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1.
Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies]
Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9.
Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive.
Language: Serbian
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342047

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Title: Expanding access to injectable contraception.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] [2009]. 12 p.
Abstract: A number of technological developments can make injections safer for administration, whether by health personnel, trained community workers or the women themselves: sub-cutaneous injections, which have less complications than intra-muscular injections; non-reusable disposable syringes Distribution by community health workers needs special attention to: the possibility that a woman is already pregnant (or seeking an abortion by using an injectable); the screening of women with pre-existing conditions or on medications; the need for counselling for side-effects (in particular: vaginal bleeding irregularities, amenorrhea, weight gain, delay in return to fertility); the safety of injections to the woman and to the health worker; the possible confusion between different injectables --provided by public and private sectors. To complement pre-service and in-service training, a number of job aids are available to support community workers providing injectables: medical eligibility criteria wheel to screen for eligibility; pregnancy checklist; simplified material for the management of side-effects (bleeding, amenorrhea, weight changes, etc). (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Safety | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331838

Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

10.

Title: Community-based distribution of injectable contraceptives. Approaches that work.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Apr. [1] p.
Abstract: Contraceptive prevalence rates in many sub-Saharan African countries surged in the mid-1990s. Much of this increase can be attributed to additional resources devoted to family planning (FP) programs and the uptake of specific methods, including injectable contraceptives. For example, use of injectables in Malawi grew from 2 percent in 1992 to 18 percent in 2004. Surveys in many African countries have found that women prefer injectable contraceptives; in some cases, preference for injectables is 2-1 over oral contraceptives and other methods. In recent years, however, these same countries have experienced a stagnation or decline in overall contraceptive prevalence. Particularly in rural areas, modern contraceptives are often scarce, and few trained professionals are available to provide FP services. One way to increase access to and use of family planning is to promote community-based distribution (CBD) of injectables. Countries struggling with stagnating contraceptive prevalence can begin to alterthis trend by training and empowering community-based workers to provide injectable contraceptives.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH SERVICES | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331532

11.

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

12.

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

13.

Title: WHO / USAID / FHI Technical Consultation: Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception, 15-17 June 2009, Room M405, WHO, Geneva.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] 2009. 5 p.
Abstract: The agenda for the consultation is presented. The objectives of the consultation were: To review systematically the evidence and programmatic experience on interventions designed to expand access to / provision of contraceptive injectables, focusing on non clinic-based services and programs; To reach conclusions on issues: (a) for which evidence is consistent and strong; (b) for which evidence is mixed; and (c) for which evidence is marginal or entirely lacking and, thus requires additional research; To document discussions and conclusions of the Consultation, including policy and program implications, and to disseminate these widely.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | USAID | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | INTERVENTIONS | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 331853

14.
Title: Catching up on contraception.
Author: Allen K
Source: Australian Family Physician. 2009 Jun;38(6):380-2.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Providing contraceptive advice is a core activity in general practice. There have been numerous changes to the contraceptive options available in Australia over the past 10 years. It is important that general practitioners are aware of these changes so that they can advise patients appropriately. OBJECTIVE: This article examines the changes that have occurred in contraception over the past decade and discusses the implications of these changes to clinical practice. DISCUSSION: Up-to-date knowledge about how the combined oral contraceptive pill works is reflected in changes to packaging and formulations, with varying success. Other changes include the over-the-counter availability of emergency contraceptive pills and the new combined hormonal vaginal ring. There has been a resurgence in intrauterine device use and their insertion has Level 1 (nonprocedural) indemnity status in most medical defence organisations. Bleeding with long acting progestogen only contraception remains a problem and management options include antiprostaglandins, tranexamic acid, doxycycline, the combined oral contraceptive pill and removal of the device. Sterilisation remains an option for older men and women and newer methods are available.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KNOWLEDGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SATISFACTION | VAGINAL RING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INFORMED CHOICE | Oceania | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 341574

15.

