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Title: The Family-Friendly Workplace Model: Helping companies analyze the benefits of family-friendly policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2009]. [5] p. (Focus on India)
Abstract: Task Order 1 of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative seeks to strengthen multisectoral engagement and national coordination in the design, implementation, and financing of health programs. HPI developed the Family-Friendly Workplace (FFW) Model as a tool for engaging stakeholders to build support for family-friendly workplaces. The model enables businesses to more easily analyze the costs and advantages of providing family-friendly benefits and, through the analysis process, to better understand and address the needs of their employees. The project pilot-tested the model in India in 2007.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WORKERS | WOMEN | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | COUNSELING | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331561

3.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of school health nursing education interventions on HIV/AIDS-related attitudes of students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Author: Akpabio II; Asuzu MC; Fajemilehin BR; Ofi AB
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Feb;44(2):118-123.
Abstract: Purpose: One of the greatest challenges facing school nurses is that of identifying and using appropriate strategies to meet the health education needs of adolescents in regard to prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study examined the effects of HIV/AIDS preventive health education with parental involvement on students' attitude toward HIV/AIDS prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Methods: The study population comprised students from three of nine secondary schools in the study area. The three schools were randomly assigned as Intervention Group 1 (IG1), involving nurses only; Intervention Group 2 (IG2), involving both nurses and parents (IG2); and a control group. A pretest/ post-test intervention design was used. A 29-item, validated questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Sampling involved multistage and stratified random technique to select 120 subjects from each of the three selected schools, with a total of 360 subjects representing 8.3% of the study population. From this number, 339 (94.2%) provided sufficient data for analysis. Data analysis involved analysis of covariance and the Scheff� post hoc test determined at the .05 significance level. Results: Results show significant effect of intervention on students attitudes toward preventive measures (F<234.27, p .001*). The intervention that involved nurses only was found to be a more potent strategy in providing favorable attitudes toward HIV/AIDS prevention (IG1 mean, 20.59; IG2 mean, 19.20; control mean, 12.34). Attitudes were influenced by older age but not by gender. Conclusion: Health education efforts aimed at improving HIV/AIDS-related attitudes should not only focus on children but also on parents so that they in turn could assist to improve on health workers' efforts in educating the children.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | STUDENTS | NURSES AND NURSING | HEALTH EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Child Rearing
Document Number: 330164

5.
Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future.
Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E
Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15.
Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341675

Peer Reviewed

Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame?
Author: Aslam M
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784.
Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 341095

Peer Reviewed

Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour?
Author: Atienzo EE; Walker DM; Campero L; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Gutierrez JP
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):111-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality has been shown to influence adolescents' sexual behaviour. This study aims to describe communication about sex between Mexican parents and adolescents, and its relation to age at first intercourse and condom use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires of first year students at 23 high schools. Communication was divided into three themes: biological aspects, risks associated with sexual behaviour, and prevention. For sexually active adolescents, discussion timing was determined to have occurred prior to, or after sexual initiation. Analysis included logistic regression models stratifying by discussion timing. RESULTS: Overall 5,461 questionnaires were analysed. Among male respondents 24.3% and among females 10.6% stated that they were sexually active. As many as 83.1% reported having spoken with parents about sexual relations. Communication was more common with mothers. Discussions about risk and prevention prior to sexual initiation was associated with condom use at first intercourse (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.05); late discussion was associated with younger age (<15) at first intercourse (OR = 3.51). CONCLUSIONS: Communication before onset of sexual activity about risk and prevention is associated with safe sex practices. Improving parent-adolescent communication is a poorly studied strategy to influence adolescents' behaviour. Interventions should promote early parent-adolescent communication.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341614

Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries.
Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81.
Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement.
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342142

9.
Title: Parental communication as a protective factor in increasing condom use among minority adolescents.
Author: Buzi RS; Smith PB; Weinman ML
Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2009 Jan-Mar;21(1):51-9.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in risk behaviors among adolescents who attended family planning clinics and to evaluate the impact of parental communication regarding sexual topics on adolescent condom use. The sample for this study included 697 black and Hispanic female adolescents ranging in age from 13-22 years. Ethnic differences were found in sexually transmitted infection rates, number of sexual partners, and condom use. Although black adolescents were more likely than Hispanic adolescents to report recent condom use, Black adolescents reported higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and more sexual partners. Black adolescents reported more parental communication about sexual topics than Hispanic adolescents. Parental communication was associated with increased condom use. The results of this study emphasize the importance of parental communication in risk reduction among adolescents. As ethnicity emerged in the study as a significant factor, interventions aimed at increasing parent-adolescent communication will have to be tailored to address the needs of specific ethnic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 341666

