, 25% and 56% respectively. These rates reported by men were 22%, 59%, 17% and 59.5% respectively. Men reported higher prevalence of all forms of violence apart from sexual violence. Husbands were mostly responsible for violence in majority of cases and some women reported the involvement of husbands' parents. It is found that various acts of violence were continuing among majority of women who reported violence. Some socio-economic characteristics of women have significant association with the occurrence of domestic violence. Urban residence, older age, lower education and lower family income are associated with occurrence of domestic violence. Multivariate logistic regressions revealed that the physical violence has significant association with state, residence (rural or urban), age and occupation of women, and monthly family income. Similar associations are found for psychological violence (with residence, age, education and occupation of the women and monthly family income) and sexual violence (with residence, age and educational level of women). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of domestic violence in Eastern India is relatively high compared to majority of information available from India and confirms that domestic violence is a universal phenomenon. The primary healthcare institutions in India should institutionalise the routine screening and treatment for violence related injuries and trauma. Also, these results provide vital information to assess the situation to develop public health interventions, and to sensitise the concerned agencies to implement the laws related to violence against women.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341406

16.

Title: The influence of early sexual debut and sexual violence on adolescent pregnancy: a matched case-control study in Jamaica.
Author: Baumgartner JN; Geary CW; Tucker H; Wedderburn M
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):21-28.
Abstract: The authors conducted structured interviews with 15- to 17-year-old females-250 who were currently pregnant and 500 sexually experienced, but never-pregnant, neighborhood-matched controls. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine associations between adolescent pregnancy and early sexual debut, sexual coercion or violence, and sexual risk-taking behaviors. Greater proportions of pregnant youth than of their never-pregnant peers reported having had first sex by age 14 (54% vs. 41%), a first sexual partner who was five or more years older (33% vs. 20%), or multiple partners (63% vs. 50%). A greater proportion of never-pregnant youth had used contraceptives at first sex (88% vs. 80%). Almost half (49%) of all young women reported ever having experienced sexual coercion or violence. Compared with controls, pregnant youth had greater odds of having had an older partner at first sex and believing contraception is a woman's responsibility (odds ratios, 1.3 and 2.1, respectively), and had lower odds of ever having experienced sexual violence and thinking that it is important to protect oneself against pregnancy (0.5 and 0.2, respectively). An interaction between early sexual debut and multiple partners was found. Having had multiple partners was associated with pregnancy only for youth with early sexual debut. Encouraging adolescents to delay sexual debut and reduce their number of sexual partners may help prevent unintended pregnancies. Experiences of sexual coercion and violence were common among both groups, highlighting the need to address gender-based violence at the community level.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUAL ABUSE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 315213

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A life course approach to patterns and trends in modern Latin American sexual behavior.
Author: Bozon M; Gayet C; Barrientos J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S4-S12.
Abstract: This article explores trends in sexual behavior in Latin America, envisaged from a life-course perspective, taking into account social differences. It is focused on three main issues: the timing of early sexual and reproductive events, sexual activity during adulthood, and measurement of homosexuality-bisexuality. It draws on general population data from nonspecific surveys, as surveys dealing specifically with sexual behavior are scarce in Latin American countries. A traditional feature in these societies is the huge amount of social inequality, which translates directly into social differences in sexual experience, especially among women. Despite the decline in fertility, an early start of unions and of reproductive experience remains typical of groups with lower education. Another aspect is the diversity of national patterns and gender systems, very far from the image of cultural homogeneity generally associated with this region. Data show a low prevalence of homosexuality/bisexuality, which can be a result of underreporting. The paper eventually stresses the necessity of carrying out more sexual behavior surveys of the general population in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | HOMOSEXUALS | CHANGES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 341323

18.

Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong
Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC
Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110.
Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 328410

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Physical and sexual violence and subsequent contraception use among reproductive aged women.
Author: Chan RL; Martin SL
Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):276-81.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Population-based data were used to examine the association between reproductive aged women's physical and sexual violence experiences in the previous 12 months and subsequent contraception use. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a representative sample of adults (2002 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the associations of interest. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 20 North Carolina reproductive aged women experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the previous 12 months, with physical violence as the most common. Compared to women who experienced no violence in the previous 12 months, experiences with physical violence by itself increased subsequent contraception use, while experience with sexual violence by itself decreased subsequent contraception use. Women with both experiences in the previous 12 months were less likely to be subsequently using contraception (OR=0.1; 95% CI=0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide further evidence that different experiences with violence may dictate women's subsequent contraception use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Violence | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 342573