Title: Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in sub-saharan Africa.
Author: Bankhole A; Singh S; Hussain R; Oestreicher G
Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Mar;3(1):60-78.
Abstract: The condom is the only known method that provides simultaneous protection against unplanned pregnancy and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among sexually active people. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined condom use and reasons for using the method at last intercourse among sexually active young men aged 15 to 29. Most young men were aware of the condom (73%-98%), but its use at last intercourse was quite variable, ranging from 6% in Madagascar to 74% in Namibia. In 10 countries, more young men reportedly used condoms for preventing STIs alone than they did for preventing pregnancy alone. In 6 countries, at least one third of the users used the method for both purposes. Use of the condom at last intercourse was associated with union status, education, residence, and exposure to television in at least two thirds of the countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | YOUTH | MEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 329249

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access.
Author: Belfield T
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329668

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive failure with Depo-Provera� [letter]
Author: Bhathena R
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):130.
Abstract: I have a concern regarding the recent case report where a 28-year-old woman was given a subsequent (second) injection of Depo-Provera� by a practice nurse when she attended after 13 weeks, and when no precautions were advised, nor documentation done. The patient subsequently again reported with a positive pregnancy test and opted for a termination of pregnancy. My personal feeling is that although by and large consultation times are often too short for practising doctors to cover all aspects of counselling at all times, when a patient is using a contraceptive method outside the terms of the product licence, to ensure that optimal service is offered and also in view of the remote possibility of litigation following failure of the method, it should be mandatory for the practising doctor to also get involved and appropriately counsel, and to adequately document such an episode. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ABORTION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | COUNSELING | TIME FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Fertility Control, Postconception | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education
Document Number: 330946 Notification

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Pharmacy worker practices related to use of misoprostol for abortion in one Mexican state.
Author: Billings DL; Walker D; Mainero del Paso G; Clark KA; Dayananda I
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):445-51.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pharmacies are important sites for access to health information and medications in Mexico. Most workers are not trained in health issues and may provide inaccurate information to consumers. Misoprostol is used by women throughout Mexico for early abortion and often is purchased from pharmacies. This study aims to understand the practices of pharmacy workers when asked for advice about and medications for abortion, in particular misoprostol. STUDY DESIGN: A random sample of pharmacies in both urban and rural areas of one state of Mexico included both chain and independent pharmacies (n=169). Two mystery clients (MCs) visited the pharmacies, requesting medication for "bringing down the period" and then asking for misoprostol. MCs recorded information about the interactions following each visit in standardized formats. Bivariate comparisons were made between spontaneous and prompted discussions of misoprostol. Associations were considered statistically significant at alpha<.05. RESULTS: Ninety percent of pharmacy workers attending to the MCs discussed misoprostol as an abortifacient, either spontaneously or after being prompted by the MCs. Misoprostol was for sale in most (61%) of these pharmacies. The majority of pharmacy workers (75%) did not request a prescription. Over 75% of all pharmacy workers provided the MCs referral to trained medical providers with whom they could seek a follow-up visit. Sixteen percent of pharmacy workers suggested a regimen consistent with evidence and recommendations for using misoprostol for early abortion. Regimens that were underdosages were common, and few workers recommended a potentially harmful overdosage. Instructions about side effects and risks were rare. The price of misoprostol ranged from 900 to 1800 pesos (US$83-167) for a bottle of 28 tablets (200 mcg each) or US$4.07 per tablet, on average. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy workers in both urban and rural areas of Mexico are increasingly becoming aware of misoprostol as an effective abortifacient and are willing to provide the information to consumers. However, their information is limited and often inaccurate. Strategies need to be developed so that they receive timely and correct information, consistent with evidence-based recommendations. The legal context of abortion in Mexico (with restrictions in every state, except Mexico City), the restricted registration of misoprostol as a therapeutic agent only for gastric ulcers and the fact that the majority of pharmacy workers are not considered to be health workers are among the most important barriers to advances in training pharmacy workers in the correct application of misoprostol.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | INFORMED CHOICE | INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 342599 Notification

19.