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Influence of wasting and stunting at the onset of the rainy season on subsequent malaria morbidity among rural preschool children in Senegal.
Author: Fillol F; Cournil A; Boulanger D; Cisse B; Sokhna C; Targett G; Trape JF; Simondon F; Greenwood B; Simondon KB
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Feb;80(2):202-8.
Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria and malnutrition are major causes of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age. To explore the impact of malnutrition on subsequent susceptibility to malaria, a cohort of 874 rural preschool children in Senegal was followed-up during one malaria transmission season from July through December. Data on nutritional status and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia were collected at baseline. Malaria morbidity was monitored through weekly home visits. Wasted children (weight-for-height z-score < -2) were at lower risk of having at least one subsequent clinical malaria attack (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.81, P = 0.02), whereas stunting (height-for-age z-score < -2) or being underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2) was not associated with clinical malaria. Although non-biological explanations such as overprotection of wasted children by their mothers should be considered, immunomodulation according to nutritional status could explain the lower risk of malaria attack among wasted children.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | CHILD CARE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BREASTFEEDING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 330300

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects through 24 months of an HIV/AIDS prevention intervention program based on protection motivation theory among preadolescents in the Bahamas.
Author: Gong J; Stanton B; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Marshall S; Brathwaite NV; Cottrell L; Harris C; Chen X
Source: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):e917-28.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables. RESULTS: Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths' HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341344

12.

Title: The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis.
Author: Hampshire K; Casiday R; Kilpatrick K; Panter-Brick C
Source: Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51.
Abstract: In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | DECENTRALIZATION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD CARE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Political Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing
Document Number: 331289

13.

Title: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in developing countries: an overview of trends and interventions.
Author: Hindin MJ; Fatusi AO
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):58-62.
Abstract: Today there are more than one billion 10-19 year olds, 70% of whom live in developing nations. They are growing up with greater access to formal education, an increasing need for computer skills and Internet literacy, different job opportunities, and more exposure to new ideas through media, telecommunications, and other avenues. The environment in which young people are making decisions related to sexual and reproductive health is also rapidly evolving. Rates of sexual initiation during young adulthood are rising or remaining unchanged in many developing countries; childbearing and marriage are increasingly unlinked; and in many countries, high HIV prevalence adds to the risks associated with early sexual activity.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | NEEDS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Education | Child Rearing | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339886

14.

Title: Guide to implementing family skills training programmes for drug abuse prevention.
Author: Kumpfer K
Source: Vienna, Austria, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009. [64] p.
Abstract: This curriculum, available in six languages, is designed primarily for preventing drug abuse among young people. However, many of the family and parenting skills discussed, such as providing security, trust, and warmth in parent-child relationships; developing structure in family life; and using appropriate discipline practices and sufficient limit-setting, are applicable in other settings. The guide also provides practical advice on training staff, recruiting families, and program monitoring and evaluation..
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | FAMILY LIFE | RISK FACTORS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Social Problems | Behavior | Child Rearing | Training Programs | Education
Document Number: 331374

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Barriers and facilitators to maternal communication with preadolescents about age-relevant sexual topics.
Author: Miller KS; Fasula AM; Dittus P; Wiegand RE; Wyckoff SC; McNair L
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):365-74.
Abstract: The present study examined factors that promote parent-child discussions about sex topics. A sample of 1,066 dyads of African American mothers and their 9-12-year-old children participated completing computer-administered surveys. After controlling for all other covariates, mother's sexual communication responsiveness (i.e., knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence) was the most consistent predictor of discussions. Mothers with higher responsiveness had significantly increased odds of discussions about abstinence, puberty, and reproduction, based on both mother and child reports. In addition, child's age, pubertal development, readiness to learn about sex, and being female were positively associated with an increase in the odds of discussions in most models. Findings indicate that encouraging parents to talk with their children early may not be sufficient to promote parent-child sex discussions. Parents also need the knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence to communicate effectively and keep them from avoiding these often difficult and emotional conversations with their children.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | SEXUALITY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Organization and Administration | Education | Child Rearing
Document Number: 342862

