1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis. Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42. Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior Document Number: 340114 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Adapting a multifaceted U.S. HIV prevention education program for girls in Ghana. Author: Fiscian VS; Obeng EK; Goldstein K; Shea JA; Turner BJ Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Feb;21(1):67-79. Abstract: We adapted a U.S. HIV prevention program to address knowledge gaps and cultural pressures that increase the risk of infection in adolescent Ghanaian girls. The theory-based nine-module HIV prevention program combines didactics and games, an interactive computer program about sugar daddies, and tie-and-dye training to demonstrate an economic alternative to transactional sex. The abstinence-based study was conducted in a church-affiliated junior secondary school in Nsawam, Ghana. Of 61 subjects aged 10-14 in the prevention program, over two thirds were very worried about becoming HIV infected. A pre-post evaluation of the intervention showed significant gains in three domains: HIV knowledge (p = .001) and self efficacy to discuss HIV and sex with men (p < .001) and with boys (p < .001). Responses to items about social norms of HIV risk behavior were also somewhat improved (p = .09). Subjects rated most program features highly. Although short-term knowledge and self-efficacy to address HIV improved significantly, longer term research is needed to address cultural and economic factors placing young women at risk of HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GHANA | EVALUATION REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUGAR DADDIES | SEX WORKERS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | ABSTINENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change Document Number: 331081 |
| 3. Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviour: have information campaigns reduced HIV infection? The case of Kenya. Author: Frolich M; Vazquez-Alvarez R Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):86-146. Abstract: AIDS continues to have a devastating effect on developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of a proven effective vaccine to stop HIV transmission has led to much of public policy putting an emphasis on information campaigns in order to reduce HIV-prevalence. In this paper we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS-knowledge from two sides. First, we examine to what extent the campaigns have been successful at inducing the expected behavioural change with regards to HIV-related attitudes. Second, we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV status. The basic policy issue can be expressed as follows: even if individuals have acquired sufficient and necessary information on the basic facts about AIDS, factors such as innate risk attitudes or cultural background could undermine the effects of the campaigns. Using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003) we elicit empirical evidence on the relation between declared HIV/AIDS-knowledge, behavioural attitudes related to HIV/AIDS situations and the relation between knowledge and observed HIV-status. Overall, our empirical findings suggest that information campaigns have been effective at equipping the adult population in Kenya with the required knowledge to avoid becoming HIV-positive. However, when HIV-status is measured objectively we find that the relation between correctly declared attitudes and actual behaviour is only statistically significant for females who have arrived into sexuality late enough to benefit from such campaigns: it is for these females that the impact of the information campaigns has been to statistically reduce the probability of becoming HIV positive, as intended. In the case of males we find that there is no statistical relation between either knowledge or timing of the information campaigns and a positive HIV status. Nevertheless, another important finding refers to the selection bias induced by males who are sampled randomly but decline to take the HIV test. The consequences of this bias are twofold; first, the estimated policy parameters for males should be interpreted with caution, but more importantly, estimating the population level HIV-prevalence for Kenyan males based on the DHS implies underestimating the true and unknown prevalence rate. Our analysis controls for individual characteristics, selection bias and endogeneity effects, thus allowing us to make inferences for the full population and with regards to policy implementation. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | INFORMATION | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341877 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Community-based promotional campaign to improve uptake of intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment in pregnancy in Burkina Faso. Author: Gies S; Coulibaly SO; Ky C; Ouattara FT; Brabin BJ; D'Alessandro U Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Mar;80(3):460-9. Abstract: Malaria preventive strategies in pregnancy were assessed in a health center randomized trial comparing intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) with and without community based promotional activities in rural Burkina Faso. The study involved 2,240 secundigravidae and secundigravidae and evaluated factors associated with antenatal clinic (ANC) attendance and uptake of IPTp-SP. With promotion, 64.2% completed > or = 3 ANC visits compared with 44.7% without (P = 0.05). Complete uptake of IPTp-SP was 71.8% with and 49.1% without promotion (P = 0.008). The IPTp-SP uptake was lowest in adolescents delivering during high malaria transmission with (29%) or without promotion (30%). Uptake of SP was higher during the low transmission season than in the high transmission season (adjusted odds ratio = 2.