Title: [Contraceptive compliance - why is contraceptive failure still so frequent?] Kontrazeptive Compliance - warum kommt es immer wieder zum Versagen der
Author: Bitzer J
Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):137-43.
Abstract: Contraceptive compliance is defined as the correct use (according to the method specific prescriptions given by a medical professional and/or in written form as patient information leaflet) of a contraceptive method. Non-compliance describes a mismatch between the real behaviour of a user and the correct or ideal behaviour. There are various indicators that in general contraceptive compliance is far from ideal. Many studies report a rate of unintended pregnancies of 50%, half of them terminating in abortion. The abortion rate remains high even in countries with availability of advanced contraceptive technology. Especially with hormonal contraception and barrier methods the gap between correct and real use is large. Discontinuation rates per year reach up to 50%. Reasons for Non Compliance are (a) Lack of motivation to prevent a pregnancy due to ambivalence regarding the wish for a child as well as sexual and relationship issues (b) Cognitive factors (False information, misconceptions, irrational fears) (c) Difficult or lacking access to contraceptive methods (d) Behavioral errors and mistakes (Forgetting, loosing etc.) and (e) Side effects of the methods used. Three strategies to improve compliance can be distinguished: (a) Improving counselling; (b) Developing contraceptive methods which demand a low level of compliant behaviour by the user; (c) Improving quality of life of users by minimizing the negative side effects and maximizing the non contraceptive health benefits.
Language: German
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | USER COMPLIANCE | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 329568

20.

Title: "Everything I know I learned from my mother...Or not": perspectives of African-American and white women on decisions about tubal sterilization.
Author: Borrero S; Nikolajski C; Rodriguez KL; Creinin MD; Arnold RM; Ibrahim SA
Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Mar;24(3):312-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: African-American women have had higher rates of female sterilization compared to white women since its emergence as a contraceptive method. The reasons underlying this observed racial difference are unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to (1) explore what factors shape black and white women's decisions about tubal sterilization as a contraceptive method and (2) generate hypotheses about the relationship of race to the decision-making process. DESIGN: We conducted six focus groups stratified by tubal sterilization status and race. During each of the audio-recorded sessions, participants were asked to discuss reasons that women choose sterilization as a contraceptive method. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of the study were 24 African-American women and 14 white women. APPROACH: Transcripts of the sessions were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to factors that might be unique to each of the two racial groups. RESULTS: Personal factors shaped black and white women's decisions regarding tubal sterilization. Preference for a convenient, highly effective contraceptive method was the main reason to get a tubal sterilization for women of both racial groups. We also identified socio-cultural differences that might explain why black women are more likely than white women to choose tubal sterilization over other contraceptive methods. An unanticipated, but clinically important, finding was that women often reported feeling that their doctors and the health-care system served as barriers to obtaining the desired procedure. CONCLUSION: Socio-cultural differences may help explain why black and white women choose different contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | BLACKS | WHITES | WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Behavior
Document Number: 341434

21.

Title: Zambia: National long term forecasting and quantification for family planning commodities, 2009-2015.
Author: Bwembya M; Mbewe RK
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2009. 23 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: In December 2008, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Society for Family Health (SFH), with technical assistance from the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, conducted a national long term quantification of contraceptive needs from 2009 -2015. The quantification's overall objective was to calculate the contraceptive requirements for each year of the forecast period and to use those requirements to mobilize resources for the country to support contraceptive commodity security. This report presents the findings of the quantification as well as the methodology used and assumptions made to arrive at these findings.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | USAID | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | COLD CHAIN | LOGISTICS | FUNDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Availability | Management | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331474

22.

Title: Emergency contraception - knowledge and attitudes in a group of Australian university students.
Author: Calabretto H
Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jun;33(3):234-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore first year Australian university students' knowledge and attitudes about emergency contraception and their understanding of the risk for pregnancy. METHOD: A self-report questionnaire was completed by a convenience sample of 627 first year on-campus students from both health and non-health disciplines. RESULTS: Knowledge about emergency contraception (EC) was generally poor including misunderstanding that it can only be used the 'morning after', as well as where it may be accessed. Its potential use was, however, more highly accepted as a preventative measure after unprotected sexual intercourse than abortion in the event of unplanned pregnancy. Women had better knowledge than men, and on a number of measures there were significant differences between these groups. CONCLUSIONS: Poor knowledge about the timing, accessibility, action and side effects of EC may act as a barrier to its use in the event of unprotected sexual intercourse. Although EC has been available in Australia as a Schedule 3 medication since 2004, its availability from pharmacies is not well known, nor is access from other primary health care providers. Implications: The lack of knowledge about EC may lead to its underutilisation and underlines the need for future educational strategies about EC as well as the need for health professionals who provide contraceptive services to discuss EC with clients. Health promotion campaigns which are both general as well as gender-specific may improve overall community knowledge about this method of contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | ABORTION | QUESTIONNAIRES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Oceania | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342310 Notification