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Iron deficiency and child and maternal health.
Author: Murray-Kolb LE; Beard JL
Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Mar;89(3):946S-950S.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is most commonly found in women of reproductive age and infants worldwide, but the influence of maternal iron deficiency on infant development is underexplored. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the relation between maternal iron status and mother-child interactions in a randomized, double-blind, intervention trial conducted in South Africa. DESIGN: Women were recruited into the study from a health clinic at 6-8 wk postpartum and were classified as either iron-deficient anemic (IDA) or iron-sufficient after blood analysis. IDA mothers received iron supplements of 125 mg FeSO(4) (IDA-Fe; n = 34) or placebo (IDA-PL; n = 30) daily from 10 wk to 9 mo postpartum. The control group (n = 31) consisted of iron-sufficient mothers. Free-play mother-child interaction sessions were videotaped in the clinic at 10 wk (n = 80) and 9 mo (n = 66) postpartum and coded per the Emotional Availability Scales (4 maternal scales: sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility; 2 infant scales: responsiveness and involvement). RESULTS: At 10 wk, scores for maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness were significantly greater in the control group than in the IDA groups (P = 0.028 and 0.009, respectively). At 9 mo, the control and IDA-Fe groups no longer differed. These 2 groups scored significantly better on the maternal sensitivity, structuring, and nonhostility scales and on the child responsiveness scale than did the IDA-PL group (P = 0.007-0.032), whose iron status remained low. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that maternal iron deficiency negatively affects mother-child interactions and that iron supplementation protects against these negative effects.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | MOTHERS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SERUM IRON LEVEL | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | MATERNAL NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BONDING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Hemic System | Physiology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 330708

17.
Title: [Presence of Cryptosporidium spp in children with acute diarrhea in a public daycare center in Recife, State of Pernambuco] Presenca de Cryptosporidium spp em criancas com diarreia aguda em uma creche
Author: Nascimento WR; Cavalcanti IM; Irmao JI; Rocha FJ
Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2009 Mar-Apr;42(2):175-8.
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to analyze the frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp in fecal samples from children aged one to fourteen years at a public daycare center located in a needy community in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. The investigation was carried out between June 28, 2006, and April 3, 2007, and involved 182 children. Among the samples analyzed, 59 (32.4%) were positive regarding the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp, and the age group most affected was between three and five years (54.2%). The high frequency of samples positive for Cryptosporidium spp obtained in this study confirms that daycare centers are an environment that favors such occurrences, because of the direct contact between children or between children and staff. The most important infection route for Cryptosporidium spp is person-to-person transmission, which is well illustrated in daycare centers. Immaturity, deficiencies of the immune system and inadequate hygiene habits are factors that also contribute towards this type of infection.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD CARE | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | IMMUNITY | HYGIENE | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Infections | Diseases | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 342238

18.

Title: Preparing daughters: the context of rurality on mothers' role in contraception.
Author: Noone J; Young HM
Source: Journal of Rural Health. 2009 Summer;25(3):282-9.
Abstract: CONTEXT: The United States continues to have the highest rate of adolescent childbearing among developed countries. Lack of access and disadvantage contribute to this problem, which disproportionately impacts rural women. Given the increased difficulty rural young women face regarding contraceptive access, parental communication and support play an even more vital role in assisting them to navigate decisions about and access to contraception. PURPOSE: To examine rural women's perspectives on how living in a rural area impacts issues surrounding pregnancy prevention for their daughters and parent-child communication regarding pregnancy prevention. METHODS: Open-ended interviews were conducted with 30 mothers of adolescent women in 3 rural counties in southern Oregon. Thematic analysis within and across interviews using constant comparative analysis was used to explore barriers, facilitators and strategies mothers identified in talking with their daughters about contraception. FINDINGS: Specific themes found that related to the rural environment included (1) conservatism, (2) isolation, (3) lack of privacy, (4) stigma, (5) the paradox of the rural environment, and (6) the uniqueness of rural life. CONCLUSIONS: The context of living in a rural environment may present unique barriers to facilitate parent-child communication when discussing intimate topics. The design of interventions needs to take into consideration these issues, particularly when attempting to serve hard-to-reach populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PRIVACY | STIGMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Problems
Document Number: 341797

19.

