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Peer Reviewed

Title: 'And they kill me, only because I am a girl'...a review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Rizvi N
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):10-6.
Abstract: The low social status of women and the preference for sons determine a high rate of sex-selective abortion or, more specifically, female feticide, in South Asian countries. Although each of them, irrespective of its abortion policy, strictly condemns sex-selective abortion, data suggest high rates of such procedures in India, Nepal, China and Bangladesh. This paper reviews the current situation of sex-selective abortion, the laws related to it and the factors contributing to its occurrence within these countries. Based on this review, it is concluded that sex selective abortion is a public health issue as it contributes to high maternal mortality. Abortion policies of South Asian countries vary greatly and this influences the frequency of reporting of cases. Several socio-economic factors are responsible for sex-selective abortion including gender discriminating cultural practices, irrational national population policies and unethical use of technology. Wide social change promoting women's status in society should be instituted whereby women are offered more opportunities for better health, education and economic participation through gender sensitive policies and programmes. A self-regulation of the practices in the medical profession and among communities must be achieved through behavioural change campaigns.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX PRESELECTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341236

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: High rate of adverse events following circumcision of young male adults with the Tara KLamp technique: a randomised trial in South Africa.
Author: Lagarde E; Taljaard D; Puren A; Auvert B
Source: South African Medical Journal. 2009 Mar;99(3):163-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Tara KLamp (TK) device has been claimed to enable circumcisions to be performed safely and easily in medical and non-medical environments. Published evaluation studies have been conducted among young children only. METHODS: Following a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on 3 274 participants on the impact of male circumcision on HIV transmission, 69 control group members participated in this male circumcision methods trial and were randomised to a forceps-guided (FG) group and a TK group, and circumcised. RESULTS: Of the 166 men asked to participate, 97 declined, most (94) refusing circumcision by the TK technique; 34 men were randomised to the FG group and 35 to the TK group, and 32 and 24 patients were circumcised by the FG and TK methods respectively, of whom 29 and 19 respectively attended the post-circumcision visit. All 12 adverse event sheets corresponded to the TK group (p<0.001) and circumcisions by the TK method. Less favourable outcomes were associated with the TK method, including any sign of an adverse event (37% v. 3%; p=0.004), delayed wound healing (21% v. 3%; p=0.004) and problems with penis appearance (31% v. 3%; p=0.001). Participants randomised to the TK method were significantly more likely to report bleeding (21% v. 0%; p=0.02), injury to the penis (21% v. 0%; p=0.02), infection (32% v. 0%; p=0.002), swelling (83%/ v. 0%; p<0.001), and problems with urinating (16% v. 0%; p=0.056). The mean score of self-estimated pain was 9.5 for participants circumcised by TK compared with 6.1 for other participants (adjusted p=0.003). CONCLUSION: This study provides compelling evidence that strongly cautions against use of the TK method on young adults.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, MALE | YOUTH | MALE CIRCUMCISION | PAIN | SURGERY | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Child | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment
Document Number: 342688

Peer Reviewed

Title: Money boys, HIV risks, and the associations between norms and safer sex: a respondent-driven sampling study in Shenzhen, China.
Author: Liu H; Liu H; Cai Y; Rhodes AG; Hong F
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug;13(4):652-62.
Abstract: Money boys (MBs) are male sex workers who sell sex to men who have sex with men (MSM). This study estimates the proportion of MBs in the Chinese MSM, compares HIV risks between MBs and non-MB MSM, and examines the associations between practicing safer sex and peer norms of condom use. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to sample 351 MSM in the city of Shenzhen in 2007. The RDS-adjusted proportion of MBs among MSM was 9%. Compared to non-MB MSM, more MBs reported having had multiple male and female sexual partners. Half of MBs and non-MB MSM had consistently used condoms. Both descriptive and subjective norms were positively associated with condom use. The MB proportion of 9% in MSM implies a relatively large population of MBs in China. The association between peer norms and consistent condom use can assist with the development of culturally competent HIV interventions that promote safer sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHILD, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342723

Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls.
Author: Plan
Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p.
Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 326794