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: One versus multiple packs for women starting oral contraceptive pills: a comparison of two distribution regimens.
Author: Chin-Quee D; Otterness C; Wedderburn M; McDonald O; Janowitz B
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):369-74.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite World Health Organization and International Planned Parenthood Federation recommendations to provide multiple pill cycles to new users, many programs in developing countries still give only one pill cycle to new acceptors. STUDY DESIGN: To compare provision of a single versus multiple packs of pills, new pill users in 20 matched public sector clinics in Jamaica were assigned to one of two pill regimens in which they received either one (then subsequently three) or four pill cycles at method initiation. The primary outcome was the proportion of women who used pills beyond 4 months. RESULTS: Among 655 women, those receiving one cycle of pills at initiation, followed by counseling and a three-pack resupply, were no more likely to be using pills after 4 months than women who received four packs at initiation (odds ratio=1.33; 95% confidence interval=0.88-2.0). In both pill regimen groups, returning late to the clinic for resupply was a problem. However, more women in the 1+3-pack regimen group returned late to study clinics to obtain their fifth cycle of pills than their counterparts in the 4-pack regimen group (53% vs. 28%). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the recommendation that pill users should be given more than one cycle to start, because an extra visit for resupply contributes to clinic and provider costs. Moreover, providing more pill cycles at initiation would decrease the likelihood that women experience a gap in pill use between cycles.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PACKAGING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | COUNSELING | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 330940

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective.
Author: Cleland J
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176.
Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329659

25.

Title: Emergency contraception: have we come full circle? [editorial]
Author: Coeytaux F; Wells ES; Westley E
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):1-3.
Abstract: Two decades ago, Dr. Felicia Stewart, then serving as Medical Director of the Planned Parenthood affiliate in Sacramento, CA, began her campaign to let out of the closet "America's best-kept secret" - emergency contraception (EC). The method had been suppressed because many providers thought the method was "not effective enough" or would lead women to use it "too much" (in place of using other more effective methods). Advocates disagreed, believing that EC could help some women prevent pregnancy, that women could learn to use the method appropriately, and that women had the right to this important option. When Dr. Stewart and other women's health advocates pushed to move EC "from secret to shelf," they had women's needs in mind - in particular the need for a method that, unlike others, could be used after sex and one that was safe enough to provide without the barrier of a medical interface. The success of this 20-year effort is evident in the many dedicated EC products now available worldwide, the increase in women's awareness and use of EC, and, in the United States, the full-on direct to consumer marketing of EC by a pharmaceutical company, not to mention the popularity of the method among women. Today, in the midst of this forward trajectory of increased access and awareness, we have encountered a curve ball that has us circling back to where we started. Recent analyses suggesting that EC is not as effective in reducing unwanted pregnancy rates at a population level as we once hoped seem to have put the brakes on funding and have revived the original arguments that EC is "not effective enough" to be promoted as an option and that women are "abusing" it, using it repeatedly instead of using other more effective methods. Some in the field have also again voiced concerns that by providing it directly to women we are missing opportunities to provide women with a full range of reproductive health services. Our response to this recent round of questioning is that EC still fills a unique and important role in the mix of available contraceptive methods, that it is effective enough to be promoted as a contraceptive option and that women's use of the method does not constitute a problem (in terms of lower effectiveness) but rather contributes in a positive way to every woman's significant challenge of how to avoid unplanned pregnancies over her lengthy fertile years. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341588

26.