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.59-3.03). Community sensitization increased ANC attendance and IPTp-SP uptake. Adolescents were the most difficult to reach, particularly during the high malaria transmission period. The impact of IPTp-SP will be limited unless this high risk group is protected. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PROMOTION | CAMPAIGNS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | ANTENATAL CARE | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | AGE FACTORS | SEASONAL VARIATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Communication Programs | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Medicine | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331127 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: A framework of sexual partnerships: Risks and implications for HIV prevention in Africa. Author: Green EC; Mah TL; Ruark A; Hearst N Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):63-70. Abstract: The global diversity of HIV epidemics can be explained in part by types and patterns of sexual partnerships. We offer a typology of sexual partnerships that corresponds to varying levels of HIVtransmission risk to help guide thinking about appropriate behavioral interventions, particularly in the epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa. Declines in HIV prevalence have been associated with reductions in numbers of sex partners, whereas many other prevention strategies have not been demonstrated to reduce HIV transmission at a population level. We suggest a reorientation of current prevention efforts, based on the epidemiology of sexually transmitted HIV epidemics and trends in sexual behavior change. Concurrent sexual partnerships are likely to play a large role in transmission dynamics in the generalized epidemics of East and Southern Africa, and should be addressed through improved behavior-change interventions. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLASSIFICATION | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Public Health | Health | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341082 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Stopping HIV/AIDS - can China succeed? [letter] Author: Horng CT; Agoramoorthy G Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jan;20(1):72. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | PEER EDUCATORS | CELEBRITIES | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SEX EDUCATION | MASS MEDIA | BILLBOARDS AND SIGNS | COUNSELING | CAMPAIGNS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Programs Document Number: 330711 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Correlates of HIV testing among South African women with high sexual and substance-use risk behaviours. Author: Luseno WK; Wechsberg WM Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):178-84. Abstract: Despite its importance in raising awareness of HIV risk behaviour and in linking HIV-positive individuals to care and treatment, research findings indicate that the HIV antibody testing rate in the general South African population remains relatively low, although knowledge of HIV testing services is high. The identification of important correlates of testing behaviour can be used to improve HIV testing campaigns by refining messages that target individuals at highest risk for infection. This study uses data from an ongoing prevention intervention study in Pretoria, South Africa to identify factors that may have a greater influence on facilitating or hindering HIV testing among South African women who face a high risk for infection. The data for this study (n=425) are derived from the baseline interviews and HIV test results collected between June 2004 and January 2007. HIV testing for this study was significantly associated with education level, alcohol and cannabis use, sex trading, number of STI symptoms, physical abuse and number of visits to a clinic for medical treatment. Results suggest that more focused efforts need to be made to provide HIV testing to women who report substance use behaviour, experience violence and report high-risk sexual behaviour. Interventions also need to address denial of HIV infection and fear to test for HIV. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | KNOWLEDGE | CAMPAIGNS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication Document Number: 330808 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: A 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns: have we made progress? Author: Noar SM; Palmgreen P; Chabot M; Dobransky N; Zimmerman RS Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2009 Jan;14(1):15-42. Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to conduct a 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns focused on sexual behavior, HIV testing, or both (1998-2007) and to compare the results with the last comprehensive review of such campaigns, conducted by Myhre and Flora (2000). A comprehensive search strategy yielded 38 HIV/AIDS campaign evaluation articles published in peer-reviewed journals, representing 34 distinct campaign efforts conducted in 23 countries. The articles were coded on a variety of campaign design and evaluation dimensions by two independent coders. Results indicated that compared with the previous systematic review (1986-1998 period), campaigns increasingly have employed the following strategies: (1) targeted defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) designed campaign themes around behavior change (rather than knowledge change); (3) used behavioral theories; (4) achieved high message exposure; (5) used stronger research designs for outcome evaluation; and (6) included measures of behavior (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. In addition, an examination of 10 campaign efforts that used more rigorous quasi-experimental designs revealed that the majority (8 of 10) demonstrated effects on behavior change or behavioral intentions. Despite these positive developments, most HIV/AIDS campaigns continue to use weak (i.e., preexperimental) outcome evaluation designs. Implications of these results for improved design, implementation, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS campaign efforts are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KENTUCKY | RESEARCH REPORT | CAMPAIGNS | HIV TESTING | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Communication Programs | Communication | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 330160 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. Author: Noar SM; Black HG; Pierce LB Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):107-15. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To conduct a meta-analysis of computer technology-based HIV prevention behavioral interventions aimed at increasing condom use among a variety of at-risk populations. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of existing published and unpublished studies testing computer-based interventions. METHODS: Meta-analytic techniques were used to compute and aggregate effect sizes for 12 randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria. Variables that had the potential to moderate intervention efficacy were also tested. RESULTS: The overall mean weighted effect size for condom use was d = 0.259 (95% confidence interval = 0.201, 0.317; Z = 8.74, P < 0.001; N = 4639), indicating a statistically significant impact of the interventions. This effect size compares favorably to previously tested interventions delivered by human facilitators. Statistically significant effect sizes were also found for frequency of sexual behavior, number of partners, and incident sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, interventions were significantly more efficacious when they were directed at men or women (versus mixed sex groups), utilized individualized tailoring, used a Stages of Change model, and had more intervention sessions. CONCLUSION: Computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions have similar efficacy to more traditional human-delivered interventions. Given their low cost to deliver, ability to customize intervention content, and flexible dissemination channels, they hold much promise for the future of HIV prevention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | COMPUTERS | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SAFER SEX | SEX BEHAVIOR | COITAL FREQUENCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Information Processing | Information | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change Document Number: 330258 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The 2007 Estimates for People at Risk for and Living With HIV in China: Progress and Challenges. Author: Wang L; Wang N; Wang L; Li D; Jia M; Gao X; Qu S; Qin Q; Wang Y; Smith K Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Apr 1;50(4):414-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the methods used for the 2007 estimates for the number of people at risk for and infected with HIV. DESIGN:: Estimation work took place throughout 2007, led by the National Center for AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with United Nations AIDS and the World Health Organization. METHODS: The workbook method was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence by risk group for each prefecture, which was in turn imported into the spectrum model to generate estimates of new infections and HIV-related deaths. RESULTS: The working group estimated that as of 2007, there were 700,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in China, with 50,000 new infections and 20,000 HIV-related deaths in that year. Injection drug use and sexual contact are still primary modes of HIV transmission, with heterosexual contact quickly becoming the dominant route, making up 44.7% of new infections in 2007. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is still highly concentrated in certain areas, with wide variation in prevalence across regions. CONCLUSIONS: The 2007 estimates are based on the most accurate and local-level data available to date, including case reports, sentinel surveillance data, results from mass screening of key target groups, and special epidemiological studies. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SAMPLING STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | MEASLES | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | CAMPAIGNS | IMMUNIZATION | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Communication Programs | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330986 |