Title: Comparison of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of orphans and non-orphans among HIV-positive children in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Author: Oladokun R; Brown B; Aiyetan P; Ayodele O; Osinusi K
Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul;13(4):462-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV-positive orphans and to compare their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics with HIV-positive non-orphans. METHODS: A survey was conducted among patients attending the infectious disease clinic of the Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between July 2005 and November 2006. Information obtained included demographic data, orphan status, HIV/AIDS status of parents, current caregiver, school enrolment, and clinical parameters at presentation. RESULTS: Of the 110 children studied (mean age 43.5 months, SD 41.7 months), 58 (52.7%) were male and 74 (67.9%) presented with severe clinical disease, while 68.1% were malnourished. There were 40 orphans, giving a prevalence of 36.4%. Of this number, 13 (32.5%) were paternal orphans, 20 (50%) were maternal orphans, and seven (17.5%) were double orphans. Thirty-five (87.5%) were cared for within the family and none were in institutional care. Compared to non-orphans, orphans tended to be older at presentation (p=0.02). There were no significant differences in school enrolment, clinical stage of the disease, CD4 counts, or mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age Z-scores at presentation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: It appears that the extended family system is currently coping with the orphan situation. There is need for provision of social and economic support to caregivers of children orphaned by AIDS before the family system is overwhelmed.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | AGE FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | CHILD CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 342833

20.

Title: Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme.
Author: Paruk Z; Petersen I; Bhana A
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):61-68.
Abstract: This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PILOT PROJECTS | PARENTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMIC BOOKS | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Child Rearing | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Data Collection
Document Number: 341288

21.
Title: Does access to contraception raise teenage pregnancy rates?
Author: Paton D
Source: Nursing Times. 2009 Mar 24-30;105(11):11.
Abstract: Since the government launched its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999, millions of pounds have been spent on access to 'confidential sexual health services' for young people. Many nurses are uncomfortable with providing such services to children under 16, especially without parental knowledge. Unfortunately, the latest data shows that pregnancy and abortion rates for under-16s are higher now. Given this, nurses may be questioning whether they have been right to go along with this policy. A 2007 Obstetrics and Gynecology review of the evidence relating to emergency contraception concluded that 'to date, no study has shown that increased access to [emergency contraception] reduces unintended pregnancy or abortion rates' (Raymond et al, 2007). When policy interventions have unexpected impacts that subvert the aim of the policy, economists often refer to the law of unintended consequences. In this case, by lowering the pregnancy risk, easier access to birth control may encourage more young people to engage in sexual activity. If so, pregnancies decrease among those who would have sex anyway, but increase among those who have sex when they otherwise would not have done. Overall, we end up with a similar number of pregnancies but with more sexually active underage youngsters. Many contraceptive methods offer no protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Research published in Sex Education suggests increased access to emergency contraception may be associated with higher teenage STI rates (Paton, 2006). On a positive note, academic evidence is clear that involving parents in the decision-making is crucial. When the Gillick ruling was in effect in England and Wales during most of 1985, contraception could not be provided to underage girls without parental involvement. Take-up at family planning clinics dropped by about 30%, yet underage pregnancy rates decreased slightly relative to older teenagers. The ruling was overturned in late 1985. In addition, research in the Journal of Health Economics and elsewhere reveals that laws requiring parental consent before an abortion is performed on a minor lead to significant decreases in teenage abortions, pregnancies and even STIs (Levine, 2003). It is unclear why it has taken so long for the findings to filter down to nurses. Whatever the reason, nurses might remember that although the Fraser guidelines permit nurses to provide minors with access to abortion and contraception without parental knowledge if they can make informed decisions, they do not require nurses to do so. Furthermore, all health professionals-and taxpayers -should question why PCTs spend resources on measures such as school-based provision of emergency contraception that, at best, are ineffective and, at worst, may contribute to poor sexual health among teenagers.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331149

22.
Title: Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence committed by male college students in Awassa, Ethiopia.
Author: Philpart M; Goshu M; Gelaye B; Williams MA; Berhane Y
Source: Violence and Victims. 2009;24(1):122-36.
Abstract: We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the perpetration of gender-based violence among 1,378 male undergraduate students in Awassa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Nearly a quarter (24.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1-26.7) of students admitted perpetrating acts of gender-based violence during the current academic year. Approximately 15.8% (95% CI 13.7-17.9) of students reported physically abusing, and 16.9% (95% CI 14.8-19.0) reported committing acts of sexual violence against an intimate partner or nonpartner. Alcohol consumption, khat use (Catha edulis, a natural stimulant), combined use of alcohol and khat, and witnessing parental violence were risk factors for committing gender-based violent acts. These findings suggest an obvious need for effective prevention programs targeted toward changing social norms on the use of violence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 341064

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia.
Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452.
Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status
Document Number: 341090

24.