Title: Reducing FGM / C among Somali girls in Kenya.
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[3] p.
Abstract: Nearly all Somali girls, sometimes when they are as young as four years, undergo female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM / C). This ancient practice involves the removal of all or part of the female external genitalia for cultural, not medical, reasons. Among Somalis in Kenya, the most severe form of FGM / C -- called type III -- is the most common. Focus groups and in-depth interviews with the Somali community and its religious leaders have revealed that the best way to reduce this practice is to demonstrate a lack of religious support for FGM / C. Thus, Population Council staff members are working with Muslim scholars in Kenya to develop consensus that the practice is not supported by Islam so that this message can be conveyed by the scholars to their communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | ISLAM | BELIEFS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Religion
Document Number: 331487

10.

Title: UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls.
Author: United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. Division of International Protection Services
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, Division of International Protection Services, 2008 Jan. [410] p.
Abstract: The primary purpose of the Handbook is to help UNHCR staff fulfill their responsibilities to protect these women and girls more effectively. It is therefore intended for representatives, other managers, protection staff in the field and at headquarters, registration officers, eligibility officers, community services staff, field officers, and others. Protection partners will find it a useful source of information and guidance. The Handbook is intended to be used in situations of asylum, internal displacement, return, integration, and statelessness. It is equally applicable in urban and rural contexts. The objectives of the Handbook are to: improve understanding among UNHCR staff and partners of the challenges and barriers women and girls of concern confront in accessing and enjoying their rights during displacement, return, and (re)integration; ensure all UNHCR staff are familiar with the international legal standards forming the normative framework for our work to protect women and girls; ensure all UNHCR staff understand their responsibilities for the protection of women and girls; improve knowledge of how discrimination against women and girls can lead to statelessness and what initiatives can be taken to prevent and reduce cases of statelessness; provide guidance on ways of working and types of activities that can be carried out to fulfill our responsibilities; and refer staff to additional resources, guidelines, and tools that may be used to enhance the protection of women and girls. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | REFUGEES | UNHCR | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | TREATIES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Health
Document Number: 325467

11.

Title: 13,915 reasons for equity in sexual offences legislation: A national school-based survey in South Africa.
Author: Andersson N; Foster AH
Source: International Journal for Equity in Health. 2008 Jul 29;7(20):[12] p.
Abstract: Prior to 2007, forced sex with male children in South Africa did not count as rape but as "indecent assault", a much less serious offence. This study sought to document prevalence of male sexual violence among school-going youth. A facilitated self-administered questionnaire in nine of the 11 official languages in a stratified (province/metro/urban/ rural) last stage random national sample. Teams visited 5162 classes in 1191 schools, in October and November 2002. A total of 269,705 learners aged 10-19 years in grades 6-11. Of these, 126,696 were male. Schoolchildren answered questions about exposure in the last year to insults, beating, unwanted touching and forced sex. They indicated the sex of the perpetrator, and whether this was a family member, a fellow schoolchild, a teacher or another adult. Respondents also gave the age when they first suffered forced sex and when they first had consensual sex. Some 9% (weighted value based on 13915/127097) of male respondents aged 11-19 years reported forced sex in the last year. Of those aged 18 years at the time of the survey, 44% (weighted value of 5385/11450) said they had been forced to have sex in their lives and 50% reported consensual sex. Perpetrators were most frequently an adult not from their own family, followed closely in frequency by other schoolchildren. Some 32% said the perpetrator was male, 41% said she was female and 27% said they had been forced to have sex by both male and female perpetrators. Male abuse of schoolboys was more common in rural areas while female perpetration was more an urban phenomenon. This study uncovers endemic sexual abuse of male children that was suspected but hitherto only poorly documented. Legal recognition of the criminality of rape of male children is a first step. The next steps include serious investment in supporting male victims of abuse, and in prevention of all childhood sexual abuse. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | YOUTH | CHILD, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | VIOLENCE | CHILD ABUSE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Adolescents | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 327928

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Violence against women and the risk of under-five mortality: Analysis of community-based data from rural Bangladesh.
Author: Asling-Monemi K; Naved RT
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Jan;97(1):68-75.
Abstract: The aim was to assess whether violence against women was associated with increased mortality risks for their daughters and sons before the age of 5. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh of 2691 live-born children in relation to their mother's experience of physical, sexual and emotional partner violence and level of controlling behaviour in marriage. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by gender. Under five-mortality was 88 per 1000 in this cohort. Overall, there was no association between different forms of violence against women and under-five mortality. However, more educated women had an increased risk of under-five deaths of their female offspring if ever exposed to severe physical violence (adjusted hazard ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.06-4.50) or to a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.30-4.90). Controlling behaviour in marriage increased the hazard ratios in a dose-response manner. Increased mortality risks were neither shown for offspring of women with low or no education nor for boys in any educational group. Severe physical violence and controlling behaviour in marriage were associated with higher under-five mortality among daughters of educated mothers in rural Bangladesh, indicating gender-biased consequences of partner violence for child mortality. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MARRIAGE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | CHILD MORTALITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 324860

13.

Title: Violence against women and girls: a compendium of monitoring and evaluation indicators.
Author: Bloom SS
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Oct. 250 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: MEASURE Evaluation and a technical advisory group developed this compendium for program managers, organizations, and policy-makers who are working to address violence against women and girls at the individual, community, district/provincial and national levels in developing countries. Indicators were developed to measure the following areas within VAW/G: Magnitude and characteristics of different forms of VAW/G (skewed sex rations, intimate partner violence, violence from someone other than an intimate partner, female genital cutting/mutilation and child marriage); Programs addressing VAW/G by sector (health, education, justice/security, social welfare); and Under-documented forms of VAW/G and emerging areas (humanitarian emergencies, trafficking in persons, femicide), and preventing VAW/G (youth, community mobilization, working with men and boys) The indicators can also be used by programs that may not specifically focus on VAW/G, but include reducing levels of VAW/G as part of their aims. The indicators have been designed to address information needs that can be assessed with quantitative methods to measure program performance and achievement at the community, regional and national levels. While many of the indicators have been used in the field, they have not necessarily been tested in multiple settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION INDEXES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | MONITORING | USAID | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | INFORMATION SOURCES | SEX RATIO | CHILD MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Information | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 329558

14.

Title: It's cool ... to know more. Institutional care and the risks of commercial sexual exploitation.
Author: Burcikova P; Kutalkova P; Hule D
Source: [Prague], Czech Republic, La Strada Czech Republic, 2008. [62] p.
Abstract: As part of the research report we present the implementation of a combined research project conducted in 2006 and 2007. The fundamental purpose of the project was to map in detail the issue of underage prostitution in the context of institutional care in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the report you can find a detailed description of the individual stages of the research project, with the relevant outputs and summaries. Those results are elaborated in more detail in the chapters directly relating to the individual stages. In the conclusion there are chapters that comprehensively review the findings from all the relevant stages. The Modelling chapter presents a general model, submitted to various analytical approaches. The Summary chapter summarises the main and key outputs from the individual stages of the research project, but primarily from stages A and B. The final chapter is Recommendations, which summarises the fundamental recommendations for preventative measures. The research project does not set out any recommendations for application concerning e. g. legislation, etc., as the issue is a reflection of society, and the problems presented are less a matter of legislation than of the overall state of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | SLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX WORKERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HEALTH FACILITIES | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology
Document Number: 326341

15.

Title: Infant mortality and child nutrition in Bangladesh.
Author: Dancer D; Rammohan A; Smith MD
Source: Health Economics. 2008 Sep;17(9):1015-35.
Abstract: The excess female infant mortality observed in South Asia has typically been attributed to gender discrimination in the intra-household allocation of food and medical care. However, studies on child nutrition find no evidence of gender differences. A natural explanation could be that in environments of high infant mortality of females, the surviving children are healthier, so that child nutrition cannot be studied independently of mortality. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey to investigate if there are any gender differences in survival probabilities and whether this leads to differences in child nutrition. We argue the importance of establishing whether or not there exists a dependence relationship between the two random variables--infant mortality and child nutrition--and in order to detect this we employ a copula approach to model specification. The results suggest, for example, that while male children have a significantly lower likelihood of surviving their first year relative to female children, should they survive they have significantly better height-for-age Z-scores. From a policy perspective, household wealth and public health interventions such as vaccinations are found to be important predictors of better nutritional outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX FACTORS | INFANT NUTRITION DISORDERS | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330023

16.

Title: Gender violence and HIV: reversing twin epidemics.
Author: Eghtessadi R
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(3):1-4.
Abstract: The situation of women and girls in the context of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in many parts of the world and particularly sub-Saharan Africa continues to be a cause of major concern. Statistics remain highly disturbing, with women accounting for almost 60% of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV in the region, and 75% of all young people living with HIV being female. HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is three times higher than HIV among their male counterparts. Three quarters of all adult women living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, with more than 30% of women in some countries reporting their first sexual encounter as forced, and the continued feminisation of the HIV epidemic, violence remains both a cause and consequence of HIV infection. Once infected with HIV, women often face varied forms of violence, particularly driven by stigma and discrimination, within their homes and from their communities. Limited access and control over resources; poor access to education and information; limited access to services (legal, health and social); and subordination due to harmful cultural practices and gender inequalities, only serve to fuel this vicious cycle of the twin epidemics-gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV and AIDS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | WAR | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEXUAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 323154

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Does circumcision increase neonatal jaundice?
Author: Eroglu E; Balci S; Ozkan HC; Yorukalp O; Goksel AK
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Sep;97(9):1192-1193.
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of circumcision done during the early newborn period on the baby's feeding frequency and therefore a possible effect on serum bilirubin values. Methods: Sixty consecutive male patients, of whom 30 were circumcised, were comparatively followed. Babies born between 35 and 40 gestational weeks, weighing above 3000 g and who had no antenatal and/or perinatal problems were enrolled. Changes in weight, frequency of feeds, urination, stooling and the serum bilirubin levels were compared. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | INFANT | CHILD, MALE | MALE CIRCUMCISION | INFANT NUTRITION | JAUNDICE | BODY WEIGHT | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 328062

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Getting girls into school: Evidence from a scholarship program in Cambodia.
Author: Filmer D; Schady N
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2008 Apr;56:581-617.
Abstract: In this study we evaluate the impact of a program designed to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary school in Cambodia. The program we evaluate is the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) scholarship program. This program, which began in the 2004 school year, awarded scholarships to poor girls who were completing sixth grade, the last grade of primary school. We show that the scholarship program increased the enrollment and attendance of recipients at program schools by about 30 percentage points. Larger impacts are found among girls with the lowest socioeconomic status at baseline. The results are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between scholarship recipients and nonrecipients, to unobserved heterogeneity across girls, and to selective transfers between program schools and other schools. We conclude that there is substantial potential for demand-side interventions in lower-income countries like Cambodia. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROMOTION | EVALUATION | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Communication
Document Number: 325941

19.
Title: Prevalence and pattern of childhood morbidity in a tribal area of Maharastra.
Author: Giri VC; Dhage VR; Zodpey SP; Ughade SN; Biranjan JR
Source: Indian Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct-Dec;52(4):207-9.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that tribal children suffer from a higher rate of morbidity. Gender discrimination in the form of dietary neglect of the female children has also been noted. The community based cross-sectional study was carried out in tribal PHC Salona of Chikhaldara Block, Amaravati District, Maharashtra to study the prevalence and pattern of morbidities in children. 2603 study children between 0-72 months of age were covered in a house to house survey by the investigator. Parents of eligible children were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire for socio-demographic details, personal habits, past and current medical history. The prevalence of overall morbidities was 34.7% and it was higher in female as compared to male children (34.8% vs. 29.7%; chi2 = 9.3, p <0.005). Among individual morbidities, the prevalence of acute respiratory infections was the highest (25.5%) followed by acute diarrhoeal diseases (5.8%), conjunctivitis (1.5%), and skin infections (1.2%).
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | DAUGHTERS | CHILD NUTRITION | MORBIDITY | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | DIET | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Infections
Document Number: 330432

20.

Title: Female genital mutilation and its prevention: A challenge for paediatricians.
Author: Jaeger F; Caflisch M; Hohlfeld P
Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;:[7] p.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined as an injury of the external female genitalia for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. FGM is mainly performed in sub-Saharan and Eastern Africa. The western health care systems are confronted with migrants from this cultural background. The aim is to offer information on how to approach this subject. The degree of FGM can vary from excision of the prepuce and clitoris to infibulation. Infections, urinary retention, pain, lesions of neighbouring organs, bleeding, psychological trauma and even death are possible acute complications. The different long-term complications include the risk of reduced fertility and difficulties during labour, which are key arguments against FGM in the migrant community. Paediatricians often have questions on how to approach the subject. With an open, neutral approach and basic knowledge, discussions with parents are constructive. Talking about the newborn, delivery or traditions may be a good starting point. Once they feel accepted, they speak surprisingly openly. FGM is performed out of love for their daughters. We have to be aware of their arguments and fears, but we should also stress the parents' responsibility in taking a health risk for their daughters. It is important to know the family's opinion on FGM. Some may need support, especially against community pressure. As FGM is often performed on newborns or at 4-9 years of age, paediatricians should have an active role in the prevention of FGM, especially as they have repeated close contact with those concerned and medical consequences are the main arguments against FGM. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | CHILD, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMPLICATIONS | FERTILITY | CHILDBIRTH | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326814

21.

Title: Disappearing daughters.
Author: Kelly A
Source: London, United Kingdom, ActionAid, [2008]. 27 p.
Abstract: India's daughters are disappearing. New research by ActionAid and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) shows that the number of girls born and surviving in northern India compared to boys falls far short of normal expectations, and continues to slide. In a country with a long history of discrimination against women, the preference for sons over daughters has led to the number of girls under the age of six hitting an all-time low. The introduction of sex-detection ultrasound technology, coupled with the long-term problem of the neglect of girls, means that millions of women are now 'missing' in India. ActionAid and IDRC's research reveals that, despite policies to address girls' rights and public information campaigns, sex-selective abortion and neglect are on the increase. In four of the five sites surveyed, the proportion of girls to boys has declined even further since 2001. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD, FEMALE | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | SEX RATIO | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 327602 Notification

22.

Title: Girls count: a global investment and action agenda.
Author: Levine R; Lloyd C; Greene M; Grown C
Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2008. [95] p.
Abstract: This report is about why and how to put girls at the center of development. It is about how the health of economies and families depends on protecting the rights of and fostering opportunities for today's girls. It is about how far girls in many developing countries have come-but how far we remain from a world in which girls' rights are respected. With adolescent girls the case is perfectly clear that the economic and human rights agendas are perfectly aligned: in new global economy girls and young women are no longer as sheltered by their parents and communities, but they also are not armed with education or understanding of their own rights to protect themselves in the world. Unfortunately, adolescent girls are awkward for governments and donors to think about, with their physical sexuality but their nonadult vulnerability. Ministries of health and education do not have a mandate to serve them, ministries of social welfare have more politically rewarding programs to operate, and donor agencies find it far easier to promote investments in very young children and older mothers than to deal with the complicated and controversy-generating age between childhood and adulthood. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | EDUCATION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | CHILD MARRIAGE | HIV PREVENTION | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 323725

23.

Title: Social exclusion and the gender gap in education.
Author: Lewis M; Lockheed M
Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Human Development Network, Chief Economist's Office, 2008 Mar. 38 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4562)
Abstract: Despite a sharp increase in the share of girls who enroll in, attend, and complete various levels of schooling, an educational gender gap remains in some countries. This paper argues that one explanation for this gender gap is the degree of social exclusion within these countries, as indicated by ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, which triggers both economic and psycho-social mechanisms to limit girls' schooling. Ethno-linguistic heterogeneity initially was applied to explaining lagging economic growth, but has emerged in the literature more recently to explain both civil conflict and public goods. This paper is a first application of the concept to explain gender gaps in education. The paper discusses the importance of female education for economic and social development, reviews the evidence regarding gender and ethnic differences in schooling, reviews the theoretical perspectives of various social science disciplines that seek to explain such differences, and tests the relevance of ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity in explaining cross-country differences in school attainment and learning. The study indicates that within-country ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity partly explains both national female primary school completion rates and gender differences in these rates, but only explains average national learning outcomes when national income measures are excluded. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 325679

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Lloyd CB; Mensch BS
Source: Population Studies. 2008 Mar;62(1):1-13.
Abstract: Leaving school prematurely is often claimed to be among the most negative consequences of early marriage and pregnancy for girls in less developed countries. However, an analysis of the relative frequency with which these events actually occur or are named as reasons for leaving school reveals that, at least in the case of francophone Africa, they explain no more than 20 per cent of dropouts. To the extent that demographic events trump school or family factors as determinants of school-leaving, our data indicate that it is union formation - defined by the DHS as first marriage or cohabitation - rather than childbirth that is more likely to have this effect. 'Schoolgirl pregnancy' typically accounts for only between 5 and 10 per cent of girls' departures from school. Furthermore, the risks of leaving school because of pregnancy or marriage have declined over time with the decline in rates of early marriage and childbearing. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | STUDENTS | DROPOUTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD MARRIAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CHILDBIRTH | Developing Countries | Africa | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 324152

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in Eastern Congo: Case studies.
Author: Longombe AO; Claude KM; Ruminjo J
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):132-141.
Abstract: The Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is currently undergoing a brutal war. Armed groups from the DRC and neighbouring countries are committing atrocities and systematically using sexual violence as a weapon of war to humiliate, intimidate and dominate women, girls, their men and communities. Armed combatants take advantage with impunity, knowing they will not be held to account or pursued by police or judicial authorities. A particularly inhumane public health problem has emerged: traumatic gynaecological fistula and genital injury from brutal sexual violence and gang-rape, along with enormous psychosocial and emotional burdens. Many of the women who survive find themselves pregnant or infected with STIs/HIV with no access to treatment. This report was compiled at the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Goma, Eastern Congo, from the cases of 4,715 women and girls who suffered sexual violence between April 2003 and June 2006, of whom 702 had genital fistula. It presents the personal experiences of seven survivors whose injuries were severe and long-term, with life-changing effects. The paper recommends a coordinated effort amongst key stakeholders to secure peace and stability, an increase in humanitarian assistance and the rebuilding of the infrastructure, human and physical resources, and medical, educational and judicial systems. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | FISTULA | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | WAR | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Child | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors
Document Number: 327197

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Acceptability of male circumcision among mothers with male children in Mysore, India.
Author: Madhivanan P; Krupp K; Chandrasekaran V; Karat SC; Reingold AL
Source: AIDS. 2008 May 11;22(8):983-988.
Abstract: There is currently little information on the acceptability of male circumcision in India. This study investigated the acceptability of male circumcision among Indian mothers with male children. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 795 women attending a reproductive health clinic in Mysore, India, between January and April 2007. Of the 1012 invited eligible participants, 795 women agreed to participate (response rate�78.5%). The majority of women were Hindus (78%), 18% were Muslims, and 4% were Christians. About 26% of respondents had no schooling, 29% had 7 years of schooling, 42% had 8-12 years, and 3% had more than 12 years. After women were informed about the risks and benefits of male circumcision, a majority of women with uncircumcised children (n = 564, 81%) said they would definitely circumcise their children if the procedure were offered in a safe hospital setting, free of charge, and a smaller number (n = 50, 7%) said they would probably consider the procedure. Only seven women (1%) said that they would definitely/ probably not consider male circumcision, and 63 (9%) were unsure. Since male circumcision has been found to decrease risk of HIV infection among men, it is important to determine its acceptability as a potential HIV prevention strategy in India. This study found male circumcision to be highly acceptable among a broad range of mothers with male children in Mysore, India. Further studies of acceptability among fathers and other populations are warranted. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | CHILD, MALE | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HIV PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 326404

27.

Title: Engaging boys and men in GBV prevention and reproductive health in conflict and emergency-reponse settings. A workshop module.
Author: Mehta M; Bartel D; Castillo T; Nyagah F
Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, The ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 60 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00)
Abstract: This module is designed to build the skills of participants working to engage boys and men in gender-based violence (GBV) prevention and reproductive health (RH) in conflict and other emergency-response settings. This module is for personnel working in conflict and ther emergency-response settings who are interested in engaging boys and men in gender-based violence prevention and reproductive health. This includes those managing or staffing reproductive health, HIV and AIDS, and/or GBV prevention projects in emergency-response settings or conflict zones. Specific audiences to consider targeting are NGO project managers, field staff, health sector coordinators, health promoters, donor representatives, local representatives of ministries of health, and community liaisons working for UNCHR or other U.N. agencies. This module is appropriate for staff that have had some training in gender, GBV prevention, and reproductive health. It serves as an introduction to male engagement in GBV prevention and reproductive health in conflict and emergency-response settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | WORKSHOPS | MEN | CHILD, MALE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | BELIEFS | FEMALE ROLE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Social Behavior | Behavior | Diseases
Document Number: 341886

29.

Title: Congenital hydrocele: prevalence and outcome among male children who underwent neonatal circumcision in Benin City, Nigeria.
Author: Osifo OD; Osaigbovo EO
Source: Journal of Pediatric Urology. 2008 Jun;4(3):178-82.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and spontaneous resolution of congenital hydrocele diagnosed in male neonates who underwent circumcision at our centre. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All male neonates presented for circumcision at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria between January 2002 and December 2006 were examined for the presence of hydrocele. Those diagnosed with this condition were recruited and followed up in a surgical outpatient clinic for 2 years. The number of cases of spontaneous resolution and age at which this occurred were documented on a structured pro forma. RESULTS: A total of 2715 neonates were circumcised and 128 (4.7%) were diagnosed with 163 cases of hydrocele, while 27 cases in 25 (0.9%) children failed to resolve at the age of 2 years. Neonatal hydrocele was bilateral in 112 (68.7%), and there were 20 (12.3%) right and 31 (19.0%) left. Among those with hydrocele, 28.1% were delivered preterm and resolution was spontaneous in many of them, with no observed significant statistical difference to those delivered full term (P=0.4740). Of the 163 hydrocele cases, 136 (83.4%) resolved spontaneously by age 18 months with peak resolution at 4-6 months. No spontaneous resolution occurred after 18 months and no hydrocele-related complication occurred during follow up. CONCLUSION: Neonates with congenital hydrocele should be observed for spontaneous resolution for at least 18 months before being subjected to surgery.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | INFANT | INFANT, PREMATURE | CHILD, MALE | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | SURGERY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328666

30.

Title: Gender inequality: Is the national population policy's objective of two child norm heading the correct way?
Author: Patrikar SR; Bhalwar R; Datta A; Basannar DR
Source: Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2008 Jul;64(3):221-223.
Abstract: Male preference is a well known phenomena world wide from ancient ages. A descriptive study was carried out to assess the attitude of women towards birth of son, use of contraception methods and sex determination methods in rural village Kasurdi in Pune district. Univariate analysis was carried out by considering each factor determining sex preference separately as well as using a Logistic Regression Model. Adequacy of fit of the model has also been tested. Out of 110 respondents interviewed, 62.7% felt that male child is necessary in the family. Univariate analysis revealed that sex of first child, concern undergone for second pregnancy with regards to sex of the child, number of children in family and type of family were significant factors contributing to the son preference. The analysis under the logistic regression model revealed that sex of the first child and concern undergone in second pregnancy with respect to the sex of the second child are the most dominating and significant factors in the causation of son preference. The difference between family sizes when compared with the sex of first child was statistically significant signifying that if the first child is a male then it hardly matters whether the second child is male or female, but if the sex of first child is female then the families land up with bigger family size. On an average most of the respondents favour two children with an equal share of male and female children. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD, MALE | FAMILY SIZE | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 327586


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