11.  Title: The expansion of community-based tuberculosis programming: crucial program design issues for new partners. Author: CORE Group Source: Washington, D.C., CORE Group, 2008 Jan. 49 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GHS-A-00-05-0006-00) Abstract: The Tuberculosis Working Group of the CORE Group met with global partners and colleague agencies over two days in Washington, D.C., in early 2007. The meeting, "Lessons Learned Exchange: TB Programming from the Community-Based Perspective," sought to gather and exchange lessons learned in community-based treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This paper reflects participant discussions and lessons learned that were articulated throughout the event. This document outlines nine project-design challenges most likely to face those working at the community level. This document should be used as a primer for gaining a better understanding of the challenges community-based programs and providers face, as well as some of the ways nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are currently addressing these challenges. This document is not intended to outline a comprehensive community-based TB effort. There is no right way to respond to the challenges outlined here. The best way to answer them will depend on the nature of your organization and in the setting in which you seek to do this work. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | STIGMA | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 324508 |
| 12. Title: AWARENESS Project. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) projects in India. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [90] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00) Abstract: In 2006, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked the Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University (IRH) to resume the role of providing technical assistance for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), which IRH had developed under a previous project. In light of the weak state of LAM programs worldwide, IRH developed and pilot tested strategies to reinvigorate LAM. This included emphasizing LAM's potential to serve as a gateway to other family planning methods, simplifying messages to clients, and streamlining training and counseling for LAM. To pilot IRH's approach to LAM, IRH engaged in programs to integrate LAM in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, and India. This report focuses on the experience in India. IRH worked with three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India to incorporate LAM into their programs. These organizations were World Vision in Uttar Pradesh, URMUL Seemant in Rajasthan, and People's Rural Education Movement (PREM) in Orissa. All three organizations offered LAM through community level workers as part of a basket of family planning methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COUNSELING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327638 |
| 13. Title: Rethinking how to prevent HIV in young people: evidence from two large randomised controlled trials in Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Author: MEMA kwa Vijana Source: London, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2008. 6 p. (Policy Briefing Paper No. 10) Abstract: This brief examines the results and policy implications of two major randomized controlled intervention trials on adolescent sexual and reproductive health. These trials found that the interventions successfully increased young people's knowledge about how to prevent HIV. However, increased knowledge did not lead to a decrease in HIV prevalence. The authors conclude that other interventions in addition to education, such as changing social norms, are needed to reduce HIV in young people. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | RECOMMENDATIONS | INTERVENTIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329519 |
| 14. Title: Using culture to change behavior: a small-grants program catalyzes local action. Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH] Source: Nairobi, Kenya, PATH, [2008]. [2] p. Abstract: Culture has a vital influence on health, shaping definitions of illness and determining how health-related decisions are made. PATH, through the Culture and Health Program for Africa (CHAPS), encourages communities to reflect on cultural practices that affect health both positively and negatively. Through research and dialogue, communities are given the opportunity to evaluate cultural practices. Since 2000, CHAPS, with funding from the Ford Foundation, has awarded grants to 58 projects in Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt and South Africa to increase community involvement in the pursuit of better health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | GRANTS | CULTURE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Organization and Administration | Nutrition | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 325688 |
| 15. Title: HIV interventions for young people in humanitarian emergencies. Author: UNAIDS. Inter-Agency Task Team on HIV and Young People Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund, HIV/AIDS Branch, [2008]. 8 p. (Guidance Brief) Abstract: This Brief has been developed by the Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on HIV and Young People1 to assist United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) and UN Theme Groups on HIV/AIDS in providing guidance to their staffs, governments, development partners, civil society and other implementing partners on effective HIV interventions for young people in humanitarian emergencies. It is part of a series of seven global Guidance Briefs that focus on HIV prevention, treatment, care and support interventions for young people that can be delivered through different settings and for a range of target groups. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | REFUGEES | UNAIDS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE | WAR | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HUMAN RIGHTS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | SEX EDUCATION | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Behavior | Programs | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Education Document Number: 329553 |