Title: Working with young women: empowerment, rights and health.
Author: Ricardo C; Fonseca V; de Leon GS; Rosas EM; Dorantes OA
Source: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, PROMUNDO, 2009. [144] p.
Abstract: Although there has been a significant amount of work done to promote women's empowerment, most of it has been geared towards the experiences of adult women. This manual, part of an initiative called Program M, includes a series of group educational activities to promote young women's [ages 15-24] awareness about gender inequities, rights and health. It also seeks to develop their skills to feel more capable of acting in empowered ways in different spheres of their lives. Modules in this manual include: identity and relationships - this section focuses on how gender influences young women's identities and aspirations and the ways in which women and men express themselves and relate to each other; violence - this chapter explores the many forms of violence that exist, particularly in the context of young women's lives and relationships, and the links between gender, power and violence; drugs - addresses the different types of drugs that affect young women's lives and relationships and explores the concept of harm-reduction; young women and work - focuses on the traditional gender divisions which exist in different types of work and the rights of women in the workplace; and community participation - these activities can be developed in a variety of environments including schools, clubs, and community organisations, and are most effective when done with smaller groups of 10 to 20 participants. All of the activities draw on an experiential learning model in which young women are encouraged to question and analyse their own experiences and lives, in order to understand how gender can perpetuate unequal power in relationships, and make both young women and men vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health problems, including HIV/AIDS. The activities engage young women to share ideas and opinions and think about how they can make positive changes in their lives and communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | CHILD CARE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 329171

25.

Title: Association of sexual intercourse with psychological suppression and copying modes for vocational school students.
Author: Wang L; Wang XJ; Tu XW; Lou CH; Gao E
Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):101-112.
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the association of sex behavior with sexual related psychological suppression and coping modes among students in three vocational schools in Shanghai. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 368 grade one students from three vocational schools in a district of Shanghai, with Computer Assisted Self-Interview (CASI). The field work began in the April, 2003 for a baseline survey, and completed in the December, 2003. Data on students� sexual intercourse, sexual related psychological suppression and psychological coping modes, and communication with parents were collected and analyzed. Binary logistic regression was used to adjust the potential confounding factors. Results After controlling for demographic factors, adolescents with middle or high scores of active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to have sexual intercourse (OR adj=0.48. 95%CI=0.30-0.77 and ORadj=0.49, 95%CI=0.30-0.83, respectively), while association between psychological suppression on sex related events and sexual intercourse was not statistically significant (ORadj=0.93, 95%CI=0.63-1.37); sexual related psychological suppression and active coping modes were positively associated with adolescents� communicating with parents for 2-7h/week about school things, but negatively associated with parents� open attitudes towards heterosexual contacts and talking sex related things with others. Conclusion Vocational school students with active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to engage in sexual intercourse, so interventions focus on reducing unprotected sexual behaviors should target on psychological coping modes skills training.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | ANXIETY DISORDERS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Personality | Reproduction | Child Rearing
Document Number: 339902

26.

Title: Picking up the pieces: Women's experience of urban violence in Brazil.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 80 p. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/fr/eec038ff-0a02-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/amr190012008fra.pdf (French)
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/es/6b8bf868-11de-11dd-a257-bd451c5f5cc0/amr190012008spa.pdf (Spanish)
Abstract: These stories provide a glimpse of what life is like for women in many parts of Brazil today. In socially excluded communities women live out their lives against a backdrop of constant criminal and police violence. The impact of this violence on their lives is complex and profound, yet their stories are rarely heard. In a debate that has traditionally centred on gun violence, the focus has invariably been on young men - the overwhelming majority of those involved in gun crime, both as perpetrators and victims. This report focuses on the largely untold stories of women struggling to live their lives, to bring up their children and to fight for justice amid police and criminal violence. Amnesty International has addressed the question of criminal gangs in previous publications, consistently condemning their actions and highlighting how the failure of the state to combat criminal violence has effectively condemned millions of people to lives of fear and misery. This report highlights some of the patterns of human rights violations against women in particular. Building on Amnesty International's past work on public security, it looks at how women deal with high levels of criminal violence in the absence of state protection; how increasing numbers of women have become directly or indirectly involved in the drug trade; and how women's contact with the criminal justice system often makes already traumatic situations worse. Most worryingly, it identifies how for decades the state has been directly responsible for the fact that women are suffering attacks and violence at the hands of criminal gangs and law enforcement officials. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICE | PRISONERS | URBAN POPULATION | CRIME | VIOLENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | HOUSING | WOMEN'S HEALTH | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health
Document Number: 326743