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Induced abortion and intimate relationship quality in the Chicago Health and Social Life Survey.
Author: Coleman PK; Rue VM; Coyle CT
Source: Public Health. 2009 Apr;123(4):331-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine associations between abortion and relationship functioning. STUDY DESIGN: Independent variables included abortion in a previous relationship and abortion in a current relationship. Perceptions of quality-of-life changes associated with terminating the relationship, conflict, aggressiveness and sexual dysfunction were the outcome measures. METHODS: Data were derived from interviews with an ethnically diverse urban sample of men (n=658) and women (n=906). Surveys were conducted in person using computer-assisted personal interview technology by the National Opinion Research Center affiliated with the University of Chicago, USA. RESULTS: For men and women, the experience of an abortion in a previous relationship was related to negative outcomes in the current relationship; perceptions of improved quality of life if the current relationship also ended and intimate partner violence. Experience of an abortion within a current relationship was associated with 116% and 196% increased risk of arguing about children for women and men, respectively. Among females, experience of an abortion within a current relationship was associated with increased risk for various forms of sexual dysfunction (122-182%), increased risk of arguments about money (75%), increased risk of conflict about the partner's relatives (80%), and increased risk of arguing about the respondent's relatives (99%). Men whose current partners had experienced an abortion were more likely to report jealousy (96% greater risk) and conflict about drugs (385% greater risk). CONCLUSION: Abortion may play a vital role in understanding the aetiology of relationship problems.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | ABORTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Violence | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341821 Notification

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration, Standard and Gendered STI/HIV Risk Behavior, and STI/HIV Diagnosis Among A Clinic-Based Sample of Men.
Author: Decker M; Seage G 3rd; Hemenway D; Gupta J; Raj A; Silverman JG
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Jul 21;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The estimated one in three women worldwide victimized by intimate partner violence (IPV) consistently demonstrate elevated STI/HIV prevalence; abusive male partners' risky sexual behaviors and subsequent infection are implicated. Little empirical data exist to characterize men's sexual risk as it relates to violence perpetration and STI/HIV. METHODS: Data from a survey of men ages 18-35 recruited from three community-based health clinics in an urban area (n=1585) were analyzed to assess the prevalence of IPV perpetration and relations of such violent behavior with both standard (e.g., anal sex, injection drug use) and gendered (e.g., coercive condom practices, sexual infidelity) forms of sexual risk, and STI/HIV diagnosis. RESULTS: Approximately one third of participants (32.7%) reported perpetrating violence against an intimate partner in their lifetime; 1 in 8 (12.4%) participants reported history of STI/HIV diagnosis. Men's IPV perpetration related to both standard and gendered STI/HIV risk behaviors (AORS 1.72 to 6.22) and to STI/HIV diagnosis (OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.54, 6.66). In a multivariate model, the association of men's IPV perpetration with STI/HIV diagnosis was partially attenuated (AOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.77, 3.67), and a subset of gendered sexual risk behaviors were found to be independently related to STI/HIV diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Men's perpetration of violence against intimate partners is common among this population. Abusive men are at increased risk for STI/HIV, with gendered forms of sexual risk behavior partially responsible. Findings indicate the need for interwoven sexual health promotion and violence prevention efforts targeted to men that include addressing gendered sexual risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | MEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | NEEDS | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342227

23.

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal intimate partner violence is associated with HIV and other STIs among married Rwandan women.
Author: Dude AM
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb 10;:1-11.
Abstract: HIV is a health problem in Rwanda, where the adult HIV prevalence is 3.1% (WHO 2008 in Online database of HIV/AIDS epidemiological data, found at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas); the majority of those infected are women (UNAIDS 2008 in http://data.unaids. org/pub/Report/2008/rwanda_2008_country_progress_ report en.pdf). Prior studies indicate that intimate partner violence is frequently associated with increased HIV risk in women, often because men who abuse their wives also exhibit riskier sexual behaviors (Silverman et al. in JAMA 300:703-710 2008. Population-based data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey indicate that women with few, if any, other sexual risk factors who have experienced sexual, physical, or emotional abuse within their marriages are 1.61-3.46 times as likely to test positive for HIV, and 2.14-4.11 times more likely to report another STI. These findings confirm prior clinical studies that indicate that intimate partner violence is a correlate of HIV/STIs in Rwanda. Further research is needed to determine whether Rwandan men that abuse their wives have higher baseline rates of HIV/STI infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EVALUATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nuptiality | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 340206

25.

Title: Domestic violence on pregnant women in Turkey.
Author: Ergonen AT; Ozdemir MH; Can IO; Sonmez E; Salacin S; Berberoglu E; Demir N
Source: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2009 Apr;16(3):125-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Domestic violence is accepted worldwide as an important health problem. Besides diagnosis and treatment process, there are difficulties when considering of medico-legal evaluation of pregnant women subjected to domestic violence. As a signatory of the ''Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)'' Turkey has certain commitments regarding domestic violence and made regulations on national law. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy among the women who applied to obstetrics clinics and evaluating of the participants' knowledge level about the legal legislation concerning domestic violence. FINDINGS: Pregnant women attending for antenatal care to department of Gynecology and Obstetrics were interviewed using an anonymous and confidential questionnaire. The questionnaire used was a version of Abuse Assessment Screen with guidance of references. 28 (13.4%) women stated that they had been subjected to violence before pregnancy. Only 10 (4.67%) women had stated experience of violence during pregnancy. 148 (69.2%) of them had stated that they had no knowledge about any legislation concerning domestic violence in our country. CONCLUSION: We believe that society awareness should be increased and the health workers should be informed about their ethical and legal responsibilities concerning domestic violence during pregnancy. The knowledge and sensitivity of health care personnel in Prenatal Clinics and Family Planning Services should be increased and examination protocols should be provided about domestic violence against pregnant women.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | LEGISLATION | KNOWLEDGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | QUESTIONNAIRES | TREATIES | ANTENATAL CARE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342189

26.

Title: Compliance with mandated emergency contraception in New Mexico emergency departments.
Author: Espey E; Ogburn T; Leeman L; Buchen E; Angeli E; Qualls C
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 May;18(5):619-23.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: New Mexico enacted a law in 2003 requiring that emergency departments (EDs) offer emergency contraception (EC) to survivors of sexual assault and that both doses be administered in the ED. This investigation sought to examine practices and knowledge of ED providers about EC in the setting of sexual assault. METHODS: We visited hospitals in New Mexico from July 2005 to December 2005 and administered an 18-item questionnaire to three providers-a physician, a nurse, and a clerk-in the ED. The questionnaire included items related to characteristics of the hospital, knowledge of providers about EC and the law, and ED practices relevant to EC for sexual assault survivors as well as for women who had consensual unprotected intercourse. RESULTS: Surveys were completed at 33 of 38 hospitals (87%). Overall, 52% of respondents reported that EC was routinely offered to sexual assault survivors, and 33% reported that both doses were administered in the ED. Forty-one percent of RNs, MDs, and clerks reported that EC was offered to sexual assault survivors who were minors regardless of age. Overall, 64% of respondents knew that EC may prevent pregnancy up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and only 12% of respondents reported awareness of any requirements to offer EC to sexual assault survivors. Respondents reported that physicians in the ED more often routinely offered EC to sexual assault survivors (52%) than to women who requested it after consensual sex (20%). Thirty-three percent of respondents indicated parental consent was necessary for minors in the setting of sexual assault, although there is no requirement for parental notification in New Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: EDs in New Mexico are not universally complying with the law. Better dissemination of the law and education about EC could improve care of sexual assault survivors in New Mexico.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY SERVICES | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | HEALTH SERVICES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | NEEDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342561

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

28.

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Power over parity: intimate partner violence and issues of fertility control.
Author: Gee RE; Mitra N; Wan F; Chavkin DE; Long JA
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):148.e1-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between intimate partner violence (IPV), abortion, parity, and contraception use. STUDY DESIGN: We recruited 1463 women for this written questionnaire study of IPV. Patient demographics, contraceptive history, and reproductive history were obtained in the waiting room from patients presenting for gynecologic care. RESULTS: Seventy percent of those eligible participated. Twenty-one percent reported a history of IPV. Partner unwillingness to use birth control, partner desirous of conception, partner creating difficulty for subject's use of birth control, and subjects expressing inability to afford contraception were all positively associated with report of IPV. Each additional pregnancy was associated with 10% greater odds of IPV (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.17). CONCLUSION: Contraception is more difficult to navigate for women experiencing IPV. Providers should consider prescribing contraceptive methods for IPV victims that are not partner dependent.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | MULTIPARITY | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342608 Notification

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Alcohol abuse, sexual risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections in women in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania.
Author: Ghebremichael M; Paintsil E; Larsen U
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):102-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the covariates of alcohol abuse and the association between alcohol abuse, high-risk sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: Two thousand and nineteen women aged 20 to 44 were randomly selected in a 2-stage sampling from the Moshi urban district of northern Tanzania. Participant's demographic and socio-economic characteristics, alcohol use, sexual behaviors, and STIs were assessed. Blood and urine samples were drawn for testing of human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas, and mycoplasma genitalium infections. RESULTS: Adjusted analyses showed that a history of physical (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.06-3.98) and sexual violence (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.05-2.51) was associated with alcohol abuse. Moreover, alcohol abuse was associated with number of sexual partners (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.01-2.73). Women who abused alcohol were more likely to report STIs symptoms (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.08-2.40). Women who had multiple sexual partners were more likely to have an STI (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.46-4.00) compared to women with 1 sexual partner. There was no direct association between alcohol abuse and prevalence of STIs (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.55-1.34). However, alcohol abuse was indirectly associated with STIs through its association with multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of alcohol abuse among physically and sexually violated women as well as the association between alcohol abuse and a history of symptoms of STIs and testing positive for STIs have significant public health implications. In sub-Saharan Africa, where women are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic screening for alcohol use should be part of comprehensive STIs and HIV prevention programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | PREVALENCE | RAPE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330387


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