| 16. Title: Review of sex, relationships, and HIV education in schools. Author: UNESCO Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2008 Sep. 39 p. Abstract: In 2007, UNESCO commissioned this global review of sex and HIV education in the schools. The review is based on interviews with 22 experts from Africa, Europe, and North and South America, together with searches of scientific journals and other literature. One conclusion reached is that throughout the world too few young people, including those who are living with HIV, receive adequate preparation for adult sexual life. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SEX EDUCATION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change Document Number: 329549 |
| 17. Title: Poliomyelitis in Nigeria and West / Central Africa. Poliomyelite au Nigeria, en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record / Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2008 Jun 27;83(26):233-234. Abstract: Northern Nigeria is currently affected by a new outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), that has begun to spread internationally. In 2008, a 9-fold increase in new WPV1 cases has been reported compared with the same period in 2007. This new outbreak has the potential to cause major international outbreaks, as occurred in 2003-2006. This year, Nigeria accounts for 86% of WPV1 cases in the world. (excerpt) Language: EnglishFrench Keywords: NIGERIA | POLIO | IMMUNIZATION | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Communication Programs | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327498 |
| 18. Title: Somalia is again polio-free. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008 Apr 4;83(14):117-118. Abstract: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) announced on 25 March that Somalia is again free of poliovirus, hailing an historic achievement in global public health. Somalia has not reported a case since 25 March 2007. Against a backdrop of widespread conflict, large population movements and a dearth of functioning government infrastructure, transmission of poliovirus in the country has been successfully stopped. This landmark victory is a result of the efforts of greater than 10 000 Somali volunteers and health workers who repeatedly vaccinated greater than 1.8 million children aged less than 5 years by visiting every household in every settlement multiple times, across a country ranked one of the most dangerous places on earth. The use of innovative approaches tailored to conflict areas was pivotal in stopping polio in the country. These included increased community involvement and the effective use of monovalent vaccines to immunize children in insecure areas with several doses within a shortperiod of time. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOMALIA | SUMMARY REPORT | POLIO | CAMPAIGNS | IMMUNIZATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325931 |
| 19. Title: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. 329 p. Abstract: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. This year, tobacco will kill more than five million people - more than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. By 2030, the death toll will exceed eight million a year. Unless urgent action is taken tobacco could kill one billion people during this century. Tobacco is the only legal consumer product that can harm everyone exposed to it - and it kills up to half of those who use it as intended. Yet, tobacco use is common throughout the world due to low prices, aggressive and widespread marketing, lack of awareness about its dangers, and inconsistent public policies against its use. Most of tobacco's damage to health does not become evident until years or even decades after the onset of use. So, while tobacco use is rising globally, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun. But we can change the future. The tobacco epidemic is devastating - but preventable. The fight against tobacco must be engagedforcefully and quickly - with no less urgency than battles against life-threatening infectious diseases. We can halt the tobacco epidemic and move towards a tobacco-free world - but we must act now. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TAXATION | ADVERTISING | PROMOTION | Research Methodology | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Financial Activities | Marketing Document Number: 324513 |
| 20. Title: The effects of enhanced access to antiretroviral therapy: a qualitative study of community perceptions in Kampala city, Uganda. Author: Atuyambe L; Neema S; Otolok-Tanga E; Wamuyu-Maina G; Kasasa S; Wabwire-Mangen F Source: African Health Sciences. 2008 Mar;8(1):13-19. Abstract: Since 2001, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has been integrated as part of the Uganda National Program for Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care and Support. If patients take Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) as prescribed, quality of life is expected to improve and patients become healthier. It is, however, postulated that scale up of ARVs could erode the previous achievement in behaviour change interventions. This study examined community perceptions and beliefs on whether enhanced access to ARVs increases risk behaviour. It also examined people's fears regarding HIV/AIDS infection and the use of ARVs. This was a qualitative study that utilized Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant (KI) interviews. Participants were purposefully sampled. Twenty FGDs comprising of 190 participants and 12 KI interviews were conducted. FGDs were conducted with adult men and women (above 25 years), and youth (male and female) while KI interviews