1.  Title: Traffic-related air pollution and perinatal mortality: a case-control study. Author: de Medeiros AP; Gouveia N; Machado RP; de Souza MR; Alencar GP; Novaes HM; de Almeida MF Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009 Jan;117(1):127-32. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ambient levels of air pollution may affect the health of children, as indicated by studies of infant and perinatal mortality. Scientific evidence has also correlated low birth weight and preterm birth, which are important determinants of perinatal death, with air pollution. However, most of these studies used ambient concentrations measured at monitoring sites, which may not consider differential exposure to pollutants found at elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to examine the association between traffic-related pollution and perinatal mortality. METHODS: We used the information collected for a case-control study conducted in 14 districts in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil, regarding risk factors for perinatal deaths. We geocoded the residential addresses of cases (fetal and early neonatal deaths) and controls (children who survived the 28th day of life) and calculated a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure considering all roads contained in a buffer surrounding these homes. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed a gradient of increasing risk of early neonatal death with higher exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Mothers exposed to the highest quartile of the DWTD compared with those less exposed exhibited approximately 50% increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.19). Associations for fetal mortality were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that motor vehicle exhaust exposures may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERINATAL MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TRANSPORTATION | RISK FACTORS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Economic Factors | Biology | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 330469 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: World population, world health and security: 20th century trends. Author: Bashford J Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008;62:187-190. Abstract: The connection between infectious disease control and national security is now firmly entrenched. This article takes a historical look at another security issue once prominent in debate on foreign policy and international relations, but now more or less absent: overpopulation. It explores the nature of the debate on population as a security question, and its complicated historical relation to the development of world health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | NATIONAL SECURITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 324383 |
3.  Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Central Visayas (Region 7). Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Central Visayas Region (Region 7). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327394 |
| 4. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of the National Capital Region (NCR). Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the National Capital Region (NCR). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population,Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327395 |
| 5. Title: The relationship between rainfall and human density and its implications for future water stress in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: le Blanc D; Perez R Source: Ecological Economics. 2008 Jun 15;66(2-3):319-336. Abstract: This paper estimates the relationship between average rainfall and population density in Sub-Saharan Africa in order to assess the consequences of climate and demographic changes in terms of future water stress in that region. Geographic Information System (GIS) data on density and rainfall and climate change scenarios are combined in order to identify areas which will be subject to increased pressures stemming from excessive population, given their precipitation levels. We first describe the empirical relationship existing between average yearly rainfall and density over sub-Saharan Africa. The limit of 900 mm of annual rainfall appears to define the threshold below which water constitutes a binding constraint to higher densities. Above that threshold, density and rainfall are not spatially correlated. In a second stage, we identify areas subject to water stress. In our framework, those are defined as zones belonging to the right end of the distribution of densities conditional on average rainfall. In a last step, localized population projections and changes in rainfall predicted by two mainstream climate change scenarios are utilized to assess the respective impacts of those two factors on the changes in extent and distribution of high-stress zones over the continent between 2000 and 2050. If population growth follows projected trends, density increases across the continent should lead to a significant increase in the extent of such zones, especially around the Sahel belt and in Eastern Africa. The impact of changes in rainfall is more difficult to assess, because climate models differ locally as regards projections of yearly rainfall, especially in intermediate zones such as the Sahel. If, according to the predictions of most climate models, the Sahel were to experience average rainfall increases, these would ease, though not offset totally, the pressure stemming from demographic growth in that region. In contrast, in most of Eastern Africa, predicted drops in average rainfall would work in the same direction as demographic changes to increase the pressure on significant parts of the territory. In Southern Africa, demographic stagnation is likely to mitigate significantly the impact of climate change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION DENSITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WATER SUPPLY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity Document Number: 327066 |