Title: Adolescents: contraceptive knowledge and use, a Brazilian study.
Author: Correia DS; Pontes AC; Cavalcante JC; Egito ES; Maia EM
Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:37-45.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods by female adolescent students. The study was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to 12- to 19-year-old female students in Maceio, Brazil. A representative and randomized sample was calculated, taking into account the number of hospital admissions for curettage. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, and Epi Info software was used for data and result evaluation using the mean and chi-square statistical test. Our results show that the majority of students know of some contraceptive methods (95.5%), with the barrier/hormonal methods being the most mentioned (72.4%). Abortion and aborting drugs were inaccurately described as contraceptives, and 37.9% of the sexually active girls did not make use of any method. The barrier methods were the most used (35.85%). A significant association was found in the total sample (2,592) between pregnancy and the use of any contraceptive method. This association was not found, however, in the group having an active sexual life (559). The study points to a knowledge of contraceptive methods, especially by teenagers who have already been pregnant, but contraceptives were not adequately used. The low use of chemical methods of contraception brings the risk of pregnancy. Since abortion and aborting drugs were incorrectly cited as contraceptive methods, this implies a nonpreventive attitude towards pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 329595 Notification

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive discontinuation and non-use in Santarem, Brazilian Amazon.
Author: D'Antona Ade O; Chelekis JA; D'Antona MF; Siqueira AD
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Sep;25(9):2021-32.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the causes of non-adherence to reversible contraceptives, especially hormonal methods, among women in rural Santarem in the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis is based on questionnaires with 398 women and visits to health centers. We consider the motives reported by women who: never used contraception; used some method in the past; and who at the time of the survey were using a different method from the ones they used in the past. The results indicate a rejection of hormonal contraception and a preference for female sterilization, an option possibly influenced by the characteristics of health services in the region. The side effects of hormonal contraceptive use reported by part of the interviewees contribute to a generalized fear of the side effects even among women who have never used such methods. To improve women's health services in the Amazon, we recommend further studies of the relationship between reported side effects and available services and prescriptions, as well as an analysis of women's discourse and perceptions.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | FEAR | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Emotions | Sterilization, Sexual | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342777

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review.
Author: Deans EI; Grimes DA
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):418-23.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of IUDs for adolescents remains unsettled, as does the definition of the term adolescent. Unplanned pregnancy among teenagers remains epidemic, and long-acting methods, such as IUDs, offer the promise of top-tier effectiveness. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning IUD use in adolescents using MEDLINE, Popline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. RESULTS: Six cohort studies and seven case-series reports met our inclusion criteria; none included IUDs in current use in the United States. Overall, continuation rates were high and cumulative pregnancy rates low, ranging from 2% at 6 months to 11% at 48 months. Compared with combined oral contraceptives, IUDs had similar or better continuation rates; pregnancy rates were similar at 2 years. IUD expulsion rates may be inversely related to age. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on IUD use among adolescents is scanty and obsolete. Nevertheless, published reports were generally reassuring. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing contemporary IUDs with other methods are urgently needed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342601

29.

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Insertion of intrauterine contraceptives immediately following first- and second-trimester abortions.
Author: Drey EA; Reeves MF; Ogawa DD; Sokoloff A; Darney PD; Steinauer JE
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):397-402.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to assess the continuation and patient satisfaction with intrauterine contraception (IUC) insertion immediately after elective abortion in the first and second trimesters in an urban, public hospital-based clinic. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of 256 women who elected to have insertion of a copper-T IUC (CuT380a) or a levonorgestrel-releasing IUC (LNG-IUC) were followed postoperatively by phone calls or chart review to evaluate satisfaction and continuation with the method. RESULTS: Of our 256 subjects, 123 had first-trimester abortions and 133 had second-trimester abortions (14 or more weeks). Median time to follow-up was 8 weeks (range 7-544 days). Nineteen discontinuations occurred: eight (6.5%, 95% CI 2.8-12.4%) following first-trimester and 11 (8.3%, 95% CI 4.2-14.3%) following second-trimester abortion (p=.6). Five women reported expulsion; one (0.8%, 95% CI 0.0-4.4%) in the first-trimester group and four (3.0%, 95% CI 0.8-7.5%) in the second-trimester group. (p=.4) Seven infections resulting in discontinuation occurred (2.7%, 95% CI 1.1-5.6%); none were positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia at time of insertion. No perforations occurred. Nearly all (93.8%) of the women were satisfied with IUC. Rates of satisfaction between women after first- and second-trimester abortions were equal. CONCLUSION: In an urban clinic, IUC has high initial continuation and high patient satisfaction when inserted immediately following either first- or second-trimester abortions.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | UTERUS | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | SATISFACTION | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | IUD EXPULSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Planning Programs | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 330942


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