were held with Kampala City Council officials, Kawempe Division Local Council officials, health workers and religious leaders. All data was tape recorded with consent from participants and transcribed thereafter. Typed data was analyzed manually using qualitative latent content analysis technique. Most participants felt that enhanced access to ART would increase risky sexual behaviour; namely promiscuity, lack of faithfulness among couples, multiple partners, prostitution, unprotected sexual practices, rape and lack of abstinence as the risky sexual behaviours. A few FGDs, however, indicated that increased ART access and counselling that HIV-positive people receive promoted positive health behaviour. Some of the participants expressed fears that the increased use of ARVs would promote HIV transmission because it would be difficult to differentiate between HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons since they all looked healthy. Furthermore, respondents expressed uncertainty about ARVs with regard to adherence, sustainable supply, and capacity to ensure quality of ARVs on the market. There are fears and misconceptions that enhanced access to ART will increase risky sexual behaviour and HIV transmission. Information Education and Communication (IEC) on ART use and availability should be enhanced among all people. Prevention programs which are modified and specific to the needs of the people living with HIV should be developed and implemented, and should include information on the ability of individuals to transmit HIV even when they are on ART. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY | ADULTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | QUALITY OF LIFE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | PERCEPTION | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FEAR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | HIV | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions Document Number: 323094 |
| 21. Title: The role of religion in the HIV/AIDS intervention in Africa: a possible model for conservation biology [editorial] Author: Awoyemi SM Source: Conservation Biology. 2008 Aug;22(4):811-3. Abstract: Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa is under enormous pressure. International economic actors and the desire of those living in poverty to escape it are causing the ongoing conversion of land to human uses and the direct destruction of habitat and wildlife. The resulting urgency and challenge of conserving Africa's biodiversity demands a multidimensional approach. Conservation biologists must transcend perceived disciplinary boundaries and connect with new allies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | CHRISTIANITY | BIODIVERSITY | Developing Countries | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior Document Number: 329107 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: The effects of a communication program on contraceptive ideation and use among young women in northern Nigeria. Author: Babalola S; Folda L; Babayaro H Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Sep;39(3):211-220. Abstract: This study assesses the effects of a communication campaign designed to encourage young people in northern Nigeria to use modern family planning methods to avoid unwanted pregnancies. The analyses are based on a sample of 819 sexually experienced women. Using multivariate probit regression, we attempt to correct for possible endogeneity among campaign exposure, contraceptive ideation, and contraceptive use. Our analysis reveals that the direct effect of campaign exposure on the probability of contraceptive use is only marginally significant, but the effect of exposure on contraceptive ideation is robust, as is the effect of contraceptive ideation on contraceptive use. The findings demonstrate not only the success of the program but also the relevance of incorporating ideation into analytic models assessing the effects of communication campaigns. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328149 |
| 23. Title: Documentation of a campaign to end violence against women and girls and to promote gender equality in India. MASVAW: Men’s Action for Stopping Violence against Women. Author: Bhandari N Source: Kathmandu, Nepal, Save the Children Sweden, Regional Office for South and Central Asia, 2008. 38 p. Abstract: Men's Action for Stopping Violence Against Women or MASVAW is a network of over 175 individuals and 100 organisations, a member based campaign in the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal. These men have decided to bring about a change within themselves and in other men to raise their voice against traditional patriarchal values and challenge stereotypical notions of what it means to be a man. MASVAW believes in public action, at the core of which is self change. Boys and men raise their voices against violence against women and gender inequality through agitations, campaigns, media reactions, public debates, discussions, workshops and seminars. As the campaign looks ahead, it becomes important to find more points of entry in work with boys and men. Working with men as fathers, promoting positive fatherhood could be one such way. Expanding networks nationally, regionally and globally, using the MenEngage platform will lead to a larger impact. MASVAW's work with women and children will alsohelp human rights practitioners find and strengthen the link between the women's movement and child rights movement. As it looks ahead, MASVAW is looking forward to strengthening children's participation in its campaign, especially targeting younger boys in schools and families. Today, MASVAW is striving to be a learning network, by conducting regular documentation, monitoring changes and evaluating its work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRESS REPORT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | CAMPAIGNS | MEN | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327606 |