| 6. Title: Climatic change and Chinese population growth dynamics over the last millennium. Author: Lee HF; Fok L; Zhang DD Source: Climatic Change. 2008 May;88(2):131-156. Abstract: The climate-population relationship has long been conceived. Although the topic has been repeatedly investigated, most of the related works are Eurocentric or qualitative. Consequently, the relationship between climate and population remains ambiguous. In this study, fine-grained temperature reconstructions and historical population data sets have been employed to statistically test a hypothesized relationship between temperature change and population growth (i.e., cooling associated with below average population growth) in China over the past millennium. The important results were: (1) Long-term temperature change significantly determined the population growth dynamics of China. However, spatial variation existed, whilst population growth in Central China was shown to be responsive to both long- and short-term temperature changes; in marginal areas, population growth was only sensitive to short-term temperature fluctuations. (2) Temporally, the temperature-population relationship was obscured in some periods, which was attributable to the factors of drought and social buffers. In summary, a temperature-population relationship was mediated by geographic factors, the aridity threshold, and social factors. Given the upcoming threat posed by climate change to human societies, this study seeks to improve our knowledge and understanding of the climate-society relationship. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLIMATE | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION DYNAMICS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | GLOBAL WARMING | POPULATION PRESSURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Environment | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 326400 |
| 7. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Cagayan Valley (Region 2). Author: Lusterio-Berja C; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Cagayan Valley Region (Region 2). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327393 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Global environmental change and health: Impacts, inequalities, and the health sector. Author: McMichael AJ; Friel S; Nyong A; Corvalan C Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Jan 26;336(7637):191-194. Abstract: Human actions are changing many of the world's natural environmental systems, including the climate system. These systems are intrinsic to life processes and fundamental to human health, and their disruption and depletion make it more difficult to tackle health inequalities. Indeed, we will not achieve the UN millennium development health goals if environmental destruction continues. Health professionals have a vital contributory role in preventing and reducing the health effects of global environmental change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | INEQUALITIES | HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | GLOBAL WARMING | POVERTY | DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ILLITERACY | EXPOSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOALS | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Climate | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Risk Factors | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324033 |
| 9. Title: Healthy people, healthy ecosystems: a manual on integrating health and family planning into conservation projects. Author: Oglethorpe J; Honzak C; Margoluis C Source: Washington, D.C., World Wildlife Fund, 2008. [96] p. Abstract: Several conservation organizations have started integrating health and family planning into conservation projects. This integration has multiple benefits. Often conservation practitioners recognize the potential value of integrated PHE (population-health-environment) projects but need guidance on how to effectively incorporate P and H components into their project or on how to create a PHE project from scratch. This manual was created as a resource for these practitioners. It reviews not only the how, but also the why and what of PHE projects. We have defined PHE projects in the manual as: Projects that integrate health and/or family planning with conservation activities, thereby seeking synergistic successes and greater conservation and human welfare outcomes than if they were implemented in single-sector approaches. This manual provides guidance for field-based conservation practitioners in developing countries on integrating health and family planning into community conservation projects. It is designed for those who are starting work in a new area as well as those who might be adding on a health or population component to an existing conservation project. In addition, some sections are likely to be of interest to health partners, development organizations and donors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | MANUAL | POPULATION PRESSURE | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | FAMILY PLANNING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Food Supply | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Infections | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs | Education | Policy | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328047 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Humans -- a threat to humanity [letter] Author: Zaaijman Jdu T Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 May;98(5):330. Abstract: At last an editorial on the much-neglected topic of the sustainability limits of our globe. Thank you, Mr. Editor, for your most informative, readable, and politically elegant essay. The bottom line is that if we don't do something about the overpopulation of our globe, we will reach the 9 billion mark possibly even before 2050, as predicted in your editorial. The earth is groaning, it is indeed gasping, probably already on a death bed of sorts. Agreed, it is not rocket science to figure out that too many people are being born. Something somehow will have to be done to popularise both male and female voluntary sterilisation once again. Certainly in the rural areas it seems to have been forgotten about. Small families must become the fashion. This is in keeping with World Health Organization recommendations and standards. I know of one heavyweight South African politician who already has 19 children and nevertheless recently got himself tied up in wedlock, for the umpteenth time, no doubt so as to have more babies with the lovely new young bride. So it would appear that (at least some) politicians need to be educated on the sustainability thing. It is also almost unbelievable that any government today can still encourage single-parent families by providing inappropriate social grants for babies born out of wedlock. The leaders of at least some groups in the religion industry also need to be educated. Surely they cannot forever continue to protect their selfish, in-group taboos on basic contraception? What if we should all decide to take that sort of line? As far as clean water, fresh air, open space, energy resources, food for the masses, etc. are concerned, it is obvious that we are facing an escalating crisis, basically because too many people are being born. I can only hope that every editor of every publication will do his or her educational bit, at every 'conceivable occasion'. Many thanks, Mr. Editor, for your bit so far. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION PRESSURE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 328757 |
| 11. Title: Rural populations and agrarian transformations in the global South. Author: Batterbury S Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 25 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 5) Abstract: This paper offers an overview of agrarian change and resource management in developing countries. Most of the case studies in the paper are drawn from PRIPODE, a research programme funded by the French Government from 2002-2007 that supported teams of researchers in developing countries to explore population-environment-development (PDE) interactions on a regional basis. I first identify the major themes in the literature on agrarian change (including the sub-theme of population-environment relationships), as they emerge in the case studies. I focus on three observable trends across the PRIPODE studies: diversification of livelihoods (termed productive bricolage), intensification or dis-intensification of agricultural production, and changes in the political economy of agriculture, including new conditions of production brought about by factors that are largely external to the society in question. I identify the major currents of theoretical and practical debate, before illustrating these with case study material or from other comparative work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | EMPLOYMENT | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRY | POPULATION DECREASE | FOOD SECURITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322992 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Family planning: Building blocks to a better environment and better world. Author: Gaffikin L Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):283-288. Abstract: Family planning is considered by many to be a very cost-effective public health intervention. Its contribution to conservation and overall development, however, has been less applauded. To address this, in May, 2006, the Bixby Program in Population, Family Planning and Maternal Health within the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley sponsored a half-day symposium "Population and Conservation". Invitees representing a range of experiences and stakeholder interests gathered together to review the impact of population growth and family planning in developing countries, focusing on the relationship between family planning, population and conservation. Papers from the eight speakers are presented in this special edition of the journal. These papers are unified by a common underlying theme, i.e., the importance of family planning as a "development" tool in the broadest sense, from the individual to the global levels. As pointed out, family planning helps individuals have more control over their lives. At the family level, it contributes to improved health of mothers and children as well as smaller families, better able to feed themselves, afford education and work productively. It contributes to community and national development through the previous means and, in rural areas, it also helps ensure greater balance between population increases and pressures on the natural resource base upon which some families totally depend. As countries begin to emerge from poverty and ecosystems are left intact to provide critical services (e.g., clean air, water, food source) to humans locally and beyond, family planning also contributes to improvements in the global economy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | FAMILY PLANNING | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | NEEDS | ENVIRONMENT | QUALITY OF LIFE | POPULATION POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Planning | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs Document Number: 318845 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Land use and first birth timing in an agricultural setting. Author: Ghimire DJ; Hoelter LF Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Jul;28(6):289-320. Abstract: The dramatic changes in the earth's landscape have prompted increased interest in the links between population, land use, and land cover. Previous research emphasized the notion of population pressure (population pressure increases demands on natural resources causing changes in land use), overlooking the potentially important effects of changes in land use on humans. Using multiple data sets from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we test competing hypotheses about the impact of land use on first birth timing. We argue that while agricultural land should encourage early childbearing, land area devoted to public infrastructure should discourage it. The results show that individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under agriculture experienced first birth at rates higher than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. On the other hand, individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under public infrastructure experienced first birth at rates lower than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. However, the effects of public infrastructure are not as strong as the land area devoted to agriculture. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | URBANIZATION | FIRST BIRTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 313888 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Bixby symposium on population and conservation: Key note address. Author: Goodall J Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):274-282. Abstract: Full transcript of Dr. Goodall's keynote address at the Bixby symposium on Population and Conservation, held at the University of California, Berkeley on May 6, 2006. Dr. Goodall contrasts population growth amongst chimpanzees and human beings and discusses current conservation efforts of the Jane Goodall Institute in the Gombe region of Tanzania and the development of the TACARE (take care) program. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | INFLUENTIALS | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ANIMALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 318844 |
| 15. Title: Emergence of the Indian National Family Planning Program. Author: Harkavy O; Roy K Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :301-323. Abstract: In comparison with neighboring Pakistan and other developing countries, India's rate of population growth was not particularly high. Its overall annual rate of population increase was about 2.2 percent in 1961 and 2.5 percent in 1971, with substantial differences from region to region. Relatively high mortality, together with a high prevalence of widowhood and a cultural taboo on remarriage by widows, prevented extremely high levels of population growth. Nonetheless, more than a million people were added to India's population each month. Furthermore, 2.4 percent of the world's area, which contained about 15 percent of the world's population, accounted for a population density of 300 or more people per square kilometer. Govind Narain, Secretary of the Ministry of Health's Family Planning and Urban Development Department in the late 1960s, expressed the prevailing government outlook: "The high growth rate of this large population . . . poses tremendous socio-economic problems not only for the maintenance of minimal standards of living but also for raising them. Already a vast development by way of large increases in agricultural and industrial production has been neutralized by population growth. . . . The manifold expansion of employment, housing, educational and other facilities has been almost entirely swallowed by the fast growing population". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | MALTHUSIANISM | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEASUREMENT | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Theory | Demography | Science | Contraception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321993 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Human population as a dynamic factor in environmental degradation. Author: Harte J Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):223-236. Abstract: The environmental consequences of increasing human population size are dynamic and nonlinear, not passive and linear. The role of feedbacks, thresholds, and synergies in the interaction of population size and the environment are reviewed here, with examples drawn from climate change, acid deposition, land use, soil degradation, and other global and regional environmental issues. The widely-assumed notion that environmental degradation grows in proportion to population size, assuming fixed per capita consumption and fixed modes of production, is shown to be overly optimistic. In particular, feedbacks, thresholds, and synergies generally amplify risk, causing degradation to grow disproportionally faster than growth in population size. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | GLOBAL WARMING | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Climate Document Number: 318841 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Population pressure and dynamics of household livelihoods in an Ethiopian Village: an elaboration of the Boserup-Chayanovian framework. Author: Malmberg B; Tegenu T Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Nov;29(2):39-67. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyse the mechanisms and effects of population pressure on rural livelihood system in South central Ethiopia from 1950 to 2004. In Sub-Sahara Africa population pressure takes two different forms: (1) a pressure on existing household to accommodate a growing number of children (change in household dependency ratio); (2) An increased demand for new livelihood positions in a situation where the total resources available for households may be constrained (change in density ratio). We blended the approaches of Boserup and Chayanov to understand how families make their living when dependency and density ratios change over time. We collected data using a life course and cohort study approaches to capture the dynamics and to compare the past with the present. We found out that livelihood strategies took different forms when both dependency and density ratios were low and when they were on the increase. When both ratios were low livelihood strategies took the form of agricultural extensification and this was due to the relative availability of land. When both ratios were on the increase, livelihood strategies took the forms of agricultural intensification and diversification. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | LIVELIHOOD | EMPLOYMENT | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Resources | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325363 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Conservation and family planning in Tanzania: The TACARE experience. Author: Mavanza M; Grossman AA Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):267-273. Abstract: Community-based distribution (CBD) programs present an alternative way of effectively reaching people in rural areas of developing countries where conventional methods of delivery do not exist or fail. This paper reviews the experience and findings from the Jane Goodall Institute's (JGI) TACARE program in the Kigoma region of Tanzania. It focuses on the family planning CBD program and its integration within the TACARE program to meet the broader mission of JGI's conservation efforts. Both qualitative and survey data suggest that the CBD program meets the needs for contraception in participating rural communities and is a complementary and acceptable strategy to ultimately contribute to reduce population pressure on the villages around Gombe National Park. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL AREAS | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 318843 |
| 19. Title: Ecology of increasing diseases: Population growth and environmental degradation. Author: Pimentel D; Cooperstein S; Randell H; Filiberto D; Sorrentino S Source: Human Ecology. 2007 Dec;35(6):653-668. Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations report that the prevalence of human diseases during the past decade is rapidly increasing. Population growth and the pollution of water, air, and soil are contributing to the increasing number of human diseases worldwide. Currently an estimated 40% of world deaths are due to environmental degradation. The ecology of increasing diseases has complex factors of environmental degradation, population growth, and the current malnutrition of about 3.7 billion people in the world. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ECOLOGY | DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER QUALITY | TOXICITY | SOIL DEGRADATION | DRUG RESISTANCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Water | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 322436 |
| 20. Title: Population growth and land use intensification in a subsistence-based indigenous community in the Amazon. Author: Siren AH Source: Human Ecology. 2007 Dec;35(6):669-680. Abstract: Shifting cultivation practiced by indigenous peoples living at low population densities in tropical forests has often been described as sustainable and compatible with conservation. However, shifting cultivation at increasing population densities has historically been, and still is, a main cause of deforestation worldwide. As many indigenous peoples in tropical forests currently experience rapid demographic growth, this raises the question to what extent their agricultural activities actually contribute to deforestation. This paper examines land use change in an indigenous community in the Ecuadorian Amazon which is only loosely connected to the market economy, and where agriculture is almost exclusively subsistence oriented. During the last seven decades, people have increasingly begun to clear fallows instead of old-growth forest to farm. Although the population was growing at an estimated 1.6% per year, the expansion of the area of land used for agriculture was only 0.4% per year, correspondingto an annual deforestation rate of only 0.015%. Whereas these changes may seem negligible in terms of deforestation, they do cause hardships to the local people, because of increasing walking distance to old-growth forest, and problems with weeds, pests, and decreasing soil productivity when farming after reclearing fallows. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FORESTS | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Carrying Capacity | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 322437 |
| 21. Title: Family planning and access to safe and legal abortion are vital to safeguard the environment [editorial] Author: Speidel JJ; Grossman RA Source: Contraception. 2007 Dec;76(6):415-417. Abstract: Alarming signs of environmental deterioration include global warming, extinction of species, waning forests and cropland, the collapse of ocean fisheries and decreasing fresh water supplies. Yet, little attention is paid to the connection between these tragedies and their most fundamental cause: overuse of the planet's resources due to the large and still rapidly increasing number of humans and our excessive consumption. North America appeared to have limitless resources to the new European immigrants in centuries past (who ignored the needs and stewardship of their indigenous predecessors). More recently, tapping the energy of fossil fuels has allowed us to better master time and space. Harnessing highly productive plants such as potatoes and hybrid corn, along with other agricultural advances, have increased productivity to the extent that one farmer can produce food for more than 100 people, allowing the rest of us to focus on other activities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | SAFETY | NATURAL RESOURCES | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Public Health | Health | Carrying Capacity | Environmental Degradation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323333 Notification |
| 22. Title: Community action addresses population impacts on the environment. Author: Williams JS; De Souza RM Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2007 Feb. [3] p. Abstract: Many developing countries possess abundant natural resources, but these resources can be threatened by population pressures and poverty, among other factors. A young population age structure, in-migration, and high fertility contribute to rapid population growth in many communities, exerting pressure on local resources. But the experience of two villages in the Philippines demonstrates that even poor communities can cope with the impacts of these population changes on the environment by collecting information about demographic and environmental change and using that information to plan sustainable population growth and natural resource management. The participatory population appraisal process employed by these communities involved collecting information about population-environment interactions using a village census, focus group sessions, participatory mapping exercises, and local population projections. Information collected is analyzed, verified, reviewed by local demographers and incorporatedinto local management plans. This article highlights how these two rural villages used population appraisals to devise and implement community-driven plans to manage their population growth and resource use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RURAL AREAS | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POPULATION PRESSURE | NATURAL RESOURCES | LIVELIHOOD | DEFORESTATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PLANNING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Resources | Organization and Administration | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 315065 |
| 23. Title: Influences of population dynamics on agricultural land use in rural northeastern Thailand: A case study in Nang Rong district. Author: Wongsaichue T; Sawangdee Y; Rindfuss RR Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2007 Jan;15(2):45-63. Abstract: The aim of this research is to follow population behavior in agricultural land use in rural villages in the Nang Rong district, which is located in the northeastern region of Thailand, in order to find out how population events have impact on household decision-making in the cultivation of land in rural areas. Predicted probability of land use observed by each population event and/or all population events is expected from this investigation. The first hypothesis is that changes in household population, such as migration, which has more impact on land use than mortality and fertility, affect land use. Another hypothesis is that population phenomena are more likely to affect agricultural land use. For example, emigration lessens the probability of agricultural land use, while birth event increases the probability of agricultural land use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | DEFORESTATION | AGRICULTURE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | BEHAVIOR | IMPACT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Communication Document Number: 308286 |
| 24. Title: 2006 world population data sheet. Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2006. 12 p. Abstract: In many -- but not all -- countries, most married women wish to limit childbearing to two children. One very useful indicator of women's ability to limit their number of children -- and of the prospect for future fertility decline -- is their desire to cease childbearing. In Vietnam, 92 percent of women who had two living children said that they did not wish to have any more children. In Nigeria, by contrast, that figure was only 4 percent. In many parts of the world, rural populations still lack adequate sanitation. Worldwide, only 58 percent of the population has access to one of life's most fundamental needs: adequate or improved sanitation facilities. There are, however, wide regional and rural/urban disparities. In developing regions, only one-quarter to one-half of all rural residents have access to improved sanitation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | POPULATION SIZE | OVERPOPULATION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | POVERTY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Migration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 309820 |
| 25. Title: Indonesia. An amazing success story. Author: Akhir YC; Suyono H; Affandi B; Lubis F; Vogel R Source: In: No vacancy: global responses to the human population explosion, edited by Michael Tobias, Bob Gillespie, Elizabeth Hughes and Jane Gray Morrison. Pasadena, California, Hope Publishing House, 2006. :41-53. Abstract: Indonesia is an archipelago with over 3,000 inhabited islands. The Javanese are the majority with 218 million people and, except for the Hindu population on Bali, most of the country is Muslim. Under the leadership of President Soeharto, the population policy evolved from a consensus-making process within villages and urban areas to the BKKBN, the government coordinating board. All ministries that provide development services are represented on the BKKBN board. There is significant financial and administrative support by all sectors of the society, including Islamic leaders, parliamentarians, the media and the judiciary. Over a million individuals have been mobilized to promote and deliver contraceptive services. All new contraceptive methods used in the programs have been carefully pretested and adapted to local health and cultural needs. There have been thousands of dedicated public and private individuals who have pioneered in one of the world's most successful family planning and women's reproductive health programs. Indonesia has an international training center where professionals from around the world have come to learn from this remarkable experience. What's amazing about huge bureaucracies is their ability to change and accept innovation. The program has become' increasingly more decentralized. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | PROGRESS REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FIELD WORKERS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Document Number: 304796 |
| 26. Title: The great population debate: an opinion paper. Author: Collins DA Source: Mankind Quarterly. 2006 Spring;45(3):257-269. Abstract: The debate over the ongoing explosion of population in the developing countries has become more muted since the 1960s, but the author maintains that population pressure is a major cause of the contemporary problems that plague so much of the Third World. He also argues that the wide disparity in regional birthrates threaten the peace of the world, and advocates the diversion of greater resources toward the provision of contraceptives to those countries that are too poor to provide them to their own people. Many impoverished Third World countries are currently doubling their population every twenty to twenty five years, and funds spent on ameliorating the demographic problem would not only reduce much of the misery afflicting these countries but would result in far greater savings in other areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | POVERTY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FOREIGN AID | MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHICS | OPPOSITION TO FAMILY PLANNING | POLITICAL FACTORS | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Financial Activities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 291090 |
| 27. Title: The strength of rural women in China. Author: Flamm M; Xie W Source: UN Chronicle. 2006 Jun-Aug;43(2):[5] p.. Abstract: The role of women in China in such activities as caring for the family, raising poultry and livestock, weaving, etc., used to be behind the scenes. Men tended the fields, made decisions relating to daily life and rarely consulted their female partners on business matters. In rural communities, land was owned by a few landlords, while villagers lived on very little income, well below the poverty level. However, this began to change in the 1950s with land reform, wherein families were given land to grow crops. Women's role began to change as well, but as their status increased so did their workload. Not only did they care for the family but they also became involved in agriculture and production. Rural women began taking part in collective labour and realized their role as wage earners, as well as their importance in production, thus broadening their potential. Women have also moved closer to having equal roles in the family, representing 41 per cent of the rural labour force in agriculture. Their participation in crop production has increased the families' income, enabling them to keep up with modern-day needs. Household chores are also shared more equally by the whole family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | WOMEN'S STATUS | POVERTY | OVERPOPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 314970 |
| 28. Title: Looking into the Malthusian abyss [letter] Author: King M; Wang EY Source: Lancet. 2006 Mar 4;367(9512):730. Abstract: John Cleland and Steven Sinding are to be congratulated on becoming neo-Malthusian, but they don't go far enough. The conventional wisdom assumes that, as development takes place, birth rates will fall to match death rates, so that populations will eventually stabilise. Unfortunately, the conventional wisdom takes no account of time, and forgets that, while this is supposed to be happening, rapidly growing populations may be exceeding the carrying capacity of their ecosystems, they may have no new land to go to, and they may be failing to develop adequate economic links with the rest of the world. The end result of all this is the direst poverty, starvation, and violence. Malthus did not have a name for this predicament, but Liebenstein did: demographic entrapment. This has a definitive stage when starvation, violence, or both have actually broken out, and a warning stage when, because populations are increasing rapidly, these can be confidently predicted. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | ETHIOPIA | POPULATION THEORY | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION PRESSURE | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 299361 |
| 29. Title: United States. Exploring the environment / population links and the role of major donors, foundations and nongovernmental organizations. Author: Lule EL; Obaid TA; Chamie J; Neuse M; Gillespie D Source: In: No vacancy: global responses to the human population explosion, edited by Michael Tobias, Bob Gillespie, Elizabeth Hughes and Jane Gray Morrison. Pasadena, California, Hope Publishing House, 2006. :103-196. Abstract: The mission of the World Bank is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world. It is a development bank which provides loans, policy advice, technical assistance and knowledge-sharing services to low- and middle-income countries to reduce poverty. It also promotes growth to create jobs and to empower poor people to take advantage of these opportunities. The World Bank works to bridge the economic divide between rich and poor countries. As one of the world's largest sources of development assistance, it supports the efforts of developing countries to build schools and health centers, provide water and electricity, fight disease and protect the environment. As one of the United Nations' specialized agencies, it has 184 member countries that are jointly responsible for how the institution is financed and how its money is spent. There are 10,000 development professionals from nearly every country in the world who work in its Washington DC headquarters and in its 109 country offices. The World Bank is the world's largest long-term financier of HIV/AIDS programs and its current commitments for HIV/AIDS amount to more than $1.3 billion --half of which is targeted for sub-Saharan Africa. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FIELD WORKERS | POPULATION PROGRAM SPECIALISTS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Programs | Population Control | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Organizations Document Number: 304800 |
| 30. Title: Iran. From family sizes of six to replacement levels in 15 years. Author: Marandi SA; Mehryar A; Abbasi-Shavazi MJ; Majdfar Z; Shamsian MM Source: In: No vacancy: global responses to the human population explosion, edited by Michael Tobias, Bob Gillespie, Elizabeth Hughes and Jane Gray Morrison. Pasadena, California, Hope Publishing House, 2006. :1-9. Abstract: In 1987 under the dynamic leadership of Dr. Seyed Alireza Marandi, Iran's minister of health, a dialogue was initiated to explore the potential of reinvigorating a family planning and maternal and child health program. He was supported by longtime family-planning pioneers, such as Dr. Amir H. Mehryar who had been director of the Population Center at Shiraz University but now directs the Institute for Research on Development and Planning. Numerous articles by brilliant scholars such as Dr. Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, assistant professor in the department of demography and social sciences at the University of Tehran, substantiated the need to address the effect of rapid population growth on development as well as the devastating impact on women's health. What resulted was a massive health mobilization and reconstruction program. Within a mere 15 years, birthrates had dropped to replacement-size families. Infant mortality was reduced by two-thirds and maternal mortality dropped to a fourth of its prior level. Under the dynamic leadership of Dr. Bahram Delavar, director general of the family health department in the Ministry of Health, over 15,000 "Health Houses" provided primary healthcare, with an extensive network of over 4,500 health centers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | PROGRESS REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FIELD WORKERS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services Document Number: 304794 |
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