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child care practice in the United Arab Emirates: the ESACCIPS study.
Author: Abdulrazzaq YM; Kendi AA; Nagelkerke N
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 May;97(5):590-595.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to monitor infant care practice associated with SIDS and establish the incidence of SIDS in the UAE. A total of 996 families were recruited for the study. One questionnaire was completed during the first 7 days after delivery, and was used to collect information about the socio-demographic features, mother's medical history, delivery status and infant's medical history, and another questionnaire was completed after 12 weeks through telephone interviews of the mothers. 716 completed both questionnaires. Registers at the two hospitals, and at the Preventive Medicine Department were studied and all infant deaths in a 5-year period were recorded. In all 18.9% of infants were placed in the prone position. Mothers preferred supine position (49.3%) to other positions when putting their babies to bed. Ninety eight percent preferred that their infant slept in the same room as the parents. On the whole, 40% occasionally shared their beds with their infants. Swaddling the babies wasquite common (83.2%) and 91.9% of their mothers were also swaddled when they were babies. More than 80% of all infants used bedding duvets for their infants both in the summer and in the winter. SIDS mortality rate was 0.66 per thousand live births and contributed 7.25% to the infant mortality rate. These data provide useful baseline information on child care practice and should be of immense benefit to the understanding of the risks and causal mechanisms of SIDS and to the UAE health authorities should they wish to develop strategies to reduce the risk of SIDS. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | MOTHERS | CHILD CARE | SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | BEHAVIOR | Middle East | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 325911

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of parental involvement in HIV/AIDS preventive education on secondary student knowledge about transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Author: Akpabio II; Asuzu MC; Fajemilehin BR; Ofi B
Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2008-2009;29(1):71-87.
Abstract: This study investigated HIV/AIDS preventive health education involving nurses alone (IG1) and another involving both nurses and trained parents/ guardians (IG2) on students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS' transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Subjects included 339 students selected through a multistage and stratified random sampling technique. A pre-test/post-test intervention design with control group was used. Data were obtained using questionnaire, and analysis involved the use of analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Results show that students exposed to parental involvement had significantly better mean scores on knowledge of prevention (IG2: x=7.51; IG1: x=6.96 control: x=3.82). Furthermore, although the male students had significantly higher mean score with intervention involving only nurses, the females had higher mean score with intervention involving parents/guardians. It is recommended that parents/guardians should be trained and involved in HIV/AIDS' preventive education of secondary school students.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STUDENTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342119

30.
Title: Parental influence on reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Author: Amoran OE; Fawole O
Source: African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2008 Mar;37(1):21-7.
Abstract: The study was carried out to document parental influence on the reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 274 youths from Idikan community was carried out. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics, parental communication, parental monitoring and sexual practices of respondents were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 274 youths were interviewed, 111 (40.5%) were sexually active. The overall mean age at first sexual exposure was 15.2 +/- 3.0 yrs (males = 15.4 +/- 3.5 yrs, females 14.90 +/- 2.6 yrs). Fifty-two (19.0%) respondents used condom regularly. More out of school youths (42.2%) were more sexually active than those in school (38.7%) (chi2 = 0.32 p = 0.573). Youths (50.8%) with secondary school education used condom regularly than those with primary education 40.4% (p > 0.05). Mothers were more involved in family life education than fathers (40.9% vs. 16.8% p < 0.05) and family life education was found to promote condom use (p < 0.001). Predictors of regular condom use among the youths were comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 6.24, C.I = 2.47-15.75, p = 0.001), respondents' level of education (OR = 0.415, C.I = 0.211-0.814 p = 0.011) and occupation (OR = 0.48, C.I = 0.24-0.95 p = 0.034). While comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 2.11, C.I = 1.04-4.28, p = 0.038), female sex (OR = 2.2, C.I = 1.28-3.83 p = 0.005) and liberal monitoring pattern by mother (OR = 2.16, C.I = 1.03-4.53 p = 0.04) were predictors of increased sexual activity. Parents particularly mothers can promote safe sexual practices by giving information and education on reproductive health matters.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONDOM USE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Education
Document Number: 329818


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