| 24. Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. India. Author: Borges PF; Piplani H Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 14 p. Abstract: A comprehensive and thorough review was undertaken by a team of youth researchers on the existing documentation and literature on HIV and AIDS policies, national plans and strategies, financial allocations, programs and schemes regarding youth access to information, education and communication (IEC) and services as well as the avenues for youth participation in the HIV/AIDS response. The information obtained was then analyzed to identify relevant achievements and gaps. Then, recommendations were made accordingly to bring in the youth perspective on the identified issues. Key Findings: 1. In National AIDS Control Plan-III (NACP III), the Government of India has finally recognized the heterogeneity of youth in India and categorized young people into three groups based on the level of their risk and vulnerability to HIV infection for effective HIV prevention programming. 2. Increasing access to condoms as well as encouraging communities to provide free testing facilities and early treatment of STIs has been identified as explicit goals by the Ministry of Youth Affairs under NACP III. 3. While the commitment of the central govt towards youth sexual and reproductive health and rights has been strengthened, several state governments still treat youth issues regarding sex and sexuality as 'foreign' and 'against Indian culture.' 4. Substantial amount of funds are being allocated to youth-oriented programs however their proper implementation and service delivery is highly dependent on regional political will as well as social perceptions, with monitoring and evaluation vague at best. 5. Several good programs targeting young people's access to HIV and AIDS services are being implemented by the government in partnership with agencies such as USAID, UNICEF etc. Nonetheless, these programs remain highly localized. 6. The role of youth participation in the country's HIV response has been significantly recognized under the NACP III. The youth potential as agents of change has been acknowledged through schemes such as Red Ribbon Clubs and training of young people as peer-educators, especially for rural districts. 7. The government has finally begun collecting age and gender specific disaggregated data for better HIV programming among youth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CAMPAIGNS | NEEDS | HIV PREVENTION | PARTICIPATION | CARE AND SUPPORT | EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | FUNDS | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326136 |
| 25. Title: Introduction: The media as sex educators for youth. Author: Brown JD Source: In: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (from television to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes, edited by Jane D. Brown. Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. :6-16. (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03) Abstract: Young people learn about norms and expectations for sexual behavior in a number of ways, including from friends, parents, and schools. A variety of factors influence decisions about sexual behavior, including parental communication, peer norms, school-based curricula, religious principles, and community norms. Given the power and scope of media in our culture today, the media permeate all these contexts and influence sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior -- both positively and negatively. The three chapters in this report examine this reality in detail. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks Document Number: 331407 |
| 26. Title: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (fromtelevision to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes. Author: Brown JD Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. 128 p. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03) Abstract: The goal of this report is to inform practitioners and program providers about what the most up-to-date research says about teens and media influence. Specifically, the publication examines in detail how the media influences -- in positive and negative ways -- teen sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Importantly, the report also offers practical suggestions for how those working with youth can use the media to reach young people and provides suggestions on how best to capitalize on the exploding world of digital media. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks Document Number: 331399 |
| 27. Title: Exploring the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students in Botswana. Author: Brown MS; Sebego M; Mogobe K; Ntsayagae E; Sabone M; Seboni N Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2008 Oct;19(4):317-25. Abstract: PURPOSE: Because of the serious threat of HIV/AIDS to students at a university in Botswana, faculty instituted two interventions to change students' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: (a) an HIV/AIDS course and (b) the Health and Wellness Centre. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success of these interventions. METHOD: A four-group comparison design was created for this study as a method for the qualitative formative evaluation. Data collection was done using the rapid assessment method, in which team interviews of 105 students at the university were conducted. The teams used descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory codes to create themes, which were compared to findings in the literature. RESULTS: Although students indicated significant learning and attitude changes, no major changes in sexually risky behavior were reported. DISCUSSION: Substantive, methodological, and theoretical implications are discussed. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change Document Number: 329314 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Cardiovascular disease and global health equity: Lessons from tuberculosis control then and now. Author: Bukhman G; Kidder A Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jan;98(1):44-54. Abstract: Early 20th-century cardiovascular voluntary organizations in the United States drew strength from the well-established antituberculosis movement. By mid-century, heart disease among the young and tuberculosis had declined in this country. The international fight against tuberculosis has gathered force since the 1990s. Meanwhile, support for international cardiovascular interventions has lagged behind. We trace the divergent path of the international cardiovascular movement and suggest ways in which it could once again learn from the trials and achievements of tuberculosis control. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INEQUALITIES | CAMPAIGNS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Health Document Number: 325760 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: POWER for reproductive health: Results from a social marketing campaign promoting female and male condoms. Author: Bull SS; Posner SF; Ortiz C; Beaty B; Benton K Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Jul;43(1):71-78. Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate effects of a 6-month social marketing campaign on awareness of, attitudes toward and use of female as well as male condoms for 15-25 year-old-women. Methods: Using a time-space sampling methodology, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3407 women at pre-campaign in 12 western U.S. neighborhoods on female and male condom awareness, attitudes, and use. Six of the 12 study neighborhoods were randomly selected to receive the POWER social marketing campaign designed to impact condom knowledge, attitudes, and use. The campaign was followed with another cross-sectional survey of 3,003 women in all 12 study neighborhoods on condom knowledge, attitudes, use and awareness of POWER materials. We compared pre-and post-campaign surveys to determine the efficacy of POWER and conducted post hoc analyses on post-campaign data to determine if exposure to POWER was related to higher levels of positive condom attitudes and norms and condom use. Results: We found no differences between neighborhoods with and without the POWER campaign with regard to our primary outcomes. To diagnose reasons for this null effect, we examined outcomes post hoc examining the influence of POWER exposure. Post hoc analyses show some evidence that exposure to POWER was associated with condom use. In the context of the nested trial, this raises concerns that post test only evaluations are limited. Conclusions: Establishing the efficacy of a social marketing campaign is challenging. This group randomized trial showed a null effect. Social marketing campaigns may need to have more media channels and saturation before they can show behavioral effects. Using a nested design with randomization at the community level and probability sampling introduces rigor not commonly seen in evaluations of social marketing campaigns. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COLORADO | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONDOMS | CAMPAIGNS | PROMOTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327343 |
| 30. Title: Representations of HIV/AIDS management in South African newspapers. Author: Campbell C; Gibbs A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Jul;7(2):195-208. Abstract: In South Africa, numerous strong policy statements emphasise the importance of involving communities in HIV/AIDS management, yet in practice such involvement tends to be tokenistic and minimal. Social representations in the public sphere constitute the symbolic dimension within which responses to HIV and AIDS are conceptualised and transformed into action. Through an analysis of newspaper articles, we explore the dominant representations of HIV/AIDS management circulating in the South African public sphere and examine how community engagement is depicted. We highlight the way media representations reflect narrow understandings of HIV and AIDS as a predominantly medical problem, while depicting HIV/AIDS management as a top-down activity dominated by prominent individuals, such as national leaders, health professionals and philanthropists, thus marginalising the role played by communities, who are often depicted as passive recipients of interventions by active outsiders. These representations fail to reflect the key role played by members of grassroots communities in responding to the HIV epidemic. Such representations provide flawed conceptual tools for shaping responses to the epidemic, given that HIV-related programmes are unlikely to have optimal outcomes unless they resonate with the perceived needs and interests of their target communities, as we contend that effective HIV/AIDS management is best achieved through active participation by communities in HIV/AIDS management strategies. We discuss the implications of a more 'civic-minded journalism.' Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | JOURNALISTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | NEWSPAPERS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | |